Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.32365/kashm.2023.12.2
Jin-hyouk Kim
After liberation, the Korean health care system changed under the influence of the United States. This study focuses on health students studying abroad during the U.S. Army Military Government period as a starting point for changes in Korean health care. By focusing on the process and educational content of sending international students, we will examine the differences in the positions of institutions involved in sending international students and the content of American public health knowledge received through studying abroad.
The first and second Rockefeller Foundation international students studied public health and other detailed technologies in the United States and conducted field trips. The concept of public health accepted in the United States was premised on responsibility for the community and could become the basis for the role of health care administration during the nation-building period. By cultivating expertise in specific majors, including public health administration, international students were able to play a central role in Korea’s health care administration.
Through the second student dispatch process, we were able to examine the differences in judgments and positions between the US military government, including Korean medical education group, and the Rockefeller Foundation regarding the tasks that should be focused on in Korea. While the US military government emphasized the improvement of Korean medical education during the selection process for international students, the Rockefeller Foundation sought to select those who would focus on improving Korea's ‘public health’. This could later be reflected in the development of Korean medical education, which focused on the development of medical fields other than public health. In addition, the fact that the positions of the US military government and the Rockefeller Foundation were not the same regarding the dispatch of international students suggested that the ‘Americanization’ of health care needed to be reviewed by specific sector and period.
{"title":"Dispatch of Health Students Studying Abroad and Conflict Over Study Abroad Policy in the U.S. Army Military Government Period","authors":"Jin-hyouk Kim","doi":"10.32365/kashm.2023.12.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32365/kashm.2023.12.2","url":null,"abstract":"After liberation, the Korean health care system changed under the influence of the United States. This study focuses on health students studying abroad during the U.S. Army Military Government period as a starting point for changes in Korean health care. By focusing on the process and educational content of sending international students, we will examine the differences in the positions of institutions involved in sending international students and the content of American public health knowledge received through studying abroad.
 The first and second Rockefeller Foundation international students studied public health and other detailed technologies in the United States and conducted field trips. The concept of public health accepted in the United States was premised on responsibility for the community and could become the basis for the role of health care administration during the nation-building period. By cultivating expertise in specific majors, including public health administration, international students were able to play a central role in Korea’s health care administration.
 Through the second student dispatch process, we were able to examine the differences in judgments and positions between the US military government, including Korean medical education group, and the Rockefeller Foundation regarding the tasks that should be focused on in Korea. While the US military government emphasized the improvement of Korean medical education during the selection process for international students, the Rockefeller Foundation sought to select those who would focus on improving Korea's ‘public health’. This could later be reflected in the development of Korean medical education, which focused on the development of medical fields other than public health. In addition, the fact that the positions of the US military government and the Rockefeller Foundation were not the same regarding the dispatch of international students suggested that the ‘Americanization’ of health care needed to be reviewed by specific sector and period.","PeriodicalId":496021,"journal":{"name":"의료사회사연구","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136018504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.32365/kashm.2023.12.7
Bangweon Lee
This study attempts to identify changes in the local medical environment and their limitations, focusing on “disease treatment,” one of the functions of provincial hospitals in the Japanese colonial era. Until 1945, when Korea was liberated from Japan, the provincial hospitals during the Japanese colonial era treated diseases of Japanese and Koreans as a central local medical institution. Until the liberation period, the size of each of the 46 provincial hospitals established nationwide varied widely, but the number of doctors continued to increase and the medical department was further subdivided. Jahye Hospital, the predecessor of the provincial hospital, classified patients into general patients who could afford to pay for the treatment and charity patients, enacted regulations to treat economically poor Koreans free of charge, and in 1912 began to provide circuit treatment for patients in remote areas without medical services. However, after 1920, after switching to a provincial clinic, after 1930, and after the end of the 1930s, the