Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.18040/sgs.2023.121.71
Sung-rak Choi, Moonkang Bok
This study started with the problem consciousness that the concept of each terminology should be clearly established prior to research on Baekje tombs. Therefore, the concept of tomb (墳墓) and mounded tomb (古墳) were examined along with the problem of Bungumyo (墳丘墓), and a new classification and name were presented based on the research of Baekje tombs.
First, the tomb was used as a collective term for all tombs, regardless of temporality and hierarchy, and the mounded tomb was named only for some tombs what hierarchy is clearly revealed after the middle of 3rd century. In addition, the tomb that appear from the middle of the 3rd century but are relatively low hierarchy was defined as Myo (墓), and tomb with high hierarchy was defined as Bun (墳). On the other hand, it was defined as Chong (塚) only in some tomb with large external facility that was stoned, reflecting their political stature. On the other hand, it was judged that the Bungumyo is difficult to use in Korean archaeology because there is a big difference in concepts used among researchers and regions, and also a difference from the concept used in Japanese archaeology.
Next, Baekje tombs are classified based on the material, shape, and structure of the burial facility. First, it was classified into wooden, stone, brick, jar according to constructive material. Next, among coffin, outer coffin, and chamber, which are the shape of the burial facility, the outer coffin and chamber were clearly distinguished according to the existence of access facility, In addition, vertical style, corridor style, and open-enterance style were classified according to the structure of the burial facility.
Lastly, the tombs with high hierarchy that appeared after the middle of the 3rd century, which is defined the mounded tombs (古墳) and high mounded tombs (古塚) were classified into wooden coffin mounded tombs (木棺墳), wooden outer coffin mounded tombs (木槨 墳), the stone lined mounded tombs with vertical style (竪穴式 石槨墳), the stone chamber mounded tomb with corrider style (橫口式 石室墳), the stone chamber mounded tomb with open-entrance style (橫穴式 石室墳), brick chamber mounded tomb (塼築墳). stone mounded tomb (積石塚), The tombs with low hierarchy were classified wooden coffin tomb (木棺墓), stone lined tomb (石槨墓), jar coffin tomb (甕棺墓), stone tomb (積石墓). However, tombs that have already been accepted universly, such as pit tomb (土壙墓), open-entrance tomb(橫穴墓), crematory tomb (火葬墓), pit tomb with the ditch (周構土壙墓) were named as they are used. In addition, as considering regional characteristics in the the Yeongsan river basin, the wooden coffins mounded tombs (木棺古墳) and the jar coffins mounded tombs (甕棺古墳) were named, and the tombs similar to the keyhole-shaped tombs of Japan should be named as the keyhole-shaped style mouned tombs (前方後圓形古墳).
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 First, the tomb was used as a collective term for all tombs, regardless of temporality and hierarchy, and the mounded tomb was named only for some tombs what hierarchy is clearly revealed after the middle of 3rd century. In addition, the tomb that appear from the middle of the 3rd century but are relatively low hierarchy was defined as Myo (墓), and tomb with high hierarchy was defined as Bun (墳). On the other hand, it was defined as Chong (塚) only in some tomb with large external facility that was stoned, reflecting their political stature. On the other hand, it was judged that the Bungumyo is difficult to use in Korean archaeology because there is a big difference in concepts used among researchers and regions, and also a difference from the concept used in Japanese archaeology.
 Next, Baekje tombs are classified based on the material, shape, and structure of the burial facility. First, it was classified into wooden, stone, brick, jar according to constructive material. Next, among coffin, outer coffin, and chamber, which are the shape of the burial facility, the outer coffin and chamber were clearly distinguished according to the existence of access facility, In addition, vertical style, corridor style, and open-enterance style were classified according to the structure of the burial facility.
