Pub Date : 2023-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00437956.2023.2269703
Lauren Whitty
AbstractThis paper analyzes the English forms must, may and could using a Columbia School framework. As with previous sign-based analyses of the modals, must, may and could are considered members of a grammatical system; this paper posits a grammatical system of Likelihood, whereby the meanings of must, may and could are relative to one another. These signs are first examined in a text from Malcolm Gladwell [2019. Talking to Strangers: What We Should Know About the People We Don’t Know. Boston, MA: Little, Brown] which provides rich context for meaning analysis, and later, the hypothesized meanings are tested in a large corpus, the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) [Davies, Mark. 2008. The Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). https://www.english-corpora.org/coca/]. Through the testing of the observed occurrence patterns within COCA, must, may and could show a general pattern of usage which supports the proposed meaning hypotheses.Keywords: mustmaycouldmodal systemsign-basedcorpus-drivenmonosemy AcknowledgementsThe Columbia School Linguistic Society awarded a graduate research fellowship for research that led to this paper. Lauren is grateful to Wallis Reid and Nadav Sabar for their invaluable feedback which enhanced this manuscript and provided continuous learning opportunities for Lauren.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Merriam-Webster includes four explanations for “if” (“If,” Citation2020): “a : in the event that; b : allowing that; c : on the assumption that d : on condition that”.
{"title":"A Sign-Based Analysis of <i>Must</i> , <i>May</i> and <i>Could</i>","authors":"Lauren Whitty","doi":"10.1080/00437956.2023.2269703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.2023.2269703","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThis paper analyzes the English forms must, may and could using a Columbia School framework. As with previous sign-based analyses of the modals, must, may and could are considered members of a grammatical system; this paper posits a grammatical system of Likelihood, whereby the meanings of must, may and could are relative to one another. These signs are first examined in a text from Malcolm Gladwell [2019. Talking to Strangers: What We Should Know About the People We Don’t Know. Boston, MA: Little, Brown] which provides rich context for meaning analysis, and later, the hypothesized meanings are tested in a large corpus, the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) [Davies, Mark. 2008. The Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). https://www.english-corpora.org/coca/]. Through the testing of the observed occurrence patterns within COCA, must, may and could show a general pattern of usage which supports the proposed meaning hypotheses.Keywords: mustmaycouldmodal systemsign-basedcorpus-drivenmonosemy AcknowledgementsThe Columbia School Linguistic Society awarded a graduate research fellowship for research that led to this paper. Lauren is grateful to Wallis Reid and Nadav Sabar for their invaluable feedback which enhanced this manuscript and provided continuous learning opportunities for Lauren.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Merriam-Webster includes four explanations for “if” (“If,” Citation2020): “a : in the event that; b : allowing that; c : on the assumption that d : on condition that”.","PeriodicalId":46752,"journal":{"name":"WORD-JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL LINGUISTIC ASSOCIATION","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135949254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00437956.2023.2269700
Chit Cheung Matthew Sung
AbstractThis paper reports on a study of cross-border mainland Chinese students’ ideologies with respect to language mixing in an English-medium university context in multilingual Hong Kong. The findings revealed that most participants held multiple and sometimes contradictory ideologies about language mixing in the university context, often wavering between different ideologies. While their monolingual ideologies privileged linguistic purism and characterized language mixing in deficit terms, their multilingual ideologies conceptualized language mixing as a relatively unmarked language practice, leading to positive evaluations of language mixing. The study also found that some participants moved beyond the dichotomy between monolingual and multilingual ideologies and espoused the ideology of sociolinguistic competence. With an emphasis on one’s ability to use language appropriately in context, the ideology of sociolinguistic competence prompted some participants to evaluate language mixing in terms of its social appropriateness in particular cultural contexts (Hong Kong versus mainland China) and/or particular communicative situations (in-class versus out-of-class situations). Overall, the findings suggest that the complex language ideologies held by the participants not only reflect their mixed attitudes towards multilingual language practices in the English-medium university context, but also reveal their concerns over academic studies, second language acquisition, cultural preservation, and communicative effectiveness.Keywords: Multilingualismlanguage mixingsociolinguistic competencelanguage ideologyHong Kong Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Cantonese is one of the southern dialects in China and is a regional vernacular language which is not normally used in formal writing (Poon Citation2010). Cantonese and Putonghua are not mutually intelligible.2 Putonghua is the national language of China and is the spoken form of Modern Standard Chinese.Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee [grant number 23600416].
