Interest in the field of alternate binders for tungsten carbide (WC) hardmetals has increased due to the health implications surrounding the use of cobalt as a binder material. Here, an Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) approach was used to search for alternate binder compositions using a reduced order model. The model was derived by combining the densification mechanisms present in cobalt containing compacts with the rate enhancing factors governing early onset densification. The model incorporates thermodynamic and kinetic components coupled to a multi-objective genetic algorithm. It allows alloys with compositions optimized for sintering to be ranked against those optimized for mechanical properties to form a Pareto set. By incorporating the sinterability and mechanical properties of the system simultaneously, alternatives that are manufacturable using existing procedures can be determined.
{"title":"Computational Design for the Efficient Sintering of Alternate Binders for WC Hardmetals","authors":"Carl O. Jonsson, T. Molla, G. B. Schaffer","doi":"10.59499/wp225371931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59499/wp225371931","url":null,"abstract":"Interest in the field of alternate binders for tungsten carbide (WC) hardmetals has increased due to the health implications surrounding the use of cobalt as a binder material. Here, an Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME) approach was used to search for alternate binder compositions using a reduced order model. The model was derived by combining the densification mechanisms present in cobalt containing compacts with the rate enhancing factors governing early onset densification. The model incorporates thermodynamic and kinetic components coupled to a multi-objective genetic algorithm. It allows alloys with compositions optimized for sintering to be ranked against those optimized for mechanical properties to form a Pareto set. By incorporating the sinterability and mechanical properties of the system simultaneously, alternatives that are manufacturable using existing procedures can be determined.","PeriodicalId":447878,"journal":{"name":"World PM2022 Proceedings","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125316842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present work deals with an investigation of WC-(Fe,Co,Ni) hardmetals and investigations of their mechanical and physical properties. Grain-growth inhibitors (GGIs) in form of VC and Cr3C2 were added. To obtain the largest effect of GGI doping the concentration was set near the maximum soluble amount in the binder. The hardness, HV30 and Palmqvist toughness, KIC and magnetic properties (coercivity, Hc and magnetic saturation, Ms) was determined. In a refined part of this study, a deeper insight into four hardmetal grades, two γ-binder grades with Fe/Co/Ni=30/40/30 and 40/20/40, and two α+γ-binder grades with Fe/Co/Ni=62/20/18 and Fe/Ni=85/15 were investigated as a function of increasing C-content from +eta to free-C compositions in up to 13 steps. The magnetic behaviour of γ-binder is different to that of α+γ-binder, in the latter MS decreases with increasing C content. Evaluation of HV30 and KIC showed competitive values to standard submicron WC-10Co grades.
{"title":"Properties Of Hardmetals With Different Fe-Co-Ni Binder","authors":"Stephanie Wagner, W. Lengauer","doi":"10.59499/wp225372149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59499/wp225372149","url":null,"abstract":"The present work deals with an investigation of WC-(Fe,Co,Ni) hardmetals and investigations of their mechanical and physical properties. Grain-growth inhibitors (GGIs) in form of VC and Cr3C2 were added. To obtain the largest effect of GGI doping the concentration was set near the maximum soluble amount in the binder. The hardness, HV30 and Palmqvist toughness, KIC and magnetic properties (coercivity, Hc and magnetic saturation, Ms) was determined. In a refined part of this study, a deeper insight into four hardmetal grades, two γ-binder grades with Fe/Co/Ni=30/40/30 and 40/20/40, and two α+γ-binder grades with Fe/Co/Ni=62/20/18 and Fe/Ni=85/15 were investigated as a function of increasing C-content from +eta to free-C compositions in up to 13 steps. The magnetic behaviour of γ-binder is different to that of α+γ-binder, in the latter MS decreases with increasing C content. Evaluation of HV30 and KIC showed competitive values to standard submicron WC-10Co grades.","PeriodicalId":447878,"journal":{"name":"World PM2022 Proceedings","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123761561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gonçalo E. Oliveira, Bernardo Alves, Ricardo Mineiro, Ana Maria Rocha Senos, Cristina Fernandes, D. Figueiredo, M. T. Vieira
A cermet grade with TiCN as major phase and 15wt.% Co/Ni as the binder and secondary carbides WC, Mo2C and NbC was selected for indirect additive manufacturing (Material Extrusion). These powder constituents were the primary material of feedstocks to produce filaments for the indirect AM process - Material Extrusion (MEX). The filaments result from the extrusion of a feedstock previously optimized (CPVC= critical powder volume concentration) and selection of polymeric binder and additive. Concerning the cermet powder particles, 4Ss (particle size, particle size distribution, particle shape, and particle structure) and the quality of the organic binder/additives through the feedstock and filament behaviour were evaluated, in what concerns "printability" and sinterability. Cermet 3D-objects were successfully printed by MEX and sintered. No significant deformation was measured after debinding and sintering, and no undesired phases were detected in the microstructures of the 3D-object.
