Pub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6960
Muhammad Asim, Abdus Samad, Shafi Ullah, Shawkat Ali, Maria Karim, Zubaida Saad, Saira Gul, Rubina Shakil
Typhoid fever is a life threating disease occurs due to ingestion of contaminated food products. Salmonella spp. are highly pathogenic in nature because they have the ability to produce endotoxins within a body. The present research study was designed to carry out comparative assessment of antibacterial activity of commercially available antibiotics and Cinnamomum verum extracts prepared in different solvents against S. typhi and paratyphi infections. In the current study, a total of 500 samples of blood were collected from typhoid patients in pre-sterilized bottles. After that serological tests were performed. Widal test was used for typhoid diagnosis and gave highest efficacy (52.6%) in the diagnosis of salmonellosis. Furthermore, Widal positive samples were investigated for the presence of pathogenic bacteria through conventional culturing technique and two major bacterial species i.e. S. typhi (n = 85) and S. paratyphi (n = 25) were identified. In the current study, Further more, antibiotic sensitivity assay was performed according to Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and it was observed that all S. typhi isolates were sensitive to Sulbactam (38±2.23 mm) followed by Ceftazidime (37±2.8 mm), Tazobactam (36±2.5 mm), Amoxicillin (35±3.33 mm), Amikacin (29±1.7 mm), Gentamycin (28±1.8 mm), Cephradine (26±2.9 mm) and Meropenem (18±3.1 mm). On the other hand, S. typhi showed resistance to Ciprofloxacin (1.5±0.8 mm) and Ofloxacin (1±0.77 mm). Additionally, it was also observed that all S. paratyphi showed highest sensitivity to Ciprofloxacin (34±0.87 mm), Ofloxacin (30±1.67 mm), Ceftazidime (28±3.1 mm), Tazobactam (28±2.4 mm) and Sulbactam (28±1.14 mm) while showed resistance to Gentamycin (12±2.8 mm). Furthermore, it was suggested that proper care and preventive measures should be taken for patients with bacterial infections and also antibiotics selection must be after performing culture sensitivity tests. Beside this, different plant extracts should be recommended as alternative for the treatment of typhoid infection and by doing this, chances of antibiotic resistance might be reduced up to greater extent.
{"title":"Comparative Assessment of Antibacterial Activity of Commercially Available Antibiotics and Cinnamomum Verum (Cinnamon) Against Salmonella Typhi and Para Typhi Infections","authors":"Muhammad Asim, Abdus Samad, Shafi Ullah, Shawkat Ali, Maria Karim, Zubaida Saad, Saira Gul, Rubina Shakil","doi":"10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6960","url":null,"abstract":"Typhoid fever is a life threating disease occurs due to ingestion of contaminated food products. Salmonella spp. are highly pathogenic in nature because they have the ability to produce endotoxins within a body. The present research study was designed to carry out comparative assessment of antibacterial activity of commercially available antibiotics and Cinnamomum verum extracts prepared in different solvents against S. typhi and paratyphi infections. In the current study, a total of 500 samples of blood were collected from typhoid patients in pre-sterilized bottles. After that serological tests were performed. Widal test was used for typhoid diagnosis and gave highest efficacy (52.6%) in the diagnosis of salmonellosis. Furthermore, Widal positive samples were investigated for the presence of pathogenic bacteria through conventional culturing technique and two major bacterial species i.e. S. typhi (n = 85) and S. paratyphi (n = 25) were identified. In the current study, Further more, antibiotic sensitivity assay was performed according to Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and it was observed that all S. typhi isolates were sensitive to Sulbactam (38±2.23 mm) followed by Ceftazidime (37±2.8 mm), Tazobactam (36±2.5 mm), Amoxicillin (35±3.33 mm), Amikacin (29±1.7 mm), Gentamycin (28±1.8 mm), Cephradine (26±2.9 mm) and Meropenem (18±3.1 mm). On the other hand, S. typhi showed resistance to Ciprofloxacin (1.5±0.8 mm) and Ofloxacin (1±0.77 mm). Additionally, it was also observed that all S. paratyphi showed highest sensitivity to Ciprofloxacin (34±0.87 mm), Ofloxacin (30±1.67 mm), Ceftazidime (28±3.1 mm), Tazobactam (28±2.4 mm) and Sulbactam (28±1.14 mm) while showed resistance to Gentamycin (12±2.8 mm). Furthermore, it was suggested that proper care and preventive measures should be taken for patients with bacterial infections and also antibiotics selection must be after performing culture sensitivity tests. Beside this, different plant extracts should be recommended as alternative for the treatment of typhoid infection and by doing this, chances of antibiotic resistance might be reduced up to greater extent.","PeriodicalId":498709,"journal":{"name":"University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS)","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141389012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6955
Abdul Hameed, A. Channo, A. Kaka, Habibullah Janyaro
This study was aimed to evaluate the impact of zinc supplementation on chilled and frozen thawed quality parameters of Tharparkar bull semen by comparing the use of BULLXcell® (Commercial) and tris-based egg yolk (Lab based) extenders impact on semen quality parameters. The research was conducted at the Department of Animal Reproduction, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam. Total 44 semen ejaculates were collected from four Tharparkar Bulls (A, B, C, and D) aged 4-5 years using an artificial vagina. Macroscopic and Microscopic parameters i.e. color: visual observation, volume: graduated tube, pH: digital pH meter, Progressive Motility (20x magnification), morphology and viability (eosin-nigrosin stain), concentration (haemocytometer method), and membrane integrity (HOST solution), were evaluated. Semen samples with progressive motility, morphology, viability, and membrane integrity exceeding 70% were pooled and processed. The pooled semen samples were further extended by pouring into four groups [A: BullXcell® control, B: BullXcell®+Zinc (0.2 mg/100 ml), C: Tris+Control, D: Tris+Zinc (0.2 mg/100 ml)]. Chilled assessment of progressive motility, morphology, viability, and membrane integrity revealed that Group B (78.65±0.85, 85.23±0.81, 81.22±1.17, 80.51±0.73) (P<0.05) demonstrated improved results compared to Group D (73.82±0.91, 81.66±1.14, 76.51±1.22, 76.27±1.07). Similarly, post-thawed assessment of these parameters indicated superior results for Group B (57.25±0.82, 75.17±1.02, 70.22±1.34, 63.55±1.39) (P<0.05) compared to Group D (47.35±0.66, 63.24±1.47, 65.05±1.63, 57.14±1.02) followed A and C. Based on the findings, it was concluded that Group B [BullXcell®+Zinc (0.2 mg/100 ml)] significantly improved both Chilled and post thawed quality parameters of Tharparkar cattle bull semen and the inclusion of Zinc in extenders is recommended as it improved viability of spermatozoa.
本研究旨在通过比较使用 BULLXcell®（商用）和三聚氰胺蛋黄（实验室用）扩增剂对精液质量参数的影响，评估补锌对冷藏和冷冻解冻的塔帕卡尔公牛精液质量参数的影响。这项研究在信德农业大学坦多贾姆分校动物繁殖系进行。使用人工阴道从四头年龄为 4-5 岁的 Tharparkar 公牛（A、B、C 和 D）共收集了 44 滴精液。对精液的宏观和显微参数进行了评估，即：颜色：肉眼观察；体积：刻度管；pH 值：数字 pH 计；渐进运动性（20 倍放大镜）；形态和活力（伊红-曙红染色法）；浓度（血球计数法）；膜完整性（HOST 溶液）。将运动性、形态、存活率和膜完整性超过 70% 的精液样本集中起来进行处理。将汇集的精液样本进一步扩大，分成四组[A：BullXcell® 对照组；B：BullXcell®+锌（0.2 毫克/100 毫升）；C：Tris+对照组；D：Tris+锌（0.2 毫克/100 毫升）]。冷冻评估进行性运动、形态、存活率和膜完整性显示，B 组（78.65±0.85、85.23±0.81、81.22±1.17、80.51±0.73）（P<0.05）的结果优于 D 组（73.82±0.91、81.66±1.14、76.51±1.22、76.27±1.07）。同样，与 D 组（47.35±0.66、63.24±1.47、65.05±1.63、57.14±1.02）相比，B 组（57.25±0.82、75.17±1.02、70.22±1.34、63.55±1.39）（P<0.05）的解冻后评估结果优于 A 组和 C 组（57.25±0.82、75.17±1.02、70.22±1.34、63.55±1.39）（P<0.05）。根据研究结果，B 组[BullXcell®+锌（0.2 毫克/100 毫升）]明显改善了 Tharparkar 公牛精液的冷藏和解冻后质量指标，建议在扩展剂中加入锌，因为锌能提高精子的活力。