{"title":"Language Mixing in an English-Medium University Context: Language Ideologies of Cross-border Mainland Chinese Students in Hong Kong","authors":"Chit Cheung Matthew Sung","doi":"10.1080/00437956.2023.2269700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.2023.2269700","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThis paper reports on a study of cross-border mainland Chinese students’ ideologies with respect to language mixing in an English-medium university context in multilingual Hong Kong. The findings revealed that most participants held multiple and sometimes contradictory ideologies about language mixing in the university context, often wavering between different ideologies. While their monolingual ideologies privileged linguistic purism and characterized language mixing in deficit terms, their multilingual ideologies conceptualized language mixing as a relatively unmarked language practice, leading to positive evaluations of language mixing. The study also found that some participants moved beyond the dichotomy between monolingual and multilingual ideologies and espoused the ideology of sociolinguistic competence. With an emphasis on one’s ability to use language appropriately in context, the ideology of sociolinguistic competence prompted some participants to evaluate language mixing in terms of its social appropriateness in particular cultural contexts (Hong Kong versus mainland China) and/or particular communicative situations (in-class versus out-of-class situations). Overall, the findings suggest that the complex language ideologies held by the participants not only reflect their mixed attitudes towards multilingual language practices in the English-medium university context, but also reveal their concerns over academic studies, second language acquisition, cultural preservation, and communicative effectiveness.Keywords: Multilingualismlanguage mixingsociolinguistic competencelanguage ideologyHong Kong Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Cantonese is one of the southern dialects in China and is a regional vernacular language which is not normally used in formal writing (Poon Citation2010). Cantonese and Putonghua are not mutually intelligible.2 Putonghua is the national language of China and is the spoken form of Modern Standard Chinese.Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee [grant number 23600416].","PeriodicalId":46752,"journal":{"name":"WORD-JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL LINGUISTIC ASSOCIATION","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135949562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00437956.2023.2270875
Alvin Ping Leong
AbstractResearch work on the grammatical features of academic writing has revealed that science writing relies more on phrases and nominalization, and humanities writing on clauses. Embedded clauses, however, occur at the rank of a word phrase, and the extent to which the two genres differ in their use of embedded clauses is not well understood. To address this gap, this study investigated the occurrence rates (per 1,000 words) of 10 categories of embedded clauses in a corpus of 40 research articles from cell biology and classics. The analysis relied on a modified form of the Hallidayan framework. The results reveal that classics articles use more embedded clauses, and biology articles, more ranking clauses. As embedding involves layering, this finding implies a more complex clausal structure in the case of classics articles. With only two exceptions, the rates of embedded clauses are higher in classics articles than in biology articles. The exceptions involve the greater use of –ed and –ing relative clauses in biology articles, particularly in the adjunct position. The higher rates of non-finite relatives in biology articles reflect the condensed nature of science writing. Further work involving text samples from more disciplines and interdisciplinary fields is recommended.Keywords: science writinghumanities writingembedded clausesgenre Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationNotes on contributorsAlvin Ping LeongAlvin Ping Leong lectures at the Language & Communication Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He obtained his PhD degree from the National University of Singapore in 2001 under a research scholarship. His book publications include “Theme and rheme” (Peter Lang, 2004) and “Transforming literacies and language” (co-editor with Caroline Mei Lin Ho and Kate T. Anderson; Continuum, 2011). His research interests are in grammar, systemic-functional linguistics, and discourse analysis.
摘要对学术写作语法特征的研究表明，科学写作更多地依赖于短语和名词化，而人文写作更多地依赖于分句。然而，嵌入式从句出现在一个词短语的级别上，两种体裁在使用嵌入式从句方面的差异程度尚不清楚。为了解决这一差距，本研究调查了来自细胞生物学和经典的40篇研究论文的语料库中10类嵌入子句的发生率(每1000个单词)。分析依赖于哈利达扬框架的一种改进形式。结果表明，经典类文章使用的嵌入条款较多，生物学类文章使用的排序条款较多。由于嵌入涉及分层，这一发现意味着在经典文章的情况下，一个更复杂的条款结构。除了两个例外，经典文章中嵌入从句的比例高于生物学文章。例外情况包括在生物学文章中更多地使用-ed和-ing关系从句，特别是在修饰语位置。生物学文章中较高的非有限亲属比例反映了科学写作的浓缩性质。建议进一步开展涉及更多学科和跨学科领域的文本样本的工作。关键词:科学写作人文写作嵌入条款类型披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。其他资料梁振平先生在新加坡南洋理工大学语言与交流中心讲课。2001年获新加坡国立大学博士学位。他的著作包括《主题与述文》(Peter Lang, 2004)和《转化文学与语言》(与Caroline Mei Lin Ho和Kate T. Anderson共同编辑;连续体,2011)。主要研究方向为语法、系统功能语言学和语篇分析。
{"title":"Discipline-Specific Writing and Embedded Clauses: The Case of Cell Biology and Classics","authors":"Alvin Ping Leong","doi":"10.1080/00437956.2023.2270875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.2023.2270875","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractResearch work on the grammatical features of academic writing has revealed that science writing relies more on phrases and nominalization, and humanities writing on clauses. Embedded clauses, however, occur at the rank of a word phrase, and the extent to which the two genres differ in their use of embedded clauses is not well understood. To address this gap, this study investigated the occurrence rates (per 1,000 words) of 10 categories of embedded clauses in a corpus of 40 research articles from cell biology and classics. The analysis relied on a modified form of the Hallidayan framework. The results reveal that classics articles use