proportion of Koreans treated in provincial hospitals, most of whom were charity patients, plunged to 3.75 percent by 1941, and the number of clinics conducting circuit treatment decreased and became nominal. Provincial hospitals also played a role as a base hospital for treating diseases that were difficult to treat in general hospitals, such as infectious diseases, morphine addiction, and tuberculosis. Quarantine buildings for infectious diseases were installed from the beginning, and patients were quarantined when infectious diseases broke out. However, most of the quarantine rooms in the provincial hospitals were for general patients, and only the provincial hospitals in Anseong and Pyongyang had beds for charity patients with infectious disease, but their total number was only 14, which was very insignificant. As a result of the Japanese colonial government’s policy on morphine addicts in Korea, morphine-addicted patients were forcibly admitted to designated provincial clinics after 1927, treated for several months, and discharged after full recovery. Through this process, the Japanese authorities in the late 1930s estimated that morphine addicts had disappeared. An active national policy for tuberculosis patients began in 1936. Some provincial hospitals established separate isolation rooms for tuberculosis patients, but the number of beds was very insufficient compared to the number of tuberculosis patients distributed across the country at that time, and there were no beds for charity patients with tuberculosis. The provincial hospitals during the Japanese colonial era carried out various activities to treat diseases as a local hub hospital where people could experience Western medicine, but Koreans suffered from communication problems and ethnic discrimination, and the actual benefits were largely different from those advocated by the Japanese authorities as there were fewer opportunities for charity
{"title":"The Limits of Innovation: Provincial Hospitals in Colonial Korea, 1925-1945, with a Focus on the Role of Disease Control","authors":"Bangweon Lee","doi":"10.32365/kashm.2023.12.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32365/kashm.2023.12.7","url":null,"abstract":"This study attempts to identify changes in the local medical environment and their limitations, focusing on “disease treatment,” one of the functions of provincial hospitals in the Japanese colonial era. Until 1945, when Korea was liberated from Japan, the provincial hospitals during the Japanese colonial era treated diseases of Japanese and Koreans as a central local medical institution. Until the liberation period, the size of each of the 46 provincial hospitals established nationwide varied widely, but the number of doctors continued to increase and the medical department was further subdivided. Jahye Hospital, the predecessor of the provincial hospital, classified patients into general patients who could afford to pay for the treatment and charity patients, enacted regulations to treat economically poor Koreans free of charge, and in 1912 began to provide circuit treatment for patients in remote areas without medical services. However, after 1920, after switching to a provincial clinic, after 1930, and after the end of the 1930s, the proportion of Koreans treated in provincial hospitals, most of whom were charity patients, plunged to 3.75 percent by 1941, and the number of clinics conducting circuit treatment decreased and became nominal. Provincial hospitals also played a role as a base hospital for treating diseases that were difficult to treat in general hospitals, such as infectious diseases, morphine addiction, and tuberculosis. Quarantine buildings for infectious diseases were installed from the beginning, and patients were quarantined when infectious diseases broke out. However, most of the quarantine rooms in the provincial hospitals were for general patients, and only the provincial hospitals in Anseong and Pyongyang had beds for charity patients with infectious disease, but their total number was only 14, which was very insignificant. As a result of the Japanese colonial government’s policy on morphine addicts in Korea, morphine-addicted patients were forcibly admitted to designated provincial clinics after 1927, treated for several months, and discharged after full recovery. Through this process, the Japanese authorities in the late 1930s estimated that morphine addicts had disappeared. An active national policy for tuberculosis patients began in 1936. Some provincial hospitals established separate isolation rooms for tuberculosis patients, but the number of beds was very insufficient compared to the number of tuberculosis patients distributed across the country at that time, and there were no beds for charity patients with tuberculosis. The provincial hospitals during the Japanese colonial era carried out various activities to treat diseases as a local hub hospital where people could experience Western medicine, but Koreans suffered from communication problems and ethnic discrimination, and the actual benefits were largely different from those advocated by the Japanese authorities as there were fewer opportunities for charity ","PeriodicalId":496021,"journal":{"name":"의료사회사연구","volume":"20 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136017893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.32365/kashm.2023.12.6
Ok kyoung Baek
KoangHyoeNyoWon (廣惠女院, Women's Hospital of Extended Grace) was opened in Pyengyang in 1898. I looked into the process of the dispensary's establishment, and some of its medical service activities, its personnel and financial operations, and the history of the changes KoangHyoeNyoWon had undergone.
