The notion of smart buildings is becoming a global trend. The smart concept is spread not only via buildings but also through cities, transportation, and communication. Many difficulties human beings face can be solved by smart building technology. For example, environmental contamination and resource depletion, such as water and fossil fuels. In Sri Lanka, smart building adoption was at a low level. As a result, the purpose of this research is to assess user comprehension of smart building service preferences and adoption from a Sri Lankan viewpoint. A questionnaire survey is used to obtain data from the community as part of the data collection approach. To achieve the objectives stated above, the data will be analysed using principal component analysis, multiple regression analysis, and Pareto analysis. Results indicated that the majority of Sri Lankans do not grasp smart building technologies. Using principal component analysis, eleven major service preferences were determined. Multiple regression analysis is used to identify the factors that influence service preference. The most essential elements impacting smart building adoption are competency to utilize new technology, preference for smart building attributes, and user satisfaction. This study would be an excellent resource for the future adoption of smart building technologies in Sri Lanka.
{"title":"Factors Influencing the Adoption of Smart Building and Service Preferences in Sri Lanka","authors":"Savindika Weerawardhana, Thilina Ganganath Weerakoon, Sulaksha Wimalasena, Nivethan Moganaraj","doi":"10.2478/bjreecm-2024-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjreecm-2024-0002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The notion of smart buildings is becoming a global trend. The smart concept is spread not only via buildings but also through cities, transportation, and communication. Many difficulties human beings face can be solved by smart building technology. For example, environmental contamination and resource depletion, such as water and fossil fuels. In Sri Lanka, smart building adoption was at a low level. As a result, the purpose of this research is to assess user comprehension of smart building service preferences and adoption from a Sri Lankan viewpoint. A questionnaire survey is used to obtain data from the community as part of the data collection approach. To achieve the objectives stated above, the data will be analysed using principal component analysis, multiple regression analysis, and Pareto analysis. Results indicated that the majority of Sri Lankans do not grasp smart building technologies. Using principal component analysis, eleven major service preferences were determined. Multiple regression analysis is used to identify the factors that influence service preference. The most essential elements impacting smart building adoption are competency to utilize new technology, preference for smart building attributes, and user satisfaction. This study would be an excellent resource for the future adoption of smart building technologies in Sri Lanka.","PeriodicalId":486601,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management","volume":"65 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140524960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.2478/bjreecm-2024-0001
Sampa Chisumbe, C. Aigbavboa, W. Thwala, Erastus Mwanaumo
The main aim of the study was to model stakeholders’ capacity for urban housing development from a developing country’s perspective, using Zambia as a case study. The study used a quantitative methodology and recruited 214 respondents from various organizations concerned with the planning and development of human settlements in Lusaka, Zambia. The structured questionnaire used for data collection contained nine indicator variables informed by literature. The collected data was analysed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and goodness-of-fit was utilized to assess the acceptability of the model using a two-index technique. The findings revealed that stakeholders’ capacity is explained by four variables, namely: ensuring adequate staffing levels in institutional stakeholders; community empowerment in planning practices; development of essential construction skills; as well as provision of technical support to communities on housing. The paper recommends, among other things, the need to fully engage and build the capacities of communities so that they can effectively participate in housing development. The findings have practical implications for improving housing in the global south. It advances the promotion of capacity building as a prerequisite for driving housing development in line with the new urban agenda.
