Pub Date : 2018-11-07DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79186
F. Farhat, A. Tariq, Annam Zikrea, R. N. Fatima
Diterpenes are one of the classes of natural products with about 7000 structures. The basic skeleton of diterpene contains 20 carbon atoms. Microbes contain a large number of diterpenoid with many oxidized carbons and nitrogen atoms. To date, a number of secondary metabolites have been isolated from fungal sources, and some of these examples showed diverse structural features and interesting biological activities. These classes of compounds have attracted the interest of natural product scientist due to their potential biological activities. This chapter includes recently (2013–2018) isolated compounds from various fungal sources especially cythane, clerodanes, halimanes, abietane, and indoletype diterpenes. Biosynthetic pathway of plants and fungi diterpenes showed homology at initial steps but showed differences at latter steps. The biological activity and 13CNMR data of these recently isolated compounds have been discussed. These diterpenes exhibited potential nitric oxide, anticancer, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. The diterpenes are clerodane, labdane, and kaurane derivatives. A brief discussion on the 13C-NMR chemical shifts of these diterpenes has been discussed at the end of each type.
{"title":"Diterpenes from Different Fungal Sources and Their 13C-NMR Data","authors":"F. Farhat, A. Tariq, Annam Zikrea, R. N. Fatima","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.79186","url":null,"abstract":"Diterpenes are one of the classes of natural products with about 7000 structures. The basic skeleton of diterpene contains 20 carbon atoms. Microbes contain a large number of diterpenoid with many oxidized carbons and nitrogen atoms. To date, a number of secondary metabolites have been isolated from fungal sources, and some of these examples showed diverse structural features and interesting biological activities. These classes of compounds have attracted the interest of natural product scientist due to their potential biological activities. This chapter includes recently (2013–2018) isolated compounds from various fungal sources especially cythane, clerodanes, halimanes, abietane, and indoletype diterpenes. Biosynthetic pathway of plants and fungi diterpenes showed homology at initial steps but showed differences at latter steps. The biological activity and 13CNMR data of these recently isolated compounds have been discussed. These diterpenes exhibited potential nitric oxide, anticancer, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. The diterpenes are clerodane, labdane, and kaurane derivatives. A brief discussion on the 13C-NMR chemical shifts of these diterpenes has been discussed at the end of each type.","PeriodicalId":444926,"journal":{"name":"Terpenes and Terpenoids","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115365912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77399
A. Hussein
South Africa flora is one of the most important mega floras with high endemic species percentage. Lamiaceae is an important family in South Africa with ±308 species in 41 genera and contains many important plants (~23%) traditionally used for treatment of different human diseases. The chemical profile of Lamiaceae is very rich in terpenoids in general and more specifically diterpenes. Genera like Leonotis and Plectranthus are well studied, while on the other hand, genus like Stachys (~41 species, ~50% endemic) didn’t receive any attention. Different classes of diterpenes were identified and some of them demonstrating important biological activities.
{"title":"Chemistry of South African Lamiaceae: Structures and Biological Activity of Terpenoids","authors":"A. Hussein","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.77399","url":null,"abstract":"South Africa flora is one of the most important mega floras with high endemic species percentage. Lamiaceae is an important family in South Africa with ±308 species in 41 genera and contains many important plants (~23%) traditionally used for treatment of different human diseases. The chemical profile of Lamiaceae is very rich in terpenoids in general and more specifically diterpenes. Genera like Leonotis and Plectranthus are well studied, while on the other hand, genus like Stachys (~41 species, ~50% endemic) didn’t receive any attention. Different classes of diterpenes were identified and some of them demonstrating important biological activities.","PeriodicalId":444926,"journal":{"name":"Terpenes and Terpenoids","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116696914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73215
Roberto José Serrano Vega, Nimsi Campos Xolalpa, Angel Josabad Alonso Castro, Cuauhtémoc Pérez González, Julia Pérez Ramos, Salud Pérez Gutiérrez
Additional information available at the end of the chapter Abstract The development and progression of many diseases is related with an inflammatory process, which could affect different organs or tissues. Currently, many drugs are used to treat inflammation. However, some of these compounds induce severe side effects. For this reason, the search of new therapeutic options for the treatment of inflammation is very desirable. Medicinal plants have been an interesting source for obtaining new active compounds, including several terpenes and terpenoids with anti-inflammatory activity. This book chapter includes 62 sesquiterpenes, 34 diterpenes, and 22 triterpenes with anti- inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using in vitro , in vivo , and both models. These terpenes were obtained from 44 plant species belonging to 25 botanical families. Eight of theses species belong to the Asteraceae family and four to Lamiaceae family, respectively, and the other species belong to 13 different botanical families, one sesquiterpene was obtained from a sponge and two diterpenes were isolated from corals.