KoangHyoeNyoWon was established in Pyengyang by the WFMS (Woman’s Foreign Missionary Society) to provide medical services for women as an independent medical enterprise. The first attempt to open a women’s clinic failed in 1894, but in 1898, KoangHyoeNyoWon began operations. It built a system of medical services in cooperation with Giholbyeowon (the Hall Memorial Hospital), which was another clinic established by the Methodist Church. In addition, it tried to extend the medical services not only to women and children, but also to the poor and the disabled; therefore, it had the characteristics of a social welfare center. These facts led KoangHyoeNyoWon to rely on the support of the WFMS. The WFMS had provided KoangHyoeNyoWon with manpower, personnel expenses, medicine, medical facilities, and fees for maintenance, fuel, insurance, etc. In addition, the WFMS had covered the cost of rebuilding and reequipping the dispensary.
But Jahye Clinic, a colonial medical center, opened in 1910 and competed with KoangHyoeNyoWon, which explains why the dispensary for women had to make changes. By the 1910s, gender discrimination in Joseon had lessened and women were more likely to use hospitals such as Jahye Clinic and Giholbyeowon; at the same time, demands for KoangHyoeNyoWon to become financially independent increased as the financial situation of the WFMS deteriorated. By 1914, there was talk of closing KoangHyoeNyoWon. However, it began to seek solutions to overcome the crisis and to gain financial independence. Several attempts were made to improve medical facilities, support medical education to supply independent manpower, and diversify medical services. Gradually, KoangHyoeNyoWon became a maternity clinic and offered medical care in conjunction with other clinics.
In the 1920s, KoangHyoeNyoWon was merged with other hospitals—Giholbyeowon (Methodist Church) and Caroline Memorial Hospital (Presbyterian Church). It resulted from the willingness of the missionary society in Joseon to build a large and strong Christian hospital in order to compete with the colonial and national hospitals that wereexpanding aggressively. As a result, KoangHyoeNyoWon became the women’s ward of the United Christian Hospital. Through the merger, women were able to receive better and more comprehensive medical services, making KoangHyoeNyoWon the best choice for women in need. Now it was time for the question of why and how there should be a women’s clinic.
{"title":"A Study on the Establishment and Operation of KoangHyoeNyoWon (Women's Hospital of Extended Grace) in Pyengyang","authors":"Ok kyoung Baek","doi":"10.32365/kashm.2023.12.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32365/kashm.2023.12.6","url":null,"abstract":"KoangHyoeNyoWon (廣惠女院, Women's Hospital of Extended Grace) was opened in Pyengyang in 1898. I looked into the process of the dispensary's establishment, and some of its medical service activities, its personnel and financial operations, and the history of the changes KoangHyoeNyoWon had undergone.
 KoangHyoeNyoWon was established in Pyengyang by the WFMS (Woman’s Foreign Missionary Society) to provide medical services for women as an independent medical enterprise. The first attempt to open a women’s clinic failed in 1894, but in 1898, KoangHyoeNyoWon began operations. It built a system of medical services in cooperation with Giholbyeowon (the Hall Memorial Hospital), which was another clinic established by the Methodist Church. In addition, it tried to extend the medical services not only to women and children, but also to the poor and the disabled; therefore, it had the characteristics of a social welfare center. These facts led KoangHyoeNyoWon to rely on the support of the WFMS. The WFMS had provided KoangHyoeNyoWon with manpower, personnel expenses, medicine, medical facilities, and fees for maintenance, fuel, insurance, etc. In addition, the WFMS had covered the cost of rebuilding and reequipping the dispensary.
