Recently, I was asked to speak at the National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA) Conference about my experiences serving as an ethnographic consultant on the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System (NHBS1 ) Study. My role on the project involved shadowing the field team and providing an analysis of the data as reported by three sources, specifically focus groups, key informant interviews, and street intercept interviews. Additionally, I was asked to write an ethnographic report and submit it along with the Norfolk Program’s summaries of project activities. This was an interesting assignment for a medical anthropologist, as ethnographic methodologies were a relatively new tactic for this study. In the past, the NHBS solely relied on quantitative analysis of the at-risk behaviors under surveillance.
{"title":"The Impact of Marginalization on the Continuum of Care Treatment Model on African American Communities in the Southern United States","authors":"J. Rowe","doi":"10.33696/aids.1.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/aids.1.002","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, I was asked to speak at the National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA) Conference about my experiences serving as an ethnographic consultant on the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System (NHBS1 ) Study. My role on the project involved shadowing the field team and providing an analysis of the data as reported by three sources, specifically focus groups, key informant interviews, and street intercept interviews. Additionally, I was asked to write an ethnographic report and submit it along with the Norfolk Program’s summaries of project activities. This was an interesting assignment for a medical anthropologist, as ethnographic methodologies were a relatively new tactic for this study. In the past, the NHBS solely relied on quantitative analysis of the at-risk behaviors under surveillance.","PeriodicalId":447927,"journal":{"name":"J AIDS HIV Treat 1.1","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123435907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hinay, A. Alfredo, Cadotdot, T. Mae, Tablizo, V. Marilou
{"title":"Anti-HIV-1 Activity of Crocodylus mindorensis Philippine Crocodile Serum in Cell-free and Cell-associated Virus Interactions to Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells","authors":"Hinay, A. Alfredo, Cadotdot, T. Mae, Tablizo, V. Marilou","doi":"10.33696/aids.1.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/aids.1.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":447927,"journal":{"name":"J AIDS HIV Treat 1.1","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125006216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS) is a malignant systemic disease that originates from vascular endothelium with a variable clinical course. Once considered a rare disease, with the advent of the HIV epidemic, it has become one of the most common malignancies associated with the infection. It has different presentations: the classic Kaposi’s sarcoma presenting with proliferative cutaneous lesions in lower extremities of elderly men of Mediterranean and Jewish origin. The endemic African Kaposi’s sarcoma, affecting both children and adults, more aggressive and with frequent dissemination to bone, skin and lymph nodes, the epidemic, HIV-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma 20,000 times more common in persons with AIDS than in the general population, and 300 times more common in AIDS than in other immunosuppressed host. Finally the organ transplanted associated KS caused by the immunosuppression therapy [1]. The Human Herpes Virus-8 infection (HHV8) characterizes all forms and probably represents the same pathogenic process as the AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Lesions of epidemic KS may arise on the skin and the mouth and may affect the lymph nodes and other organs, usually the gastrointestinal tract, lung, liver, and spleen. In contrast, classic KS usually involves only one or a few areas of skin, most often the lower legs. At the time of diagnosis of KS some people experience no symptoms, especially if their only lesions are on the skin. However, many of those with epidemic KS, even those without skin lesions, will have enlarged lymph nodes, fever or weight loss. Eventually, in almost all cases, epidemic KS spreads throughout the body. Extensive KS lung involvement can be fatal. Primary KS of lymph nodes is a rare presentation of the disease. We present two consecutive HIV patients without skin lesions and with generalized lymphadenopathy and pancytopenia diagnosed with Kaposi’s sarcoma of lymph nodes with excisional biopsy.
{"title":"Primary Lymph Node Kaposis Sarcoma in Two HIV Positive Patients Presenting with Generalized Lymphadenopathy and Pancytopenia in a Third Level Hospital in Guatemala","authors":"P. Pinetta, J. Meléndez","doi":"10.33696/aids.1.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/aids.1.004","url":null,"abstract":"Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS) is a malignant systemic disease that originates from vascular endothelium with a variable clinical course. Once considered a rare disease, with the advent of the HIV epidemic, it has become one of the most common malignancies associated with the infection. It has different presentations: the classic Kaposi’s sarcoma presenting with proliferative cutaneous lesions in lower extremities of elderly men of Mediterranean and Jewish origin. The endemic African Kaposi’s sarcoma, affecting both children and adults, more aggressive and with frequent dissemination to bone, skin and lymph nodes, the epidemic, HIV-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma 20,000 times more common in persons with AIDS than in the general population, and 300 times more common in AIDS than in other immunosuppressed host. Finally the organ transplanted associated KS caused by the immunosuppression therapy [1]. The Human Herpes Virus-8 infection (HHV8) characterizes all forms and probably represents the same pathogenic process as the AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Lesions of epidemic KS may arise on the skin and the mouth and may affect the lymph nodes and other organs, usually the gastrointestinal tract, lung, liver, and spleen. In contrast, classic KS