Eva Gazagne, A. Hambuckers, T. Savini, P. Poncin, M. Huynen, Fany Brotcorne
Habituation allows an observer to closely approach and follow free-ranging animals, as they no longer respond to the observer presence (e.g., through flight, avoidance, display, curiosity). While habituation is implicitly acknowledged as a necessary step before any direct observational studies of primates, there is very little published data on the subject. The aim of this study is to analyse the habituation process over time (17 months) in a wildfeeding troop of northern pigtailed macaques (Macaca leonina) inhabiting a degraded forest fragment of the Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve, Thailand. Based on the number of encounters, contact duration with the studied troop, and behavioural responses to the observer recorded ad libitum and via scan sampling, we found statistical evidence of habituation progress over five stages: early, minimal, partial, advanced, and full. The complete habituation process took nearly 13 months. Factors such as the macaques’ limited experience of human contact, semi-terrestriality, large ranging patterns, fission-fusion dynamics, unpredictable resource use, as well as reduced native fruit availability in this degraded forest fragment may explain the length of the process. It was only possible to collect ranging and behavioural data from the partial habituation stage, although these data were biased toward adult males and sub-adults, while overestimating movement behaviour over inactivity and social behaviours. Our results highlight the importance of analysing behavioural data of fully habituated groups of primates to limit biases of observer presence, and also of not underestimating the habituation process length. This study provides novel information on the habituation process in macaques and proposes an effective methodology to analyse the habituation process across a wide range of primate species.
{"title":"Toward a better understanding of habituation process to human observer: A statistical approach in Macaca leonina (Primates: Cercopithecidea)","authors":"Eva Gazagne, A. Hambuckers, T. Savini, P. Poncin, M. Huynen, Fany Brotcorne","doi":"10.26107/RBZ-2020-0085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26107/RBZ-2020-0085","url":null,"abstract":"Habituation allows an observer to closely approach and follow free-ranging animals, as they no longer respond to the observer presence (e.g., through flight, avoidance, display, curiosity). While habituation is implicitly acknowledged as a necessary step before any direct observational studies of primates, there is very little published data on the subject. The aim of this study is to analyse the habituation process over time (17 months) in a wildfeeding troop of northern pigtailed macaques (Macaca leonina) inhabiting a degraded forest fragment of the Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve, Thailand. Based on the number of encounters, contact duration with the studied troop, and behavioural responses to the observer recorded ad libitum and via scan sampling, we found statistical evidence of habituation progress over five stages: early, minimal, partial, advanced, and full. The complete habituation process took nearly 13 months. Factors such as the macaques’ limited experience of human contact, semi-terrestriality, large ranging patterns, fission-fusion dynamics, unpredictable resource use, as well as reduced native fruit availability in this degraded forest fragment may explain the length of the process. It was only possible to collect ranging and behavioural data from the partial habituation stage, although these data were biased toward adult males and sub-adults, while overestimating movement behaviour over inactivity and social behaviours. Our results highlight the importance of analysing behavioural data of fully habituated groups of primates to limit biases of observer presence, and also of not underestimating the habituation process length. This study provides novel information on the habituation process in macaques and proposes an effective methodology to analyse the habituation process across a wide range of primate species.","PeriodicalId":49635,"journal":{"name":"Raffles Bulletin of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83731634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Suba, N. G. Beveridge, W. Kustiawan, G. R. Snoo, H. Iongh, S. Wieren, Y. Choi, H. Kim
The preference to feed on particular plant species may reflect the most desirable components that an animal perceives, in relation to what is available. The food preference of the Bornean elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis Deraniyagala, 1950) in the Sebuku area of North Kalimantan was studied by chemical analysis on the metabolites of several known food plant species. We analysed the chemical properties of the Bornean elephant diet from thirteen food-plant species which represented the level of food-plant categories utilised by the Bornean elephant in the study area. All samples were analysed for nutritional value, and their metabolic profiles were obtained using 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These data were subjected to multivariate data analyses to identify the common components. This study confirmed that Bornean elephants tend to follow a strategy to maximise their energy intake by selecting food items rich in sugar and crude protein and minimise fibrous elements. The fact that they also prefer food items with high glutamate suggests that taste plays a role and this element may be a cue for the Bornean elephant to assist in foraging and searching for palatable food.