 But Jahye Clinic, a colonial medical center, opened in 1910 and competed with KoangHyoeNyoWon, which explains why the dispensary for women had to make changes. By the 1910s, gender discrimination in Joseon had lessened and women were more likely to use hospitals such as Jahye Clinic and Giholbyeowon; at the same time, demands for KoangHyoeNyoWon to become financially independent increased as the financial situation of the WFMS deteriorated. By 1914, there was talk of closing KoangHyoeNyoWon. However, it began to seek solutions to overcome the crisis and to gain financial independence. Several attempts were made to improve medical facilities, support medical education to supply independent manpower, and diversify medical services. Gradually, KoangHyoeNyoWon became a maternity clinic and offered medical care in conjunction with other clinics.
 In the 1920s, KoangHyoeNyoWon was merged with other hospitals—Giholbyeowon (Methodist Church) and Caroline Memorial Hospital (Presbyterian Church). It resulted from the willingness of the missionary society in Joseon to build a large and strong Christian hospital in order to compete with the colonial and national hospitals that wereexpanding aggressively. As a result, KoangHyoeNyoWon became the women’s ward of the United Christian Hospital. Through the merger, women were able to receive better and more comprehensive medical services, making KoangHyoeNyoWon the best choice for women in need. Now it was time for the question of why and how there should be a women’s clinic.","PeriodicalId":496021,"journal":{"name":"의료사회사연구","volume":"19 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136017900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.32365/kashm.2023.12.8
Namhee Lee
After World War II, psychiatry eagerly wanted to reform the discipline and develop its systematic structure. Among many who tried to establish a new structure of discipline, there is William C. Menninger who ranked the highest level, Brigadier General, during WWII. Delving into the career of William C. Menninger and his scholarly works, this paper strives to capture his quest for rebuilding psychiatry by adopting the theory of psychoanalysis into psychiatry. As a psychiatrist, who had both military and non-military experiences of medicine, and who had been trained as a psychoanalyst himself, Menninger tried to effectively organize psychiatry, so that the discipline could become the spearhead to build a healthy and sane American society.
However, the reality that psychiatry had faced during the war was not promising in that sense. At the turn of the century, the discipline had been immersed itself into either state hospitals or individual clinics. These limited experiences could not be utilized for unprecedented large-scale warfare. Menninger, with his experiences during the war, figured out the differences between the goal of military psychiatry and civilian psychiatry. Especially, while the war had been close to the end, there was urgent need to make psychiatry fit in the post-war environment. Menninger believed that it should be psychiatry that could manage this drastic environmental changes by appropriating the psychodynamic theory from psychoanalysis.
第二次世界大战后，精神病学迫切希望改革这门学科并发展其系统结构。在许多试图建立新的纪律结构的人中，有威廉·c·门宁格(William C. Menninger)，他在二战期间排名最高，是准将。通过深入研究威廉·c·门宁格的职业生涯和他的学术著作，本文努力捕捉他通过将精神分析理论引入精神病学来重建精神病学的探索。作为一名精神科医生，他既有军事和非军事的医学经验，又受过精神分析学家的训练，他试图有效地组织精神病学，使这门学科成为建立一个健康和理智的美国社会的先锋。
然而，从这个意义上说，精神病学在战争期间面临的现实并不乐观。在世纪之交，这门学科要么被纳入国立医院，要么被纳入个人诊所。这些有限的经验不能用于前所未有的大规模战争。Menninger根据他在战争中的经历，找出了军事精神病学和民用精神病学目标的区别。特别是在战争接近尾声的时候，迫切需要使精神病学适应战后的环境。Menninger认为，精神病学应该能够通过从精神分析学中借鉴精神动力学理论来应对这种剧烈的环境变化。
{"title":"The Dream of New Psychiatry: William C. Menninger and Psychoanalysis","authors":"Namhee Lee","doi":"10.32365/kashm.2023.12.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32365/kashm.2023.12.8","url":null,"abstract":"After World War II, psychiatry eagerly wanted to reform the discipline and develop its systematic structure. Among many who tried to establish a new structure of discipline, there is William C. Menninger who ranked the highest level, Brigadier General, during WWII. Delving into the career of William C. Menninger and his scholarly works, this paper strives to capture his quest for rebuilding psychiatry by adopting the theory of psychoanalysis into psychiatry. As a psychiatrist, who had both military and non-military experiences of medicine, and who had been trained as a psychoanalyst himself, Menninger tried to effectively organize psychiatry, so that the discipline could become the spearhead to build a healthy and sane American society.
