Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.47264/idea.lassij/7.1.13
Zohaib Gillani, Saira Aquil, Huda Rehman
The strategic interests of Russia and the US clash in the Syrian conflict. Moscow’s policy in Syria aims for the Assad government to remain in power, whereas the US policy seeks to bring a regime change in Syria by toppling the Assad government. The competition and cooperation between Russia and the US in the Middle Eastern region are quite complex and reflect a tussle for regional dominance. A game theoretic analysis is conducted for the interaction between two great powers to examine the strategies opted by both players in the case of the Syrian civil war. This paper analyses the role of Russian and American regional policy objectives in Syria from 2014 to 2022. This study considers the cause-and-effect relationship in the regional supremacy of Russia and the US and studies them as independent variables. The conflict in policy goals of both powers in the Syrian conflict is taken as the dependent variable. The methodology applied in this paper is game theory because it explains cause-and-effect phenomena in a systematic and detailed manner. The game between Russia and the US is to achieve maximum foreign policy objectives in Syria, which is concluded as a zero-sum game from 2014-2022.
{"title":"Strategic interaction between Russia and US in Syria: a game theoretic analysis from 2014-2022","authors":"Zohaib Gillani, Saira Aquil, Huda Rehman","doi":"10.47264/idea.lassij/7.1.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/7.1.13","url":null,"abstract":"The strategic interests of Russia and the US clash in the Syrian conflict. Moscow’s policy in Syria aims for the Assad government to remain in power, whereas the US policy seeks to bring a regime change in Syria by toppling the Assad government. The competition and cooperation between Russia and the US in the Middle Eastern region are quite complex and reflect a tussle for regional dominance. A game theoretic analysis is conducted for the interaction between two great powers to examine the strategies opted by both players in the case of the Syrian civil war. This paper analyses the role of Russian and American regional policy objectives in Syria from 2014 to 2022. This study considers the cause-and-effect relationship in the regional supremacy of Russia and the US and studies them as independent variables. The conflict in policy goals of both powers in the Syrian conflict is taken as the dependent variable. The methodology applied in this paper is game theory because it explains cause-and-effect phenomena in a systematic and detailed manner. The game between Russia and the US is to achieve maximum foreign policy objectives in Syria, which is concluded as a zero-sum game from 2014-2022.","PeriodicalId":487060,"journal":{"name":"Liberal arts & social sciences international journal","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136369316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.47264/idea.lassij/7.1.11
Tariq Aziz, Ali Raza, Mawludin Tarakai, None Hassan
Afghanistan is a least developed country; during the liberation, about three-fourths of the economy was ruined, and over the past two decades, the country has geared up a slight economic growth. The study's objective is to assess the impact of greenfield foreign direct investment on the economic growth of Afghanistan during the interval 2002-2021. The research also investigates the effect of remittances, foreign aid, and population. In this study, the stationarity of all variables is checked via the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test (ADF). The results were analysed with ARDL and ECM techniques. The results show that greenfield investment and remittances are statistically significant in the short and long run. Foreign aid is insignificant in the short and long run. The population is insignificant in the long run but significant in the short run. First, the government of Afghanistan improved its friendly investment policy to attract foreign investors. Second, the government of Afghanistan signed an agreement with neighbouring countries, especially developed countries, to send their skilled and educated labour so they will easily earn their livelihood and send remittances to their families. Third, the government of Afghanistan should avoid foreign aid that may affect its economy in the short term.
{"title":"Impact of the greenfield-foreign direct investment on the economic growth of Afghanistan","authors":"Tariq Aziz, Ali Raza, Mawludin Tarakai, None Hassan","doi":"10.47264/idea.lassij/7.1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/7.1.11","url":null,"abstract":"Afghanistan is a least developed country; during the liberation, about three-fourths of the economy was ruined, and over the past two decades, the country has geared up a slight economic growth. The study's objective is to assess the impact of greenfield foreign direct investment on the economic growth of Afghanistan during the interval 2002-2021. The research also investigates the effect of remittances, foreign aid, and population. In this study, the stationarity of all variables is checked via the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test (ADF). The results were analysed with ARDL and ECM techniques. The results show that greenfield investment and remittances are statistically significant in the short and long run. Foreign aid is insignificant in the short and long run. The population is insignificant in the long run but significant in the short run. First, the government of Afghanistan improved its friendly investment policy to attract foreign investors. Second, the government of Afghanistan signed an agreement with neighbouring countries, especially developed countries, to send their skilled and educated labour so they will easily earn their livelihood and send remittances to their families. Third, the government of Afghanistan should avoid foreign aid that may affect its economy in the short term.","PeriodicalId":487060,"journal":{"name":"Liberal arts & social sciences international journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136369321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.47264/idea.lassij/7.1.12
Asia Karim, Manzoor Ahmad Naazer, Amna Mahmood, Saiqa Bukhari
Owing to its geostrategic significance, the Indian Ocean is central to global maritime competition. Aimed at establishing its dominance over the Indian Ocean, India is an important player in this global power struggle. The current paper focuses on a crucial sub-region of the Indian Ocean, i.e., the Persian Gulf. Indian maritime security strategy (2015) mentioned the region as central to its interests. The study aims to uncover the maritime dimension of PM Modi’s foreign policy, the strategic significance of the Persian Gulf region for India, and the enhanced maritime Indo-Gulf interaction since Modi took office in 2014. A significant focus of the research is to analyse the possible implications of enriched Indo-Gulf maritime cooperation for Pakistan's foreign and defence policies. For probing the issue, a qualitative research method has been utilised. Primary sources included official documents and reports by the Ministry of External Affairs and the Ministry of Defence of the Indian government. Books, newspapers, and research articles were consulted as secondary data. The Paper concludes that the gradual increase in the maritime interaction between India and Gulf states is seriously challenging Pakistan’s historical standing in the area. Pakistan needs to pursue a proactive strategy for securing its interests.
{"title":"Maritime dimension of Modi’s foreign policy: Indo-Gulf maritime cooperation and its implications for Pakistan","authors":"Asia Karim, Manzoor Ahmad Naazer, Amna Mahmood, Saiqa Bukhari","doi":"10.47264/idea.lassij/7.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/7.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to its geostrategic significance, the Indian Ocean is central to global maritime competition. Aimed at establishing its dominance over the Indian Ocean, India is an important player in this global power struggle. The current paper focuses on a crucial sub-region of the Indian Ocean, i.e., the Persian Gulf. Indian maritime security strategy (2015) mentioned the region as central to its interests. The study aims to uncover the maritime dimension of PM Modi’s foreign policy, the strategic significance of the Persian Gulf region for India, and the enhanced maritime Indo-Gulf interaction since Modi took office in 2014. A significant focus of the research is to analyse the possible implications of enriched Indo-Gulf maritime cooperation for Pakistan's foreign and defence policies. For probing the issue, a qualitative research method has been utilised. Primary sources included official documents and reports by the Ministry of External Affairs and the Ministry of Defence of the Indian government. Books, newspapers, and research articles were consulted as secondary data. The Paper concludes that the gradual increase in the maritime interaction between India and Gulf states is seriously challenging Pakistan’s historical standing in the area. Pakistan needs to pursue a proactive strategy for securing its interests.","PeriodicalId":487060,"journal":{"name":"Liberal arts & social sciences international journal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136369319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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