{"title":"Indirect Additive Manufacturing (Material Extrusion) as a Solution to a New Concept of Cutting Tools","authors":"Gonçalo E. Oliveira, Bernardo Alves, Ricardo Mineiro, Ana Maria Rocha Senos, Cristina Fernandes, D. Figueiredo, M. T. Vieira","doi":"10.59499/wp225366866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59499/wp225366866","url":null,"abstract":"A cermet grade with TiCN as major phase and 15wt.% Co/Ni as the binder and secondary carbides WC, Mo2C and NbC was selected for indirect additive manufacturing (Material Extrusion). These powder constituents were the primary material of feedstocks to produce filaments for the indirect AM process - Material Extrusion (MEX). The filaments result from the extrusion of a feedstock previously optimized (CPVC= critical powder volume concentration) and selection of polymeric binder and additive. Concerning the cermet powder particles, 4Ss (particle size, particle size distribution, particle shape, and particle structure) and the quality of the organic binder/additives through the feedstock and filament behaviour were evaluated, in what concerns \"printability\" and sinterability. Cermet 3D-objects were successfully printed by MEX and sintered. No significant deformation was measured after debinding and sintering, and no undesired phases were detected in the microstructures of the 3D-object.","PeriodicalId":447878,"journal":{"name":"World PM2022 Proceedings","volume":"112 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131097996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While additive manufacturing (AM) is rapidly gaining ground as an established manufacturing process for many industries, understanding and controlling process parameters in order to develop validated process chains remains an area for research and development. A critical parameter that is relevant to laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), the most widely used metal AM technology, is baseplate material selection. This is especially relevant for uncommon build materials such as cemented carbides. In this study, LPBF of WC-Co cemented carbides is investigated, evaluating the influence of baseplate coating on the build. A DIN 1.2343 tool steel baseplate was used for WC-Co LPBF builds, both in the uncoated and coated state. WC-CoCr (1350VM) powder was used to coat the baseplate, while two WC-Co powders with different Co content (17 and 12 wt%, respectively) were used to compare builds of these alloys. The WC-Co powders were characterized to establish their suitability for LPBF. Cuboids were printed, with and without supports, on the coated and uncoated baseplates. Low density builds were built (~88% dense) relating to poor printing parameters. Evaporation of Co is present, yet WC-17Co samples on supports showed little evaporation and good build volume.
{"title":"Influence Of Base Plate Coating On LPBF Of WC-Co","authors":"Preyin Govender, D. C. Blaine, N. Sacks","doi":"10.59499/wp225371527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59499/wp225371527","url":null,"abstract":"While additive manufacturing (AM) is rapidly gaining ground as an established manufacturing process for many industries, understanding and controlling process parameters in order to develop validated process chains remains an area for research and development. A critical parameter that is relevant to laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), the most widely used metal AM technology, is baseplate material selection. This is especially relevant for uncommon build materials such as cemented carbides. In this study, LPBF of WC-Co cemented carbides is investigated, evaluating the influence of baseplate coating on the build. A DIN 1.2343 tool steel baseplate was used for WC-Co LPBF builds, both in the uncoated and coated state. WC-CoCr (1350VM) powder was used to coat the baseplate, while two WC-Co powders with different Co content (17 and 12 wt%, respectively) were used to compare builds of these alloys. The WC-Co powders were characterized to establish their suitability for LPBF. Cuboids were printed, with and without supports, on the coated and uncoated baseplates. Low density builds were built (~88% dense) relating to poor printing parameters. Evaporation of Co is present, yet WC-17Co samples on supports showed little evaporation and good build volume.","PeriodicalId":447878,"journal":{"name":"World PM2022 Proceedings","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129410917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cermets and hardmetals are made conventionally from carbide hard phases like WC, TiC or TiCN and binder phases consisting of single elements or simple mixtures of Co, Ni or Fe. To limit the use of Co and Ni, alternative binders systems have to be investigated. Within our study, novel high entropy alloy (HEA) compositions of FeCoNiCuMn which do not contain (strong) carbide forming elements were investigated for the fabrication of TiCN based cermets. Adjustments in regard to carbon and copper content were made to successfully design a composition with just a single FCC binder phase. The developed TiCN based HEA cermets show conventional two phase microstructures and mechanical properties comparable to conventional CoNi binder based TiCN cermets.