 However, the reality that psychiatry had faced during the war was not promising in that sense. At the turn of the century, the discipline had been immersed itself into either state hospitals or individual clinics. These limited experiences could not be utilized for unprecedented large-scale warfare. Menninger, with his experiences during the war, figured out the differences between the goal of military psychiatry and civilian psychiatry. Especially, while the war had been close to the end, there was urgent need to make psychiatry fit in the post-war environment. Menninger believed that it should be psychiatry that could manage this drastic environmental changes by appropriating the psychodynamic theory from psychoanalysis.","PeriodicalId":496021,"journal":{"name":"의료사회사연구","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136017739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.32365/kashm.2023.12.3
Narae Seo
This study investigates the case of the U.S. China Medical Board (CMB) educational assistance to Kyungpook National University (KNU), School of Medicine from 1953 to 1974 and analyzes its implications. Higher education and medical education have been centered in Seoul since the time of liberation, and the majority of educational support has remained within this framework. From 1953 to 1974, the CMB of the Rockefeller Foundation provided educational assistance to the KNU School of Medicine in Daegu, which was unusual under the circumstances. This study will concentrate on KNU and examine the development of educational assistance. The first period of CMB support for KNU lasted from 1953 to 1965, while the second lasted from 1966 to 1974. The budget for the first half was allocated to the reconstruction of medical education after the Korean War. In contrast, the budget of the second half was allocated to research grants to assist KNU in becoming a research-focused medical school. The case of the suspension and resumption of CMB’s aid to KNU in 1960-1961 due to a school strike will be used to illustrate the relationship between CMB's educational assistance and the U.S.-led Cold War order.
{"title":"The China Medical Board’s Support for Medical Education at Kyungpook National University and Its Implications in Korea, 1953-1974","authors":"Narae Seo","doi":"10.32365/kashm.2023.12.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32365/kashm.2023.12.3","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the case of the U.S. China Medical Board (CMB) educational assistance to Kyungpook National University (KNU), School of Medicine from 1953 to 1974 and analyzes its implications. Higher education and medical education have been centered in Seoul since the time of liberation, and the majority of educational support has remained within this framework. From 1953 to 1974, the CMB of the Rockefeller Foundation provided educational assistance to the KNU School of Medicine in Daegu, which was unusual under the circumstances. This study will concentrate on KNU and examine the development of educational assistance. The first period of CMB support for KNU lasted from 1953 to 1965, while the second lasted from 1966 to 1974. The budget for the first half was allocated to the reconstruction of medical education after the Korean War. In contrast, the budget of the second half was allocated to research grants to assist KNU in becoming a research-focused medical school. The case of the suspension and resumption of CMB’s aid to KNU in 1960-1961 due to a school strike will be used to illustrate the relationship between CMB's educational assistance and the U.S.-led Cold War order.","PeriodicalId":496021,"journal":{"name":"의료사회사연구","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136018511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.32365/kashm.2023.12.1
Jiyoung Park
This paper delves into the body of works produced by Inho Chu, a Korean public health researcher, between the late 1940s and the 1960s, with a particular focus on the impact of the United States military on his research. Chu emerged as a central figure in the process often referred to as “Americanization” of Korean public health in the aftermath of World War II. His professional development as a public health expert was significantly influenced by continuous support from the U.S. military. Chu pursued his education in public health at the University of Michigan under the auspices of the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK). Additionally, he received specialized training in medical entomology at the U.S. Army's Hemorrhagic Fever Center during the Korean War. Subsequent to the war, he departed for the U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 2 in Taiwan (NAMRU-2) to join the transnational network of tropical medicine. Through a detailed exploration of Chu's academic journey, this paper aims to analyze how Chu effectively adapted the intellectual, material, and technological resources provided by the U.S. military to Korean medical circumstances and the historical legacies of colonialism. The results of such analyses illuminate the intricate interplay between the U.S. military support and the Korean context of the Cold War, which had contributed to the development of the field of public health in South Korea.
