Having previously reviewed the role of Bile Acids (BAs) in obesity, NAFLD/NASH/HCC and crosstalk of Gut Microbiome in numerous body disorders here we further attempted to assess part of BAs in normal brain physiology and in different Neurodegenerative Diseases (NDD). BAs constitute significant physiological molecules which apart from modulating nutrient absorption as well as metabolism in peripheral tissues influence neuromodulatory actions in the Central Nervous System (CNS). The formation of bile acids takes place basically from cholesterol in the liver by the canonical as well as alternate pathwaysor in the brain started by the neuron particular sterol Cholesterol-24 hydroxylase (CYP46A1) modulated pathway. Circulating BAs possess the capacity of crossing the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) and thus gaining entry into the CNS via passive diffusion or through BAs transporters. Brain BAs act in the CNS via activation of membrane or nuclear receptors or influence the working of the neurotransmitter receptors. Indirect signal might be further given to the CNS through the Farsenoid X Receptor (FXR) based Fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19) pathway or the takeda G Protein Coupled (GPC) bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5) based Glucagon Like Peptide 1(GLP) pathway. In case of pathological situations, changes in BAs have been observed to probably aid in the pathogenesis of different neurological diseases. Of greater significance is the supplementationof hydrophilic amidated Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) or Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid (TUDCA) have been corroborated to illustrate therapeutic advantagesby hampering the neuroinflammatory reactions, apoptosis, Oxidative Stress (OS), Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial protection or work in the form of probable chaperone for correction of misfolding of proteins in the treatment of different neurological diseases. This yields opportunity of utilization of UDCA along with TUDCA in the treatment of different neurodegenerative diseases inclusive of Alzheimer’s disease; Parkinson’s disease, Huntingtons disease, Amyotrophic Lateral sclerosis, and prion disease.
{"title":"An Update on Role of Bile Acids in Neurological Functions and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Narrative Review","authors":"Kulvinder Kochar Kaur, Gautam Nand Allahbadia, Mandeep Singh","doi":"10.52916/jcbi234026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52916/jcbi234026","url":null,"abstract":"Having previously reviewed the role of Bile Acids (BAs) in obesity, NAFLD/NASH/HCC and crosstalk of Gut Microbiome in numerous body disorders here we further attempted to assess part of BAs in normal brain physiology and in different Neurodegenerative Diseases (NDD). BAs constitute significant physiological molecules which apart from modulating nutrient absorption as well as metabolism in peripheral tissues influence neuromodulatory actions in the Central Nervous System (CNS). The formation of bile acids takes place basically from cholesterol in the liver by the canonical as well as alternate pathwaysor in the brain started by the neuron particular sterol Cholesterol-24 hydroxylase (CYP46A1) modulated pathway. Circulating BAs possess the capacity of crossing the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) and thus gaining entry into the CNS via passive diffusion or through BAs transporters. Brain BAs act in the CNS via activation of membrane or nuclear receptors or influence the working of the neurotransmitter receptors. Indirect signal might be further given to the CNS through the Farsenoid X Receptor (FXR) based Fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19) pathway or the takeda G Protein Coupled (GPC) bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5) based Glucagon Like Peptide 1(GLP) pathway. In case of pathological situations, changes in BAs have been observed to probably aid in the pathogenesis of different neurological diseases. Of greater significance is the supplementationof hydrophilic amidated Ursodeoxycholic Acid (UDCA) or Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid (TUDCA) have been corroborated to illustrate therapeutic advantagesby hampering the neuroinflammatory reactions, apoptosis, Oxidative Stress (OS), Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial protection or work in the form of probable chaperone for correction of misfolding of proteins in the treatment of different neurological diseases. This yields opportunity of utilization of UDCA along with TUDCA in the treatment of different neurodegenerative diseases inclusive of Alzheimer’s disease; Parkinson’s disease, Huntingtons disease, Amyotrophic Lateral sclerosis, and prion disease.","PeriodicalId":483887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Investigation","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135586118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leila M. Ahmed Abdelgader, Areej Osman Shik Aldeen, Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf, Tibyan Abd Almajed Altaher, Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad
Background: Many different organisms can cause urinary tract infections, but Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus are the most prevalent ones. 60% of all antibiotics used to treat infectious diseases around the world are beta-lactam antibiotics, one of the main classes used to fight gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Objective: The purpose of this study is to detect and isolate Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs), which are responsible for urinary tract infections, as well as check for any potential medication resistance. Materials and Methods: The gram stain technique and biochemical assays were used to identify 100 urine samples from Khartoum state hospitals based on their cultural characteristics and morphological appearance. Using the disk diffusion method, the isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins (Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, and Ceftriaxone). The Combination Disk Technique (clavulanic acid+third-generation cephalosporins) was used to inoculate the bacterial isolates to demonstrate their capacity to create ESBL. In comparison to non-ESBL producers, the ESBL producers were assessed. Results: E. coli, Klebsiella, S. aureus, Proteus, and Pseudomonas were among the microorganisms isolated from UTI patients. 61% of the participants in this study were female, whereas 39% were male. E. coli has an increased frequency among isolated bacteria, as it presented in 46% of urine cultures, followed by pseudomonas and Klebsiella, each with a 22% frequency. Growth of the majority of the bacteria was found among females more frequently than males, and it also seems to be among older age patients than younger. Amoxyl alone and in combination with Clavulanic Acid (AAMC) was the most medicine that bacteria were resistant to (76%), but Ceftriaxone (CTR) has higher sensitivity (45%) and resistance (50%). The growth of the bacteria in the media of antibiotics was sorted into sensitive, intermediate, and resistant. Conclusions: Tested antibiotic resistance was higher for AAMC than for CTR, which is typically taken without performing urine sample culture and sensitivity testing, which over time leads to increased resistance.
{"title":"Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBLs) among Urinary Tract Patients in Khartoum State, Sudan","authors":"Leila M. Ahmed Abdelgader, Areej Osman Shik Aldeen, Ghanem Mohammed Mahjaf, Tibyan Abd Almajed Altaher, Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad","doi":"10.52916/jcbi234023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52916/jcbi234023","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Many different organisms can cause urinary tract infections, but Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus are the most prevalent ones. 60% of all antibiotics used to treat infectious diseases around the world are beta-lactam antibiotics, one of the main classes used to fight gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Objective: The purpose of this study is to detect and isolate Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs), which are responsible for urinary tract infections, as well as check for any potential medication resistance. Materials and Methods: The gram stain technique and biochemical assays were used to identify 100 urine samples from Khartoum state hospitals based on their cultural characteristics and morphological appearance. Using the disk diffusion method, the isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins (Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, and Ceftriaxone). The Combination Disk Technique (clavulanic acid+third-generation cephalosporins) was used to inoculate the bacterial isolates to demonstrate their capacity to create ESBL. In comparison to non-ESBL producers, the ESBL producers were assessed. Results: E. coli, Klebsiella, S. aureus, Proteus, and Pseudomonas were among the microorganisms isolated from UTI patients. 61% of the participants in this study were female, whereas 39% were male. E. coli has an increased frequency among isolated bacteria, as it presented in 46% of urine cultures, followed by pseudomonas and Klebsiella, each with a 22% frequency. Growth of the majority of the bacteria was found among females more frequently than males, and it also seems to be among older age patients than younger. Amoxyl alone and in combination with Clavulanic Acid (AAMC) was the most medicine that bacteria were resistant to (76%), but Ceftriaxone (CTR) has higher sensitivity (45%) and resistance (50%). The growth of the bacteria in the media of antibiotics was sorted into sensitive, intermediate, and resistant. Conclusions: Tested antibiotic resistance was higher for AAMC than for CTR, which is typically taken without performing urine sample culture and sensitivity testing, which over time leads to increased resistance.","PeriodicalId":483887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Investigation","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135140619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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