对特定植物物种的偏好可能反映了动物感知到的最理想的成分，与可用的成分有关。通过对几种已知食用植物代谢物的化学分析，研究了北加里曼丹Sebuku地区婆罗洲象(Elephas maximus borneensis Deraniyagala, 1950)的食物偏好。我们从13种食性植物物种中分析了婆罗洲象食物的化学性质，这些物种代表了研究区域婆罗洲象利用的食性植物类别的水平。对所有样品进行营养价值分析，并使用1h核磁共振波谱获得其代谢谱。对这些数据进行多变量数据分析，以确定共同成分。这项研究证实，婆罗洲象倾向于遵循一种策略，通过选择富含糖和粗蛋白质的食物来最大化他们的能量摄入，并尽量减少纤维元素。事实上，它们也更喜欢谷氨酸含量高的食物，这表明味道起了作用，这一元素可能是婆罗洲象协助觅食和寻找美味食物的线索。
{"title":"Food preference of the bornean elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis) in North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, and its conservation implications","authors":"R. Suba, N. G. Beveridge, W. Kustiawan, G. R. Snoo, H. Iongh, S. Wieren, Y. Choi, H. Kim","doi":"10.26107/RBZ-2020-0090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26107/RBZ-2020-0090","url":null,"abstract":"The preference to feed on particular plant species may reflect the most desirable components that an animal perceives, in relation to what is available. The food preference of the Bornean elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis Deraniyagala, 1950) in the Sebuku area of North Kalimantan was studied by chemical analysis on the metabolites of several known food plant species. We analysed the chemical properties of the Bornean elephant diet from thirteen food-plant species which represented the level of food-plant categories utilised by the Bornean elephant in the study area. All samples were analysed for nutritional value, and their metabolic profiles were obtained using 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These data were subjected to multivariate data analyses to identify the common components. This study confirmed that Bornean elephants tend to follow a strategy to maximise their energy intake by selecting food items rich in sugar and crude protein and minimise fibrous elements. The fact that they also prefer food items with high glutamate suggests that taste plays a role and this element may be a cue for the Bornean elephant to assist in foraging and searching for palatable food.","PeriodicalId":49635,"journal":{"name":"Raffles Bulletin of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81541952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Crematogaster ransonneti-group is revised and three species are recognised, including one new to science. The C. ransonneti-group contains C. cornuta Crawley, 1924; C. keris, new species; and C. ransonneti Mayr, 1868. The species group is distinguished among Asian Crematogaster species by developed propodeal spines and a diamond-shaped petiole. A key to the species of the group based on the worker caste is given. The mouthparts of C. keris, new species, are also described in detail. Morphological characters suggest a close relationship with the C. fraxatrix-group.
{"title":"Taxonomic review of the crematogaster ransonneti-group in Asia, with description of a new species from malaysia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)","authors":"Shingo Hosoishi","doi":"10.26107/RBZ-2020-0087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26107/RBZ-2020-0087","url":null,"abstract":"The Crematogaster ransonneti-group is revised and three species are recognised, including one new to science. The C. ransonneti-group contains C. cornuta Crawley, 1924; C. keris, new species; and C. ransonneti Mayr, 1868. The species group is distinguished among Asian Crematogaster species by developed propodeal spines and a diamond-shaped petiole. A key to the species of the group based on the worker caste is given. The mouthparts of C. keris, new species, are also described in detail. Morphological characters suggest a close relationship with the C. fraxatrix-group.","PeriodicalId":49635,"journal":{"name":"Raffles Bulletin of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83132407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Nguyen, Emiko Oguri, Aiki Yamada, Chung-Chi Lin, Chen Zhilin, A. Nguyen, Y. Suyama, K. Eguchi
The Gnamptogenys taivanensis group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ectatomminae) is a species-group that contains eight described species known from southern China, Taiwan, and northern Vietnam. The taxonomy of the group remains poorly understood due to limited morphological evidence (mostly relying on the morphology of the worker caste), the complete lack of molecular evidence, as well as poor sampling effort: most of the species except G. taivanensis have so far been known only from one or two localities in southern China each, and are allopatric to each other. However, our recent collection of many colonies of G. taivanensis group from three localities (Tay Con Linh, Phia Oac Phia Den, and Hoang Lien Son) in the northern mountainous region of Vietnam showed remarkable diversity in the external morphology of workers, even within a single locality. The present study thus aims to explore species delimitation of the G. taivanensis group in the region using a combination of phylogenetic and morphometric analyses. Phylogenetic analyses for the genome-wide sequence datasets generated by MIG-seq and morphometric analysis using Nest-Centroid (NC) clustering consistently recovered seven major lineages of the G. taivanensis group (six Vietnamese and one Taiwanese lineages), with four singleton colonies for which these analyses yielded inconsistent and complex pictures. Moreover, the sympatric occurrence of the two or three lineages in each of the three localities of northern Vietnam is indirect evidence of the presence of reproductive isolation among these lineages. These lines of evidence strongly support heterospecificity of the lineages. However, phylogenetic analysis for mitochondrial COI gene showed an almost incompatible pattern with these lineages, possibly due to incomplete lineage sorting and/or introgressive hybridisation. A future comprehensive study on a larger geographic scale is needed to clarify the placement of the singleton colonies and conduct a formal taxonomic revision of the group.