{"title":"Development of Medical Entomology in Korea: Disease Vector Research of Inho Chu and the U.S. Military Support Between the Late 1940s and the 1960s","authors":"Jiyoung Park","doi":"10.32365/kashm.2023.12.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32365/kashm.2023.12.1","url":null,"abstract":"This paper delves into the body of works produced by Inho Chu, a Korean public health researcher, between the late 1940s and the 1960s, with a particular focus on the impact of the United States military on his research. Chu emerged as a central figure in the process often referred to as “Americanization” of Korean public health in the aftermath of World War II. His professional development as a public health expert was significantly influenced by continuous support from the U.S. military. Chu pursued his education in public health at the University of Michigan under the auspices of the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK). Additionally, he received specialized training in medical entomology at the U.S. Army's Hemorrhagic Fever Center during the Korean War. Subsequent to the war, he departed for the U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 2 in Taiwan (NAMRU-2) to join the transnational network of tropical medicine. Through a detailed exploration of Chu's academic journey, this paper aims to analyze how Chu effectively adapted the intellectual, material, and technological resources provided by the U.S. military to Korean medical circumstances and the historical legacies of colonialism. The results of such analyses illuminate the intricate interplay between the U.S. military support and the Korean context of the Cold War, which had contributed to the development of the field of public health in South Korea.","PeriodicalId":496021,"journal":{"name":"의료사회사연구","volume":"49 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136018512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.32365/kashm.2023.12.4
Junho Jung
Foreign aid has had critical impact on the development of Korean medicine since liberation in 1945. In particular, U.S. aid to Korean medical education, represented by the Minnesota Project, is often marked as a major turning point from Japanese-style to American-style medical education in Korea. However, there has been limited analysis of research, which has been a key function of medical schools and their affiliated hospitals. This paper examines the establishment of a system of medical research support in South Korea in the 1970s, focusing on the case of the China Medical Board (CMB). It explores how donor agencies transferred responsibility and authority to Korean counterparts through policy called matching-fund, and how this exit strategy affected the funding and utilization of medical research in Korea. As a backdrop to this policy shift, this study also examine the geopolitical context of U.S. aid policy shifts in the 1970s to show how aid was not only introduced but also exited in shaping the Korean medical research system. The case of the China Medical Board shows how a private aid organization formulated and implemented an exit strategy in the macro geopolitical context of the Nixon Doctrine and changes in U.S. foreign aid policy, and in the process shaped the Korean medical research funding system and its own efforts to secure funding. Rather than a binary narrative of aid versus post-aid, examining the accumulation and manifestation of Korean actors’ own experiences in foreign donor-driven decision-making provides an opportunity to look more critically at the process of shaping the contemporary Korean medical research funding system.