{"title":"Novel FeCoNiCuMn High Entropy Alloys As Binders For TiCN based Cermets","authors":"J. Pötschke, Mathias von Spalden, A. Vornberger","doi":"10.59499/wp225371921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59499/wp225371921","url":null,"abstract":"Cermets and hardmetals are made conventionally from carbide hard phases like WC, TiC or TiCN and binder phases consisting of single elements or simple mixtures of Co, Ni or Fe. To limit the use of Co and Ni, alternative binders systems have to be investigated. Within our study, novel high entropy alloy (HEA) compositions of FeCoNiCuMn which do not contain (strong) carbide forming elements were investigated for the fabrication of TiCN based cermets. Adjustments in regard to carbon and copper content were made to successfully design a composition with just a single FCC binder phase. The developed TiCN based HEA cermets show conventional two phase microstructures and mechanical properties comparable to conventional CoNi binder based TiCN cermets.","PeriodicalId":447878,"journal":{"name":"World PM2022 Proceedings","volume":"591 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132594628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Cabezas, C. Berger, E. Jiménez-Piqué, J. Pötschke, L. Llanes
Additive Manufacturing (AM) is rapidly growing as a revolutionary technique. It provides an interesting ability to produce complex geometries, a key feature for enhancing performance and widening application fields of hardmetal components. Within this context, all the samples produced by AM [AMed] are expected to exhibit characteristics linked to the shaping route followed, which are also vital for defining their mechanical integrity. This work aims to study the correlation of the printing direction to the final microstructure, mechanical properties and layer assemblage at different length scales for a 12%wtCo–WC grade hardmetals of medium/coarse grain size consolidated by binder jetting 3D printing and subsequent sintering. Vickers macro- and micro-hardness as well as reciprocal scratch tests are conducted. The results are analysed and discussed in terms of printing orientation effects on microstructural variability, mechanical response, intrinsic physical behaviour of the material and feedstock used.
{"title":"Influence Of Printing Direction On The Mechanical Properties At Different Length Scales For WC-Co Samples Consolidated By Binder Jetting 3D Printing","authors":"L. Cabezas, C. Berger, E. Jiménez-Piqué, J. Pötschke, L. Llanes","doi":"10.59499/wp225371462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59499/wp225371462","url":null,"abstract":"Additive Manufacturing (AM) is rapidly growing as a revolutionary technique. It provides an interesting ability to produce complex geometries, a key feature for enhancing performance and widening application fields of hardmetal components. Within this context, all the samples produced by AM [AMed] are expected to exhibit characteristics linked to the shaping route followed, which are also vital for defining their mechanical integrity. This work aims to study the correlation of the printing direction to the final microstructure, mechanical properties and layer assemblage at different length scales for a 12%wtCo–WC grade hardmetals of medium/coarse grain size consolidated by binder jetting 3D printing and subsequent sintering. Vickers macro- and micro-hardness as well as reciprocal scratch tests are conducted. The results are analysed and discussed in terms of printing orientation effects on microstructural variability, mechanical response, intrinsic physical behaviour of the material and feedstock used.","PeriodicalId":447878,"journal":{"name":"World PM2022 Proceedings","volume":"440 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122885818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：