 Lastly, the tombs with high hierarchy that appeared after the middle of the 3rd century, which is defined the mounded tombs (古墳) and high mounded tombs (古塚) were classified into wooden coffin mounded tombs (木棺墳), wooden outer coffin mounded tombs (木槨 墳), the stone lined mounded tombs with vertical style (竪穴式 石槨墳), the stone chamber mounded tomb with corrider style (橫口式 石室墳), the stone chamber mounded tomb with open-entrance style (橫穴式 石室墳), brick chamber mounded tomb (塼築墳). stone mounded tomb (積石塚), The tombs with low hierarchy were classified wooden coffin tomb (木棺墓), stone lined tomb (石槨墓), jar coffin tomb (甕棺墓), stone tomb (積石墓). However, tombs that have already been accepted universly, such as pit tomb (土壙墓), open-entrance tomb(橫穴墓), crematory tomb (火葬墓), pit tomb with the ditch (周構土壙墓) were named as they are used. In addition, as considering regional characteristics in the the Yeongsan river basin, the wooden coffins mounded tombs (木棺古墳) and the jar coffins mounded tombs (甕棺古墳) were named, and the tombs similar to the keyhole-shaped tombs of Japan should be named as the keyhole-shaped style mouned tombs (前方後圓形古墳).","PeriodicalId":491062,"journal":{"name":"Han'gug sang'gosa hagbo","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136034647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is widely accepted the archaeological typology is one of the most important methodological instruments that can induce diverse research issues. Unfortunately, however, Korean palaeolithic research has witnessed few discussion and little endeavor to solve the ongoing typological problems. This article intends to establish a more refined Korean lithic typological scheme by addressing the conceptual issues and nature of archaeological types; and defines its role as a medium of communication among researchers. The Clark-Kleindienst scheme, widely accepted for the description of lithic assemblages from the Imjin-Hantan River area of Korea, is scrutinized and its major problems are articulated as: 1) over-emphasis of handaxe and its connection to other tools, 2) strong subjectivity of classifiers merely based on the “impresson” of lithic objects, and 3) semantic and grammatic fallacy of naming lithic types. In order to solve these problems, the reduction sequence and edge angles of lithic objects as well as the gestures to perform specific actions are taken into consideration in order to draw clearly defined types. As a result, total lithic objects can be integrated under a new typological scheme with hierarchical structure.
{"title":"A Revised Typological Scheme of the Korean Palaeolithic Assemblages: The case of the Imjin-Hantan River Area, Korea","authors":"Yongwook Yoo","doi":"10.18040/sgs.2023.121.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18040/sgs.2023.121.5","url":null,"abstract":"It is widely accepted the archaeological typology is one of the most important methodological instruments that can induce diverse research issues. Unfortunately, however, Korean palaeolithic research has witnessed few discussion and little endeavor to solve the ongoing typological problems. This article intends to establish a more refined Korean lithic typological scheme by addressing the conceptual issues and nature of archaeological types; and defines its role as a medium of communication among researchers. The Clark-Kleindienst scheme, widely accepted for the description of lithic assemblages from the Imjin-Hantan River area of Korea, is scrutinized and its major problems are articulated as: 1) over-emphasis of handaxe and its connection to other tools, 2) strong subjectivity of classifiers merely based on the “impresson” of lithic objects, and 3) semantic and grammatic fallacy of naming lithic types. In order to solve these problems, the reduction sequence and edge angles of lithic objects as well as the gestures to perform specific actions are taken into consideration in order to draw clearly defined types. As a result, total lithic objects can be integrated under a new typological scheme with hierarchical structure.","PeriodicalId":491062,"journal":{"name":"Han'gug sang'gosa hagbo","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135992527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.18040/sgs.2023.121.33
Heejin Lee, Dongju Park
Geoarchaeology, a field that investigates soils and sediments familiar to archaeologists, covers a wide spectrum of research implications and ramifications. Realizing such a spectrum and the reality that this field remains relatively underdeveloped in the South Korean context, this article reviews lab-based Bronze Age geoarchaeological research cases in South Korea and discusses its future directions. The cases are divided into four categories: (i) paleoenvironment and landform reconstruction, (ii) agricultural research, (iii) identifying ancient living patterns and (iv) artifact analysis. The accumulated paleoenvironmental reconstruction studies suggest that localized, diverse micro-landscapes developed in a generally reclaimed landscapes with corresponding variation in land use by settlement. Through agricultural soil research we can infer early modes of paddy rice cultivation and inquire into geoarchaeological approaches to agricultural productivity and persistence. Furthermore, the analytical investigation of domestic use of space has been utilized to reconstruct functional differentiation, secondary use and the formation of black colored deposits in both Early Bronze Age and Songguk-ri type dwellings. We summarize research achievements concerning the sourcing of lithic raw materials and potteries and identification of their production sites. To date, South Korean geoarchaeological research has achieved a modicum of success in reconstructing paleoenvironments and revealing the functional aspects of features and artifacts yet there still exist unresolved questions. In the future, epistemological endeavors should be undertaken to accrue functional and empirical knowledge, refine our comprehension of human-environmental interaction and produce advanced hypotheses on the characteristics of Bronze Age Korea embedded therein.
