Pub Date : 2019-11-18DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653365.003.0006
Jane H. Hong
The epilogue considers how the relationship between Asian migration and U.S. empire, exclusion, and power began changing in the 1960s through discussion of a “brain drain” from Asia to the United States. Some of the same Asian powers that had once critiqued America for excluding Asians on racial grounds now accused the United States and other Western countries of luring away the most educated and skilled members of developing societies in order to ensure their own economic hegemony for years to come.
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Pub Date : 2019-11-18DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653365.003.0001
Jane H. Hong
This chapter analyzes the Chinese exclusion repeal campaigns as a negotiation between a community-based effort driven by the needs of Chinese Americans and an elite white American campaign rooted in Washington’s wartime imperatives. In what became a pattern in later campaigns, a group called the Citizens Committee interrupted and ultimately superseded Chinese Americans’ attempts to restore non-quota admission for the alien wives of Chinese American citizens. Charting this context makes clear how the Magnuson Act, far from a product of wartime geopolitics alone, more accurately represented the convergence of transnational and national, diplomatic and community-based pressures. It frames the 1943 Magnuson Act repealing Chinese exclusion as culminating years of lobbying to liberalize U.S. immigration policy toward Chinese on the one hand, and as planting the seeds of a longer repeal movement on the other.
{"title":"Laying the Groundwork for a Movement","authors":"Jane H. Hong","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653365.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653365.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter analyzes the Chinese exclusion repeal campaigns as a negotiation between a community-based effort driven by the needs of Chinese Americans and an elite white American campaign rooted in Washington’s wartime imperatives. In what became a pattern in later campaigns, a group called the Citizens Committee interrupted and ultimately superseded Chinese Americans’ attempts to restore non-quota admission for the alien wives of Chinese American citizens. Charting this context makes clear how the Magnuson Act, far from a product of wartime geopolitics alone, more accurately represented the convergence of transnational and national, diplomatic and community-based pressures. It frames the 1943 Magnuson Act repealing Chinese exclusion as culminating years of lobbying to liberalize U.S. immigration policy toward Chinese on the one hand, and as planting the seeds of a longer repeal movement on the other.","PeriodicalId":448445,"journal":{"name":"Opening the Gates to Asia","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133512693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-18DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653365.003.0004
Jane H. Hong
This chapter charts the formal repeal of Asian exclusion from the vantage point of the Japanese American Citizens League and of other Americans involved in the postwar campaigns that culminated in the 1952 McCarran-Walter Act. Generally known as a Cold War measure, the law’s lesser known provisions formally ended Asian exclusion as a feature of U.S. immigration and naturalization policy. But a “colonial quota” amendment spurred protest by African and Afro-Caribbean American activists, who denounced it as an underhanded attempt by racist lawmakers to end black immigration from the Caribbean. This little-known episode of black-Japanese conflict problematizes an easy analogy between postwar legislative gains for Asian Americans and those for black Americans as wholly complementary developments; to the contrary, it identifies the postwar immigration debates as a site of greater intergroup competition than collaboration.
本章从日裔美国公民联盟(Japanese American Citizens League)和其他参与战后运动的美国人的角度，描绘了正式废除排华政策的过程，这些运动最终促成了1952年的《麦卡伦-沃尔特法案》(McCarran-Walter Act)。该法案通常被称为冷战时期的一项措施，其中一些鲜为人知的条款正式结束了将亚洲人排除在美国移民和归化政策之外的做法。但是，一项“殖民配额”修正案引发了非洲裔和加勒比裔美国人活动人士的抗议，他们谴责这是种族主义议员试图结束加勒比黑人移民的卑鄙企图。这段鲜为人知的日黑冲突，让人对战后亚裔美国人和黑人美国人在立法上取得的进展之间的简单类比产生了疑问，认为这是一种完全互补的发展;相反，它将战后的移民辩论视为群体间竞争大于合作的场所。
{"title":"Testing the Limits of Postwar Reform","authors":"Jane H. Hong","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653365.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653365.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter charts the formal repeal of Asian exclusion from the vantage point of the Japanese American Citizens League and of other Americans involved in the postwar campaigns that culminated in the 1952 McCarran-Walter Act. Generally known as a Cold War measure, the law’s lesser known provisions formally ended Asian exclusion as a feature of U.S. immigration and naturalization policy. But a “colonial quota” amendment spurred protest by African and Afro-Caribbean American activists, who denounced it as an underhanded attempt by racist lawmakers to end black immigration from the Caribbean. This little-known episode of black-Japanese conflict problematizes an easy analogy between postwar legislative gains for Asian Americans and those for black Americans as wholly complementary developments; to the contrary, it identifies the postwar immigration debates as a site of greater intergroup competition than collaboration.","PeriodicalId":448445,"journal":{"name":"Opening the Gates to Asia","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124883840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-18DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653365.003.0003
Jane H. Hong
Drawing from U.S. and Philippine archives, this chapter places Filipina/o advocates in conversation with Filipina/o Americans and their allies in the 1940s campaign to pass a Philippine citizenship bill. Philippine officials took up the legislative cause in order to prepare for what they feared would be the catastrophic financial costs of national independence from U.S. colonial rule. They hoped to cultivate Filipina/o Americans as a reliable source of remittances and other support sent from the United States to the islands. Manila’s role in the Washington-based naturalization campaign thus exemplified Philippine officials’ instrumental understanding of the U.S. citizenship bill as a means to achieve their own national goals. It also reflected their flexible view of national citizenship. Through their support of naturalization rights, Manila officials sought to inculcate in Filipina/o Americans a sense of responsibility to the islands that transcended a formal legal status alone. Viewed from Asia, then, Manila’s campaigning for the Luce-Celler bill can be seen as an act of Philippine state-building intended to safeguard and promote the islands’ economic welfare and stability after independence.