{"title":"Modelling Stakeholders’ Capacity for Urban Housing Development: A Developing Country’s Perspective","authors":"Sampa Chisumbe, C. Aigbavboa, W. Thwala, Erastus Mwanaumo","doi":"10.2478/bjreecm-2024-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjreecm-2024-0001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The main aim of the study was to model stakeholders’ capacity for urban housing development from a developing country’s perspective, using Zambia as a case study. The study used a quantitative methodology and recruited 214 respondents from various organizations concerned with the planning and development of human settlements in Lusaka, Zambia. The structured questionnaire used for data collection contained nine indicator variables informed by literature. The collected data was analysed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and goodness-of-fit was utilized to assess the acceptability of the model using a two-index technique. The findings revealed that stakeholders’ capacity is explained by four variables, namely: ensuring adequate staffing levels in institutional stakeholders; community empowerment in planning practices; development of essential construction skills; as well as provision of technical support to communities on housing. The paper recommends, among other things, the need to fully engage and build the capacities of communities so that they can effectively participate in housing development. The findings have practical implications for improving housing in the global south. It advances the promotion of capacity building as a prerequisite for driving housing development in line with the new urban agenda.","PeriodicalId":486601,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management","volume":"10 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140521862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The construction industry is a critical sector in the nation’s economic growth, accounting for a sizable share of GDP growth. However, it is the most vulnerable industry to a financial depression, whether local or worldwide. The present economic crisis has had an impact on the Sri Lankan construction industry, with more than half a million employees lost their jobs in the previous year. Many major construction firms have either paused or abandoned their projects and shifted to overseas construction. Therefore, understanding the consequences of financial crises regarding construction initiatives in Sri Lanka, as well as anticipated post-crisis growth paths in this sector, necessitates a thorough examination. The goal of this study is to extensively examine the consequences of the 2022 economic crisis on Sri Lankan construction projects and investigate remedies that might start a post-crisis rebound. The study utilized a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative research methods. Purposive sampling was used to choose construction industry participants from various backgrounds in order to get a varied range of perspectives. The findings of this study not only emphasize the negative consequences of the crisis but also reveal prospects for development within the industry. The article offers construction professionals and other industry stakeholders useful insights about the foreseeable future of the country’s construction sector. The research looks at prospective growth areas such as the development of infrastructure, sustainable construction strategies, and the usage of emerging technology. The findings of the research can help to ensure that the sector has a robust and productive future.
{"title":"Economic Crisis Adaptation in Sri Lankan Construction Industry: Pathway to Prosperity","authors":"Thilina Ganganath Weerakoon, Sulaksha Wimalasena, Kristine Fedotova","doi":"10.2478/bjreecm-2023-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjreecm-2023-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The construction industry is a critical sector in the nation’s economic growth, accounting for a sizable share of GDP growth. However, it is the most vulnerable industry to a financial depression, whether local or worldwide. The present economic crisis has had an impact on the Sri Lankan construction industry, with more than half a million employees lost their jobs in the previous year. Many major construction firms have either paused or abandoned their projects and shifted to overseas construction. Therefore, understanding the consequences of financial crises regarding construction initiatives in Sri Lanka, as well as anticipated post-crisis growth paths in this sector, necessitates a thorough examination. The goal of this study is to extensively examine the consequences of the 2022 economic crisis on Sri Lankan construction projects and investigate remedies that might start a post-crisis rebound. The study utilized a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative research methods. Purposive sampling was used to choose construction industry participants from various backgrounds in order to get a varied range of perspectives. The findings of this study not only emphasize the negative consequences of the crisis but also reveal prospects for development within the industry. The article offers construction professionals and other industry stakeholders useful insights about the foreseeable future of the country’s construction sector. The research looks at prospective growth areas such as the development of infrastructure, sustainable construction strategies, and the usage of emerging technology. The findings of the research can help to ensure that the sector has a robust and productive future.","PeriodicalId":486601,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135562221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The construction sector contributes significantly to waste generation and resource depletion. Identifying potential household waste for reuse and recycling as secondary raw materials has emerged as a key technique for addressing these environmental concerns. This study uses the Colombo municipality in Sri Lanka to identify and evaluate household waste products having the potential to be reused as secondary raw materials in the construction sector. The study employs a mixed method for data collection and analysis. First, a questionnaire survey of industry experts was conducted to identify and assess the requirements for household waste that may be utilized in the construction sector, followed by a complete literature analysis to determine the reuse applications of potential household waste. The findings of this study will be useful in identifying and evaluating household waste items that may be recycled as secondary raw materials in the construction sector. It would also help to establish sustainable waste management techniques and circular economy practices in Sri Lanka. The study’s findings can help policymakers, waste management authorities, and stakeholders in the construction industry to implement effective waste management practices and promote the use of recycled materials in construction projects, reducing environmental impact and conserving natural resources.