{"title":"A Critical Review of Lab-based Geoarchaeological Research Focusing on Korean Peninsula Bronze Age","authors":"Heejin Lee, Dongju Park","doi":"10.18040/sgs.2023.121.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18040/sgs.2023.121.33","url":null,"abstract":"Geoarchaeology, a field that investigates soils and sediments familiar to archaeologists, covers a wide spectrum of research implications and ramifications. Realizing such a spectrum and the reality that this field remains relatively underdeveloped in the South Korean context, this article reviews lab-based Bronze Age geoarchaeological research cases in South Korea and discusses its future directions. The cases are divided into four categories: (i) paleoenvironment and landform reconstruction, (ii) agricultural research, (iii) identifying ancient living patterns and (iv) artifact analysis. The accumulated paleoenvironmental reconstruction studies suggest that localized, diverse micro-landscapes developed in a generally reclaimed landscapes with corresponding variation in land use by settlement. Through agricultural soil research we can infer early modes of paddy rice cultivation and inquire into geoarchaeological approaches to agricultural productivity and persistence. Furthermore, the analytical investigation of domestic use of space has been utilized to reconstruct functional differentiation, secondary use and the formation of black colored deposits in both Early Bronze Age and Songguk-ri type dwellings. We summarize research achievements concerning the sourcing of lithic raw materials and potteries and identification of their production sites. To date, South Korean geoarchaeological research has achieved a modicum of success in reconstructing paleoenvironments and revealing the functional aspects of features and artifacts yet there still exist unresolved questions. In the future, epistemological endeavors should be undertaken to accrue functional and empirical knowledge, refine our comprehension of human-environmental interaction and produce advanced hypotheses on the characteristics of Bronze Age Korea embedded therein.","PeriodicalId":491062,"journal":{"name":"Han'gug sang'gosa hagbo","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136034646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-31DOI: 10.18040/sgs.2023.121.97
Daeryong Ha
According to the current chronology of the tombs of stone-piled wooden chamber tombs (SWCTs), it is widely acknowledged that the auxiliary burial chambers gradually disappear over time, and it is suggested that the uppermost elites had led the simplification of the tomb structure and the reduction of burial items. Although this decline of ostentatious funerary rites implies that a fundamental change has occurred in the mortuary practices of Silla, its process has not been specifically examined.
In order to overcome this, in this paper, 2,631 earthenware excavated from 39 SWCTs (17 with auxiliary burial chambers) were analyzed to find out patterns of gravegoods. The result suggests that the two types of tombs were constructed under very different contexts and intentions for funeral ceremonies due to the differences in the types and proportion of potteries. If we view this as a temporal change, it can only be interpreted as a result of rejecting the change led by the uppermost elites, as there sure are the tombs with auxiliary burial chambers of low class in late period. However, this is very unlikely given the structure of Silla society at the time, which was evolving into a Golpum system(골품제도), the normative aspects of funeral rites.
Hence it is possible that the auxiliary burial chambers existed for almost the entire period.
Therefore, an alternative is suggested that the two types of SWCTs(ones with auxiliary burial chambers and ones without those) were graves of people with different personhood, for example, gender.
{"title":"Reconsidering the Auxiliary Burial Chambers of Silla Stone-piled Wooden Chamber Tombs","authors":"Daeryong Ha","doi":"10.18040/sgs.2023.121.97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18040/sgs.2023.121.97","url":null,"abstract":"According to the current chronology of the tombs of stone-piled wooden chamber tombs (SWCTs), it is widely acknowledged that the auxiliary burial chambers gradually disappear over time, and it is suggested that the uppermost elites had led the simplification of the tomb structure and the reduction of burial items. Although this decline of ostentatious funerary rites implies that a fundamental change has occurred in the mortuary practices of Silla, its process has not been specifically examined.
 In order to overcome this, in this paper, 2,631 earthenware excavated from 39 SWCTs (17 with auxiliary burial chambers) were analyzed to find out patterns of gravegoods. The result suggests that the two types of tombs were constructed under very different contexts and intentions for funeral ceremonies due to the differences in the types and proportion of potteries. If we view this as a temporal change, it can only be interpreted as a result of rejecting the change led by the uppermost elites, as there sure are the tombs with auxiliary burial chambers of low class in late period. However, this is very unlikely given the structure of Silla society at the time, which was evolving into a Golpum system(골품제도), the normative aspects of funeral rites.
 Hence it is possible that the auxiliary burial chambers existed for almost the entire period.
 Therefore, an alternative is suggested that the two types of SWCTs(ones with auxiliary burial chambers and ones without those) were graves of people with different personhood, for example, gender.","PeriodicalId":491062,"journal":{"name":"Han'gug sang'gosa hagbo","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136034649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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