more embedded clauses, and biology articles, more ranking clauses. As embedding involves layering, this finding implies a more complex clausal structure in the case of classics articles. With only two exceptions, the rates of embedded clauses are higher in classics articles than in biology articles. The exceptions involve the greater use of –ed and –ing relative clauses in biology articles, particularly in the adjunct position. The higher rates of non-finite relatives in biology articles reflect the condensed nature of science writing. Further work involving text samples from more disciplines and interdisciplinary fields is recommended.Keywords: science writinghumanities writingembedded clausesgenre Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationNotes on contributorsAlvin Ping LeongAlvin Ping Leong lectures at the Language & Communication Centre, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. He obtained his PhD degree from the National University of Singapore in 2001 under a research scholarship. His book publications include “Theme and rheme” (Peter Lang, 2004) and “Transforming literacies and language” (co-editor with Caroline Mei Lin Ho and Kate T. Anderson; Continuum, 2011). His research interests are in grammar, systemic-functional linguistics, and discourse analysis.","PeriodicalId":46752,"journal":{"name":"WORD-JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL LINGUISTIC ASSOCIATION","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135949252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00437956.2023.2269702
Anna Marklová, Elena Panfilova, Barbara Mertins
The present paper explores how young children, depending on the provided input, acquire language-specific perspectives in the construal of goal-oriented locomotion events. We recorded parent–child interactions using drawings depicting such events. Czech monolingual pairs (n = 25), Russian monolingual pairs (n = 25), and Russian-German bilingual pairs (n = 22) were recruited for this study. Previous findings (Mertins 2018; Stutterheim et al. 2012) have demonstrated that Russian speakers conceptualize goal-oriented locomotion under the phasal perspective. Czech speakers, on the other hand, rely on the holistic perspective and are thus similar to German native speakers. In languages with a holistic perspective, speakers tend to focus on the endpoints of locomotion events. Therefore, we analyzed their prevalence in the parental language. The analyses revealed that Czech parents produced significantly more endpoints in the description of the critical stimuli than Russian and Russian-German parents. We argue that conceptual preferences and the verbalization of goal-oriented locomotion are input driven and acquired in early childhood.
{"title":"Description of Locomotion Events: Language-Specific Patterns in Child-Directed Speech","authors":"Anna Marklová, Elena Panfilova, Barbara Mertins","doi":"10.1080/00437956.2023.2269702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.2023.2269702","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper explores how young children, depending on the provided input, acquire language-specific perspectives in the construal of goal-oriented locomotion events. We recorded parent–child interactions using drawings depicting such events. Czech monolingual pairs (n = 25), Russian monolingual pairs (n = 25), and Russian-German bilingual pairs (n = 22) were recruited for this study. Previous findings (Mertins 2018; Stutterheim et al. 2012) have demonstrated that Russian speakers conceptualize goal-oriented locomotion under the phasal perspective. Czech speakers, on the other hand, rely on the holistic perspective and are thus similar to German native speakers. In languages with a holistic perspective, speakers tend to focus on the endpoints of locomotion events. Therefore, we analyzed their prevalence in the parental language. The analyses revealed that Czech parents produced significantly more endpoints in the description of the critical stimuli than Russian and Russian-German parents. We argue that conceptual preferences and the verbalization of goal-oriented locomotion are input driven and acquired in early childhood.","PeriodicalId":46752,"journal":{"name":"WORD-JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL LINGUISTIC ASSOCIATION","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135949253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.1080/00437956.2018.1425187
E. Vajda
{"title":"Multiple exponence","authors":"E. Vajda","doi":"10.1080/00437956.2018.1425187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.2018.1425187","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46752,"journal":{"name":"WORD-JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL LINGUISTIC ASSOCIATION","volume":"64 1","pages":"43 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00437956.2018.1425187","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58963503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-02DOI: 10.1080/00437956.2017.1386893
E. Vajda
{"title":"Writing systems","authors":"E. Vajda","doi":"10.1080/00437956.2017.1386893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.2017.1386893","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46752,"journal":{"name":"WORD-JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL LINGUISTIC ASSOCIATION","volume":"63 1","pages":"275 - 279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2017-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00437956.2017.1386893","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58963490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Language, society and power","authors":"X. Yang","doi":"10.4324/9781315733524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315733524","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46752,"journal":{"name":"WORD-JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL LINGUISTIC ASSOCIATION","volume":"53 1","pages":"296-300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70438486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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