{"title":"Identifying Potential Household Waste as Secondary Raw Materials in the Construction Industry: A Case Study of Sri Lanka","authors":"Thilina Ganganath Weerakoon, Sulaksha Wimalasena, Janis Zvirgzdins","doi":"10.2478/bjreecm-2023-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjreecm-2023-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The construction sector contributes significantly to waste generation and resource depletion. Identifying potential household waste for reuse and recycling as secondary raw materials has emerged as a key technique for addressing these environmental concerns. This study uses the Colombo municipality in Sri Lanka to identify and evaluate household waste products having the potential to be reused as secondary raw materials in the construction sector. The study employs a mixed method for data collection and analysis. First, a questionnaire survey of industry experts was conducted to identify and assess the requirements for household waste that may be utilized in the construction sector, followed by a complete literature analysis to determine the reuse applications of potential household waste. The findings of this study will be useful in identifying and evaluating household waste items that may be recycled as secondary raw materials in the construction sector. It would also help to establish sustainable waste management techniques and circular economy practices in Sri Lanka. The study’s findings can help policymakers, waste management authorities, and stakeholders in the construction industry to implement effective waste management practices and promote the use of recycled materials in construction projects, reducing environmental impact and conserving natural resources.","PeriodicalId":486601,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136008263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.2478/bjreecm-2023-0011
Sandesh Sigdel
Abstract This research aims to investigate the technical capability and performance of local builders on residential building construction sites in Gaindakot Municipality, Nepal. The construction industry plays a vital role in the growth of economies worldwide. The quality of construction heavily depends on the technical capacity and performance of builders involved in residential projects. This study aims to assess local builders’ technical competence and performance operating on residential building construction sites. By examining the capabilities of local builders, this research contributes to enhancing the overall quality and efficiency of residential construction projects. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. A comprehensive survey is administered to local builders to evaluate their technical knowledge, skill sets, and utilisation of modern construction techniques. Concurrently, on-site observations and interviews are conducted to gain insights into the actual performance of builders during different construction phases. The findings of this study shed light on the strengths and weaknesses of local builders in residential construction. The on-site observations and interviews offer qualitative insights into the practical application of skills, compliance with safety protocols, and adherence to project timelines. The outcomes of this research are intended to guide policymakers, industry stakeholders, and training institutions in formulating strategies to enhance the technical capacity of local builders. Bridging the identified gaps can improve construction quality, reduce project delays, and increase customer satisfaction. Additionally, the study emphasizes the need for ongoing professional development programs to keep builders updated with the latest construction techniques and standards.