{"title":"Manila Prepares for Independence","authors":"Jane H. Hong","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653365.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653365.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing from U.S. and Philippine archives, this chapter places Filipina/o advocates in conversation with Filipina/o Americans and their allies in the 1940s campaign to pass a Philippine citizenship bill. Philippine officials took up the legislative cause in order to prepare for what they feared would be the catastrophic financial costs of national independence from U.S. colonial rule. They hoped to cultivate Filipina/o Americans as a reliable source of remittances and other support sent from the United States to the islands. Manila’s role in the Washington-based naturalization campaign thus exemplified Philippine officials’ instrumental understanding of the U.S. citizenship bill as a means to achieve their own national goals. It also reflected their flexible view of national citizenship. Through their support of naturalization rights, Manila officials sought to inculcate in Filipina/o Americans a sense of responsibility to the islands that transcended a formal legal status alone. Viewed from Asia, then, Manila’s campaigning for the Luce-Celler bill can be seen as an act of Philippine state-building intended to safeguard and promote the islands’ economic welfare and stability after independence.","PeriodicalId":448445,"journal":{"name":"Opening the Gates to Asia","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125334769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-18DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653365.003.0002
Jane H. Hong
This chapter charts how Indians and Indian Americans sought to use U.S. repeal legislation as an instrument to achieve their own national and anticolonial goals. During and immediately after World War II, they cultivated transpacific networks of support for repeal spanning Delhi, Whitehall, and Washington, DC. By pairing Indian and British sources with U.S. archives, the analysis upends conventional accounts of the 1946 Luce-Celler Act as a cause originated and spearheaded by elite white racial liberals and conservative internationalists. Instead, it reveals how white Americans and later, British officials, did not take concrete action until Indians prompted them. Ultimately the effort only succeeded because Britain decided to support the change in U.S. immigration law, and Indian colonial officials were the intermediaries who made it happen.
{"title":"Entangling Immigration and Independence","authors":"Jane H. Hong","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653365.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653365.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter charts how Indians and Indian Americans sought to use U.S. repeal legislation as an instrument to achieve their own national and anticolonial goals. During and immediately after World War II, they cultivated transpacific networks of support for repeal spanning Delhi, Whitehall, and Washington, DC. By pairing Indian and British sources with U.S. archives, the analysis upends conventional accounts of the 1946 Luce-Celler Act as a cause originated and spearheaded by elite white racial liberals and conservative internationalists. Instead, it reveals how white Americans and later, British officials, did not take concrete action until Indians prompted them. Ultimately the effort only succeeded because Britain decided to support the change in U.S. immigration law, and Indian colonial officials were the intermediaries who made it happen.","PeriodicalId":448445,"journal":{"name":"Opening the Gates to Asia","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116584491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-18DOI: 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653365.003.0005
Jane H. Hong
This chapter explores how Asian American advocates negotiated the growing marginalization of Asians and Asia within the immigration debates between 1952 and 1965. If the McCarran-Walter campaign marked a peak in Asian Americans’ influence amid unprecedented U.S. intervention in East Asia, the revision efforts that followed relegated Asians, and by extension Asian Americans, to the periphery of the national conversation on immigration. This chapter examines Chinese and Japanese Americans’ efforts to include Asians in 1950s refugee admissions, experiments in interethnic cooperation, and role in shaping the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act. Hawaii’s admission as the nation’s fiftieth state and the election of the first U.S. congresspersons of Chinese and Japanese descent helped institutionalize Asian Americans’ political voice in Washington, DC, with important ramifications for 1960s immigration reform.
{"title":"Making Repeal Meaningful","authors":"Jane H. Hong","doi":"10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653365.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653365.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores how Asian American advocates negotiated the growing marginalization of Asians and Asia within the immigration debates between 1952 and 1965. If the McCarran-Walter campaign marked a peak in Asian Americans’ influence amid unprecedented U.S. intervention in East Asia, the revision efforts that followed relegated Asians, and by extension Asian Americans, to the periphery of the national conversation on immigration. This chapter examines Chinese and Japanese Americans’ efforts to include Asians in 1950s refugee admissions, experiments in interethnic cooperation, and role in shaping the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act. Hawaii’s admission as the nation’s fiftieth state and the election of the first U.S. congresspersons of Chinese and Japanese descent helped institutionalize Asian Americans’ political voice in Washington, DC, with important ramifications for 1960s immigration reform.","PeriodicalId":448445,"journal":{"name":"Opening the Gates to Asia","volume":"2 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132119037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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