{"title":"Genome-wide mig-seq and morphometric data reveals heterospecificity of the gnamptogenys taivanensis group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ectatomminae) in the northern mountainous region of vietnam","authors":"D. Nguyen, Emiko Oguri, Aiki Yamada, Chung-Chi Lin, Chen Zhilin, A. Nguyen, Y. Suyama, K. Eguchi","doi":"10.26107/RBZ-2020-0070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26107/RBZ-2020-0070","url":null,"abstract":"The Gnamptogenys taivanensis group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ectatomminae) is a species-group that contains eight described species known from southern China, Taiwan, and northern Vietnam. The taxonomy of the group remains poorly understood due to limited morphological evidence (mostly relying on the morphology of the worker caste), the complete lack of molecular evidence, as well as poor sampling effort: most of the species except G. taivanensis have so far been known only from one or two localities in southern China each, and are allopatric to each other. However, our recent collection of many colonies of G. taivanensis group from three localities (Tay Con Linh, Phia Oac Phia Den, and Hoang Lien Son) in the northern mountainous region of Vietnam showed remarkable diversity in the external morphology of workers, even within a single locality. The present study thus aims to explore species delimitation of the G. taivanensis group in the region using a combination of phylogenetic and morphometric analyses. Phylogenetic analyses for the genome-wide sequence datasets generated by MIG-seq and morphometric analysis using Nest-Centroid (NC) clustering consistently recovered seven major lineages of the G. taivanensis group (six Vietnamese and one Taiwanese lineages), with four singleton colonies for which these analyses yielded inconsistent and complex pictures. Moreover, the sympatric occurrence of the two or three lineages in each of the three localities of northern Vietnam is indirect evidence of the presence of reproductive isolation among these lineages. These lines of evidence strongly support heterospecificity of the lineages. However, phylogenetic analysis for mitochondrial COI gene showed an almost incompatible pattern with these lineages, possibly due to incomplete lineage sorting and/or introgressive hybridisation. A future comprehensive study on a larger geographic scale is needed to clarify the placement of the singleton colonies and conduct a formal taxonomic revision of the group.","PeriodicalId":49635,"journal":{"name":"Raffles Bulletin of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90790126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Dayrat, Tricia C Goulding, A. Bourke, M. Khalil, S. Tan
{"title":"New species and new records of Melayonchis slugs (Gastropoda: Euthyneura: Pulmonata: Onchidiidae)","authors":"B. Dayrat, Tricia C Goulding, A. Bourke, M. Khalil, S. Tan","doi":"10.26107/RBZ-2019-0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26107/RBZ-2019-0043","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49635,"journal":{"name":"Raffles Bulletin of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74123364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new species of Pseudogobiopsis is described, solving the identity of a goby from Java in a Kuhl and van Hasselt painting from Java. The species reached the European aquarium trade since at least 2001 but its identity had remained unknown due to lack of preserved, scientific specimens. Recent collections in Sumatra and Java included specimens of this new goby, which resembles P. oligactis. A revised key to the species of the genus is provided. Raffles Bulletin Of Zoology Vol. 65. 1 June 2017. P: 175–180