{"title":"Assessment of Technical Capacity and Performance of Local Builders in Residential Building Construction Sites","authors":"Sandesh Sigdel","doi":"10.2478/bjreecm-2023-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjreecm-2023-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This research aims to investigate the technical capability and performance of local builders on residential building construction sites in Gaindakot Municipality, Nepal. The construction industry plays a vital role in the growth of economies worldwide. The quality of construction heavily depends on the technical capacity and performance of builders involved in residential projects. This study aims to assess local builders’ technical competence and performance operating on residential building construction sites. By examining the capabilities of local builders, this research contributes to enhancing the overall quality and efficiency of residential construction projects. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques. A comprehensive survey is administered to local builders to evaluate their technical knowledge, skill sets, and utilisation of modern construction techniques. Concurrently, on-site observations and interviews are conducted to gain insights into the actual performance of builders during different construction phases. The findings of this study shed light on the strengths and weaknesses of local builders in residential construction. The on-site observations and interviews offer qualitative insights into the practical application of skills, compliance with safety protocols, and adherence to project timelines. The outcomes of this research are intended to guide policymakers, industry stakeholders, and training institutions in formulating strategies to enhance the technical capacity of local builders. Bridging the identified gaps can improve construction quality, reduce project delays, and increase customer satisfaction. Additionally, the study emphasizes the need for ongoing professional development programs to keep builders updated with the latest construction techniques and standards.","PeriodicalId":486601,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135600073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.2478/bjreecm-2023-0010
Lina Leimontaitė, Jurga Naimavičienė
Abstract Over the past decades, more efficient real estate management opportunities have significantly expanded and improved. Complex methods, innovative techniques, and a constantly evolving spectrum of information technology have become readily available for common use. When managing real estate for short-term or medium-term rentals, planning, servicing, and ensuring accommodation quality are inseparable aspects, as is providing suitable housing. This process begins at the very first step when potential tenants request a viewing of the preferred property. The situation of the past few years demonstrated that the real estate business was one of the most affected economic sectors by the COVID-19 pandemic. Potential buyers or tenants could no longer physically visit and experience the space as before. Faced with this new reality, there was a need to find a tool to enhance the real estate management strategy by presenting the property. One such tool became the 360-degree photography and virtual tour. The aim of this study is to assess the practical applicability of 3D video tours and evaluate the advantages and drawbacks in short- and medium-term rental business.
{"title":"Virtual 3D Tour Assistance in Real Estate Management","authors":"Lina Leimontaitė, Jurga Naimavičienė","doi":"10.2478/bjreecm-2023-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjreecm-2023-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Over the past decades, more efficient real estate management opportunities have significantly expanded and improved. Complex methods, innovative techniques, and a constantly evolving spectrum of information technology have become readily available for common use. When managing real estate for short-term or medium-term rentals, planning, servicing, and ensuring accommodation quality are inseparable aspects, as is providing suitable housing. This process begins at the very first step when potential tenants request a viewing of the preferred property. The situation of the past few years demonstrated that the real estate business was one of the most affected economic sectors by the COVID-19 pandemic. Potential buyers or tenants could no longer physically visit and experience the space as before. Faced with this new reality, there was a need to find a tool to enhance the real estate management strategy by presenting the property. One such tool became the 360-degree photography and virtual tour. The aim of this study is to assess the practical applicability of 3D video tours and evaluate the advantages and drawbacks in short- and medium-term rental business.","PeriodicalId":486601,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135498000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Despite convergence shown by different schools of thought on the correlation between efficient risk management practices and enhanced delivery of sustainable construction projects, the knowledge gap on the use of professional indemnity insurance (PII) is still persistent in Africa, particularly in Zambia. This paper examined factors influencing the use of PII to manage construction risks. It has identified the main factors influencing the use of PII, assessed their influence and respondents’ consensus level in the Zambia context. Data were collected qualitatively using a two-round Delphi survey. Ten field experts were selected, including construction professionals, contractors and surety providers. Experts’ opinion positioned premium and legal framework as highly influential with a median of within the range of 9 to 10; surety prequalification and stakeholders’ interest as being influential with a median equal to 7. Except for surety prequalification and stakeholders’ interest, which had weak consensus with an Interquartile Range greater than or equal to 2.75, the other six factors (surety service quality, surety, construction firm relationships, competition in the industry, and construction firm level of awareness) reached a good consensus with an Interquartile Range within the range of 1 to 2.75. Embedded with the ability to influence other factors, legal framework acts as focal point to improve access of PII and therefore needs adequate and contextualized amendments.