{"title":"Terpenes from Natural Products with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity","authors":"Roberto José Serrano Vega, Nimsi Campos Xolalpa, Angel Josabad Alonso Castro, Cuauhtémoc Pérez González, Julia Pérez Ramos, Salud Pérez Gutiérrez","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.73215","url":null,"abstract":"Additional information available at the end of the chapter Abstract The development and progression of many diseases is related with an inflammatory process, which could affect different organs or tissues. Currently, many drugs are used to treat inflammation. However, some of these compounds induce severe side effects. For this reason, the search of new therapeutic options for the treatment of inflammation is very desirable. Medicinal plants have been an interesting source for obtaining new active compounds, including several terpenes and terpenoids with anti-inflammatory activity. This book chapter includes 62 sesquiterpenes, 34 diterpenes, and 22 triterpenes with anti- inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using in vitro , in vivo , and both models. These terpenes were obtained from 44 plant species belonging to 25 botanical families. Eight of theses species belong to the Asteraceae family and four to Lamiaceae family, respectively, and the other species belong to 13 different botanical families, one sesquiterpene was obtained from a sponge and two diterpenes were isolated from corals.","PeriodicalId":444926,"journal":{"name":"Terpenes and Terpenoids","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125535676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75108
H. B. Gabriel, R. A. Sussmann, E. A. Kimura, A. A. M. Rodriguez, I. B. Verdaguer, Gabriela Carolina Fernandes Leite, A. Katzin
A fact which favors the increase in morbidity and mortality of malaria cases in the world is the resistance to chemotherapeutic agents that the parasite presents. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new potential targets specific to the parasite in order to be able to perform a rational planning. One target for the evaluation of potential antimalarial compounds is isoprenoid synthesis, which occurs via the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway in Plasmodium falciparum. Several intermediaries and final products of this pathway were identified in the parasite and lead us to the conclusion that it is different from the vertebrate host. In this chapter, we describe the effect of some monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes on Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei as potential antimalarial drugs.
促使世界上疟疾病例发病率和死亡率上升的一个事实是，这种寄生虫对化疗药物具有耐药性。因此，有必要确定针对寄生虫的新的潜在靶点，以便能够进行合理的规划。评估潜在抗疟化合物的一个靶标是类异戊二烯的合成，它在恶性疟原虫中通过2- c -甲基-d-赤藓糖醇-4-磷酸途径发生。在寄生虫中发现了这一途径的几个中介和最终产物，并使我们得出结论，它与脊椎动物宿主不同。在这一章中，我们描述了一些单萜类和倍半萜类作为潜在的抗疟药物对恶性疟原虫和伯氏疟原虫的作用。
{"title":"Terpenes as Potential Antimalarial Drugs","authors":"H. B. Gabriel, R. A. Sussmann, E. A. Kimura, A. A. M. Rodriguez, I. B. Verdaguer, Gabriela Carolina Fernandes Leite, A. Katzin","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.75108","url":null,"abstract":"A fact which favors the increase in morbidity and mortality of malaria cases in the world is the resistance to chemotherapeutic agents that the parasite presents. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new potential targets specific to the parasite in order to be able to perform a rational planning. One target for the evaluation of potential antimalarial compounds is isoprenoid synthesis, which occurs via the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway in Plasmodium falciparum. Several intermediaries and final products of this pathway were identified in the parasite and lead us to the conclusion that it is different from the vertebrate host. In this chapter, we describe the effect of some monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes on Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei as potential antimalarial drugs.","PeriodicalId":444926,"journal":{"name":"Terpenes and Terpenoids","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125420895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-05DOI: 10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74998
S. K. Paknikar, K. P. Fondekar
Recent developments in selected sesquiterpenoids are reviewed for the past one decade (2005–2017) with special reference to Mechanisms of multistep molecular rearrangements of some sesquiterpenes or derivatives based on isotopic labeling studies and extensive spectroscopic analysis such as molecular rearrangement of acetyl cedrene to cedrene follower, acid catalyzed rearrangement of moreliane-based triketone, synthesis of (−)-iso - comene and (−)-triquinane by acid-catalyzed rearrangement of (−)-modhephene, Total synthesis of (+)-cymbodiacetal, BF 3 catalyzed molecular rearrangements of mono epox- ides of α- and β-himachalenes, santonic acid: Zn-HCl-ether reduction. Insights into bio synthesis of albaflavenone, caryol-1(11)-ene-10-ol, (+)-koraiol, pogostol, patchouli alcohol and valerenadiene are discussed. Congeners for probing structure-biosynthetic relation -ship. This approach is discussed with the availability of very interesting results on the isolation of highly oxygenated secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi, Xylaria sp. synthase, a terpene synthase catalyzing a unique chemical cascade in the biosynthesis of biologically active
{"title":"Recent Developments in Selected Sesquiterpenes: Molecular Rearrangements, Biosynthesis, and Structural Relationship among Congeners","authors":"S. K. Paknikar, K. P. Fondekar","doi":"10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.74998","url":null,"abstract":"Recent developments in selected sesquiterpenoids are reviewed for the past one decade (2005–2017) with special reference to Mechanisms of multistep molecular rearrangements of some sesquiterpenes or derivatives based on isotopic labeling studies and extensive spectroscopic analysis such as molecular rearrangement of acetyl cedrene to cedrene follower, acid catalyzed rearrangement of moreliane-based triketone, synthesis of (−)-iso - comene and (−)-triquinane by acid-catalyzed rearrangement of (−)-modhephene, Total synthesis of (+)-cymbodiacetal, BF 3 catalyzed molecular rearrangements of mono epox- ides of α- and β-himachalenes, santonic acid: Zn-HCl-ether reduction. Insights into bio synthesis of albaflavenone, caryol-1(11)-ene-10-ol, (+)-koraiol, pogostol, patchouli alcohol and valerenadiene are discussed. Congeners for probing structure-biosynthetic relation -ship. This approach is discussed with the availability of very interesting results on the isolation of highly oxygenated secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi, Xylaria sp. synthase, a terpene synthase catalyzing a unique chemical cascade in the biosynthesis of biologically active","PeriodicalId":444926,"journal":{"name":"Terpenes and Terpenoids","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131106667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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