{"title":"A new species of the gobiid fish genus Pseudogobiopsis ( Teleostei, Gobiidae, Gobionellinae) from Indonesia","authors":"H. Larson, R. Hadiaty, N. Hubert","doi":"10.5072/FK2/C1VQQU","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5072/FK2/C1VQQU","url":null,"abstract":"A new species of Pseudogobiopsis is described, solving the identity of a goby from Java in a Kuhl and van Hasselt painting from Java. The species reached the European aquarium trade since at least 2001 but its identity had remained unknown due to lack of preserved, scientific specimens. Recent collections in Sumatra and Java included specimens of this new goby, which resembles P. oligactis. A revised key to the species of the genus is provided. Raffles Bulletin Of Zoology Vol. 65. 1 June 2017. P: 175–180","PeriodicalId":49635,"journal":{"name":"Raffles Bulletin of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72839734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new species of ricefi sh is described from a hill stream in Tana Toraja, Sulawesi. Oryzias eversi, new species, is distinguished from all other adrianichthyids in Sulawesi by having a low number of fi n rays in anal (17-18 (19)) and dorsal (10-12) fi ns, only 33-36 scales in lateral midline, ½14 transverse scale rows at dorsal fi n origin, 30-32 (33) vertebrae, small eyes (28.2-35.5% of head length), a conspicuous blackish male courtship colouration, and pelvic brooding behaviour similar to lacustrine ricefi shes. Female Oryzias eversi carry the eggs until the embryos hatch, and show a conspicuous abdominal concavity and extended pelvic fi ns, accommodating and holding the clutch of eggs. The eggs are connected to the female for the whole time of development by attaching fi laments that protrude from the female's urogenital pore. A mitochondrial haplotype phylogeny suggests that the new species is closely related to another "pelvic brooder", the lake-dwelling O. sarasinorum from Lake Lindu in Central Sulawesi. However, the haplotype group of O. eversi and O. sarasinorum is nested within a clade of egg-depositing Oryzias from central, southwest, and southeast Sulawesi, whereas another pelvic brooder, Adrianichthys oophorus from Lake Poso, forms a distinct, second lineage of Sulawesi's ricefi shes. Accordingly, the pelvic brooding strategy has probably evolved more than once and may be realised in river habitats, which represents a new evolutionary trajectory in the radiation of ricefi shes in Sulawesi. The present discovery adds another new ricefi sh species to Sulawesi's still only partially known ichthyofauna, and highlights the island's role as hotspot of adrianichthyid diversity.
{"title":"Pelvic-fin brooding in a new species of riverine ricefish (Atherinomorpha: Beloniformes: Adrianichthyidae) from Tana Toraja, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia","authors":"F. Herder, R. Hadiaty, A. Nolte","doi":"10.5072/RIN/FDLXYF","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5072/RIN/FDLXYF","url":null,"abstract":"A new species of ricefi sh is described from a hill stream in Tana Toraja, Sulawesi. Oryzias eversi, new species, is distinguished from all other adrianichthyids in Sulawesi by having a low number of fi n rays in anal (17-18 (19)) and dorsal (10-12) fi ns, only 33-36 scales in lateral midline, ½14 transverse scale rows at dorsal fi n origin, 30-32 (33) vertebrae, small eyes (28.2-35.5% of head length), a conspicuous blackish male courtship colouration, and pelvic brooding behaviour similar to lacustrine ricefi shes. Female Oryzias eversi carry the eggs until the embryos hatch, and show a conspicuous abdominal concavity and extended pelvic fi ns, accommodating and holding the clutch of eggs. The eggs are connected to the female for the whole time of development by attaching fi laments that protrude from the female's urogenital pore. A mitochondrial haplotype phylogeny suggests that the new species is closely related to another \"pelvic brooder\", the lake-dwelling O. sarasinorum from Lake Lindu in Central Sulawesi. However, the haplotype group of O. eversi and O. sarasinorum is nested within a clade of egg-depositing Oryzias from central, southwest, and southeast Sulawesi, whereas another pelvic brooder, Adrianichthys oophorus from Lake Poso, forms a distinct, second lineage of Sulawesi's ricefi shes. Accordingly, the pelvic brooding strategy has probably evolved more than once and may be realised in river habitats, which represents a new evolutionary trajectory in the radiation of ricefi shes in Sulawesi. The present discovery adds another new ricefi sh species to Sulawesi's still only partially known ichthyofauna, and highlights the island's role as hotspot of adrianichthyid diversity.","PeriodicalId":49635,"journal":{"name":"Raffles Bulletin of Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89225155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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