{"title":"Factors Influencing Professional Indemnity Insurance Use in Construction Risk Management","authors":"Kabemba S. Ngoy, Sampa Chisumbe, Gaida Petere, Balimu Mwiya, Erastus Mwanaumo","doi":"10.2478/bjreecm-2023-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjreecm-2023-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Despite convergence shown by different schools of thought on the correlation between efficient risk management practices and enhanced delivery of sustainable construction projects, the knowledge gap on the use of professional indemnity insurance (PII) is still persistent in Africa, particularly in Zambia. This paper examined factors influencing the use of PII to manage construction risks. It has identified the main factors influencing the use of PII, assessed their influence and respondents’ consensus level in the Zambia context. Data were collected qualitatively using a two-round Delphi survey. Ten field experts were selected, including construction professionals, contractors and surety providers. Experts’ opinion positioned premium and legal framework as highly influential with a median of within the range of 9 to 10; surety prequalification and stakeholders’ interest as being influential with a median equal to 7. Except for surety prequalification and stakeholders’ interest, which had weak consensus with an Interquartile Range greater than or equal to 2.75, the other six factors (surety service quality, surety, construction firm relationships, competition in the industry, and construction firm level of awareness) reached a good consensus with an Interquartile Range within the range of 1 to 2.75. Embedded with the ability to influence other factors, legal framework acts as focal point to improve access of PII and therefore needs adequate and contextualized amendments.","PeriodicalId":486601,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136259757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.2478/bjreecm-2023-0014
Benjamin Boahene Akomah, Zakari Mustapha, Justice William Mensah, Roland William Lawson
Abstract The occurrence of variations in building construction contracts is a subject that needs some attention in public sector projects. They are, almost all the time, detrimental rather than beneficial variations. The paper aimed to identify the nature of variations in government-initiated building projects over fourteen years, from 2000 to 2014, in the Central Region and their impacts. Preliminary counts of documents revealed that a total of 348 projects were executed over the period. The data collection process started by first sorting out files, contract documents, and payment certificates for the period under consideration. These documents were scrutinised one after the other to detect possible variations. The inclusion criterion for selecting a project was if a project had any form of variation(s) recorded. After thoroughly examining these 348 project documents, 84 were found to have variations. The study identified additional works and substitutions as the most inherent variations in public building projects in the Central Region. About 85 % of the variations found in the 84 projects with various forms of variations were additional works and substitutions. It was revealed that the cost of multiple variations was higher than single variations. Projects with multiple variations had high percentage variation and durations than others. Percentage variation in some instances was 400 %. The study identified that multiple variations were more costly than single variations. The highest variation cost identified was (USD 211 864.41 or EUR 183 150.18) for one project. The study identified the nature of variations that usually occurred in government building projects and their association with both cost and time. The study asserts that the presence of multiple change orders has substantial financial significance and should be diligently avoided through efficient project initiation and planning.
{"title":"Variations in Building Construction Projects in Ghana: A Public Organisational Perspective","authors":"Benjamin Boahene Akomah, Zakari Mustapha, Justice William Mensah, Roland William Lawson","doi":"10.2478/bjreecm-2023-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/bjreecm-2023-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The occurrence of variations in building construction contracts is a subject that needs some attention in public sector projects. They are, almost all the time, detrimental rather than beneficial variations. The paper aimed to identify the nature of variations in government-initiated building projects over fourteen years, from 2000 to 2014, in the Central Region and their impacts. Preliminary counts of documents revealed that a total of 348 projects were executed over the period. The data collection process started by first sorting out files, contract documents, and payment certificates for the period under consideration. These documents were scrutinised one after the other to detect possible variations. The inclusion criterion for selecting a project was if a project had any form of variation(s) recorded. After thoroughly examining these 348 project documents, 84 were found to have variations. The study identified additional works and substitutions as the most inherent variations in public building projects in the Central Region. About 85 % of the variations found in the 84 projects with various forms of variations were additional works and substitutions. It was revealed that the cost of multiple variations was higher than single variations. Projects with multiple variations had high percentage variation and durations than others. Percentage variation in some instances was 400 %. The study identified that multiple variations were more costly than single variations. The highest variation cost identified was (USD 211 864.41 or EUR 183 150.18) for one project. The study identified the nature of variations that usually occurred in government building projects and their association with both cost and time. The study asserts that the presence of multiple change orders has substantial financial significance and should be diligently avoided through efficient project initiation and planning.","PeriodicalId":486601,"journal":{"name":"Baltic Journal of Real Estate Economics and Construction Management","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135319354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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