{"title":"China Medical Board (CMB) and the Changes in the Korean Medical Research Support System: Focusing on the Case of Matching Fund Establishment","authors":"Junho Jung","doi":"10.32365/kashm.2023.12.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32365/kashm.2023.12.4","url":null,"abstract":"Foreign aid has had critical impact on the development of Korean medicine since liberation in 1945. In particular, U.S. aid to Korean medical education, represented by the Minnesota Project, is often marked as a major turning point from Japanese-style to American-style medical education in Korea. However, there has been limited analysis of research, which has been a key function of medical schools and their affiliated hospitals. This paper examines the establishment of a system of medical research support in South Korea in the 1970s, focusing on the case of the China Medical Board (CMB). It explores how donor agencies transferred responsibility and authority to Korean counterparts through policy called matching-fund, and how this exit strategy affected the funding and utilization of medical research in Korea. As a backdrop to this policy shift, this study also examine the geopolitical context of U.S. aid policy shifts in the 1970s to show how aid was not only introduced but also exited in shaping the Korean medical research system. The case of the China Medical Board shows how a private aid organization formulated and implemented an exit strategy in the macro geopolitical context of the Nixon Doctrine and changes in U.S. foreign aid policy, and in the process shaped the Korean medical research funding system and its own efforts to secure funding. Rather than a binary narrative of aid versus post-aid, examining the accumulation and manifestation of Korean actors’ own experiences in foreign donor-driven decision-making provides an opportunity to look more critically at the process of shaping the contemporary Korean medical research funding system.","PeriodicalId":496021,"journal":{"name":"의료사회사연구","volume":"2 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136018508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-31DOI: 10.32365/kashm.2023.12.5
Kyung-Rok Lee
In the most common research perspective, Korean pre-modern medical history has been explained as the ‘history of Chinese medicine’. If we approach medical care during the Koryo Dynasty from the perspective of the ‘history of Chinese medicine’, we can see that China was in the center and Korea was in the periphery. From this perspective of the center-periphery theory, it has been argued that ‘Chinese medicine’, which originated in China, always had an influence on the Koryo Dynasty, and that the scope and direction of its influence were comprehensive and one-sided.
Therefore, this article specifically traced the exchange of medicinal materials, medical personnel, and medical knowledge between Koryo and Liao, Song, Jin, and Yuan. It was to confirm whether the perspective of the ‘history of Chinese medicine’ corresponds to the historical facts during the Koryo Dynasty.
The available records show that the medical exchanges between Koryo and various Chinese countries were intermittent, not consistent. Moreover, the medical care method of one country was accepted selectively according to the needs of each country rather than as a whole. In addition, the flow of exchange developed in both directions, not in one direction. In other words, many countries in East Asia, including Koryo, were actors whose influences reached each other. It was not a structure in which the hypothetical political body called ‘China’ was always located in the ‘center’ and permanently supplied ‘Chinese medicine’ to Koryo while placing neighboring country in the ‘periphery.’
Therefore, the concept of ‘Chinese medicine’ does not have theoretical consistency, and it is insufficient to explain both the reality of pre-modern medical exchanges and the medical system of each country in East Asia. In order to fully explain the traditional medicine of East Asia, a new concept and a logical structure that go beyond the concept of ‘Chinese medicine’ are needed.
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 Therefore, this article specifically traced the exchange of medicinal materials, medical personnel, and medical knowledge between Koryo and Liao, Song, Jin, and Yuan. It was to confirm whether the perspective of the ‘history of Chinese medicine’ corresponds to the historical facts during the Koryo Dynasty.
 The available records show that the medical exchanges between Koryo and various Chinese countries were intermittent, not consistent. Moreover, the medical care method of one country was accepted selectively according to the needs of each country rather than as a whole. In addition, the flow of exchange developed in both directions, not in one direction. In other words, many countries in East Asia, including Koryo, were actors whose influences reached each other. It was not a structure in which the hypothetical political body called ‘China’ was always located in the ‘center’ and permanently supplied ‘Chinese medicine’ to Koryo while placing neighboring country in the ‘periphery.’
 Therefore, the concept of ‘Chinese medicine’ does not have theoretical consistency, and it is insufficient to explain both the reality of pre-modern medical exchanges and the medical system of each country in East Asia. In order to fully explain the traditional medicine of East Asia, a new concept and a logical structure that go beyond the concept of ‘Chinese medicine’ are needed.","PeriodicalId":496021,"journal":{"name":"의료사회사연구","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136017903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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