usually involves only one or a few areas of skin, most often the lower legs. At the time of diagnosis of KS some people experience no symptoms, especially if their only lesions are on the skin. However, many of those with epidemic KS, even those without skin lesions, will have enlarged lymph nodes, fever or weight loss. Eventually, in almost all cases, epidemic KS spreads throughout the body. Extensive KS lung involvement can be fatal. Primary KS of lymph nodes is a rare presentation of the disease. We present two consecutive HIV patients without skin lesions and with generalized lymphadenopathy and pancytopenia diagnosed with Kaposi’s sarcoma of lymph nodes with excisional biopsy.","PeriodicalId":447927,"journal":{"name":"J AIDS HIV Treat 1.1","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131935013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since isolation in humans in 1983 [1,2], HIV-1 has developed into a global pandemic. But an effective HIV-1 vaccine has not been succeeded despite multiple human vaccine trials performed [3,4]. Challenges to an effective vaccine arise from intrinsic virological and immunological features of HIV-1 [3-8]. For example, the envelope (Env) spike – composed of trimers of the receptor-binding subunit gp120 and the transmembrane subunit gp41, is the sole antigen available on the viral surface targeted by antibodies. However, the spike surface is shielded by an extensive glycan coat [7,9,10], which prevents most protein surface area from being recognized by antibody. The Env protein is also extremely unstable (e.g. frequent gp120/gp41 dissociation) [6,8,11] and evolves at an extremely fast rate [12,13], which frequently alters its immunogenicity to escape host immune surveillance [7]. Nonetheless, in the past 10 years, advanced technologies have been combined to reveal numerous aspects of HIV-1 interaction with the immune system, including but not limited to isolation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNabs) in natural infection coupled with structural characterization and/or neutralization profiling to identify sites of vulnerability [14-19], B cell repertoire sequencing of infected donors, and computational algorithms to characterize B cell response to HIV-1 and to identify determinants of affinity maturation of HIV-1 bNabs [20-27], de novo and grafted immunogen design and antigenicity enhancement [2838], and genetically engineered animal models to evaluate immunogen efficacy [39-41]. The knowledge gained from these studies has revolutionized HIV-1 vaccine research. Recent studies on passive administration of bNabs showed efficacy for HIV prevention (reviewed in [4,42], indicating that the elicitation of bNabs by vaccination could in principle provide a long-term solution for HIV prevention. However, many HIV-1 bNabs have unusual features (e.g. high somatic hypermutation or long complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3)), which may require years of affinity maturation, and could thus form roadblocks for elicitation [3,4,15]. To conquer these potential barriers, new vaccine strategies have been developed such as vaccines designed to elicit antibodies against a specific site of vulnerability (epitope-based vaccine design) and to mature a specific antibody class (antibody lineage-based design) (reviewed in [5]). Here, we review recent progress in preclinical HIV-1 vaccine research.
{"title":"Recent Progress in Preclinical HIV-1 Vaccine Research","authors":"Z. Sheng, L. Shapiro","doi":"10.33696/aids.1.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/aids.1.003","url":null,"abstract":"Since isolation in humans in 1983 [1,2], HIV-1 has developed into a global pandemic. But an effective HIV-1 vaccine has not been succeeded despite multiple human vaccine trials performed [3,4]. Challenges to an effective vaccine arise from intrinsic virological and immunological features of HIV-1 [3-8]. For example, the envelope (Env) spike – composed of trimers of the receptor-binding subunit gp120 and the transmembrane subunit gp41, is the sole antigen available on the viral surface targeted by antibodies. However, the spike surface is shielded by an extensive glycan coat [7,9,10], which prevents most protein surface area from being recognized by antibody. The Env protein is also extremely unstable (e.g. frequent gp120/gp41 dissociation) [6,8,11] and evolves at an extremely fast rate [12,13], which frequently alters its immunogenicity to escape host immune surveillance [7]. Nonetheless, in the past 10 years, advanced technologies have been combined to reveal numerous aspects of HIV-1 interaction with the immune system, including but not limited to isolation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNabs) in natural infection coupled with structural characterization and/or neutralization profiling to identify sites of vulnerability [14-19], B cell repertoire sequencing of infected donors, and computational algorithms to characterize B cell response to HIV-1 and to identify determinants of affinity maturation of HIV-1 bNabs [20-27], de novo and grafted immunogen design and antigenicity enhancement [2838], and genetically engineered animal models to evaluate immunogen efficacy [39-41]. The knowledge gained from these studies has revolutionized HIV-1 vaccine research. Recent studies on passive administration of bNabs showed efficacy for HIV prevention (reviewed in [4,42], indicating that the elicitation of bNabs by vaccination could in principle provide a long-term solution for HIV prevention. However, many HIV-1 bNabs have unusual features (e.g. high somatic hypermutation or long complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3)), which may require years of affinity maturation, and could thus form roadblocks for elicitation [3,4,15]. To conquer these potential barriers, new vaccine strategies have been developed such as vaccines designed to elicit antibodies against a specific site of vulnerability (epitope-based vaccine design) and to mature a specific antibody class (antibody lineage-based design) (reviewed in [5]). Here, we review recent progress in preclinical HIV-1 vaccine research.","PeriodicalId":447927,"journal":{"name":"J AIDS HIV Treat 1.1","volume":"88 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134254163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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