{"title":"Impact of Zinc Supplementation on Tharparkar Bull Semen Quality: Comparative Study of Commercial and Lab Extenders","authors":"Abdul Hameed, A. Channo, A. Kaka, Habibullah Janyaro","doi":"10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6955","url":null,"abstract":"This study was aimed to evaluate the impact of zinc supplementation on chilled and frozen thawed quality parameters of Tharparkar bull semen by comparing the use of BULLXcell® (Commercial) and tris-based egg yolk (Lab based) extenders impact on semen quality parameters. The research was conducted at the Department of Animal Reproduction, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam. Total 44 semen ejaculates were collected from four Tharparkar Bulls (A, B, C, and D) aged 4-5 years using an artificial vagina. Macroscopic and Microscopic parameters i.e. color: visual observation, volume: graduated tube, pH: digital pH meter, Progressive Motility (20x magnification), morphology and viability (eosin-nigrosin stain), concentration (haemocytometer method), and membrane integrity (HOST solution), were evaluated. Semen samples with progressive motility, morphology, viability, and membrane integrity exceeding 70% were pooled and processed. The pooled semen samples were further extended by pouring into four groups [A: BullXcell® control, B: BullXcell®+Zinc (0.2 mg/100 ml), C: Tris+Control, D: Tris+Zinc (0.2 mg/100 ml)]. Chilled assessment of progressive motility, morphology, viability, and membrane integrity revealed that Group B (78.65±0.85, 85.23±0.81, 81.22±1.17, 80.51±0.73) (P<0.05) demonstrated improved results compared to Group D (73.82±0.91, 81.66±1.14, 76.51±1.22, 76.27±1.07). Similarly, post-thawed assessment of these parameters indicated superior results for Group B (57.25±0.82, 75.17±1.02, 70.22±1.34, 63.55±1.39) (P<0.05) compared to Group D (47.35±0.66, 63.24±1.47, 65.05±1.63, 57.14±1.02) followed A and C. Based on the findings, it was concluded that Group B [BullXcell®+Zinc (0.2 mg/100 ml)] significantly improved both Chilled and post thawed quality parameters of Tharparkar cattle bull semen and the inclusion of Zinc in extenders is recommended as it improved viability of spermatozoa.","PeriodicalId":498709,"journal":{"name":"University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS)","volume":"131 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141388816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6962
Wajeeha Tanveer, Sajida Mushtaq, Nimra Ijaz, Moazama Batool, S. Maalik
Amazon rainforest is having huge role in the regulation of the environment as it provides massive amount of oxygen to the Earth and is one of the most important carbon sinks. World’s most important plants and animal species are present in the Amazon rainforests. The Amazon rainforest wildfires especially wildfires of 2019 are one of the major global issues. There can be natural and human activities which can cause wildfires in Amazon Forest. The impacts due to wildfires in Amazon rainforest includes conversion of Amazon Forest into white savannas, threats to human security, negative effects on health, decrease in rainfall, effects on biodiversity, biomass burning aerosols, effects on ecosystem, increase in carbon emission, greenhouse effect, global warming and impact on environment and climatic feedback. In the end, some suggestions and strategies are given for the control of wildfires in the Amazon rainforest.
{"title":"Amazon Rainforest Wildfires: Causes and Impact on Mammalian and Avian Diversity","authors":"Wajeeha Tanveer, Sajida Mushtaq, Nimra Ijaz, Moazama Batool, S. Maalik","doi":"10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6962","url":null,"abstract":"Amazon rainforest is having huge role in the regulation of the environment as it provides massive amount of oxygen to the Earth and is one of the most important carbon sinks. World’s most important plants and animal species are present in the Amazon rainforests. The Amazon rainforest wildfires especially wildfires of 2019 are one of the major global issues. There can be natural and human activities which can cause wildfires in Amazon Forest. The impacts due to wildfires in Amazon rainforest includes conversion of Amazon Forest into white savannas, threats to human security, negative effects on health, decrease in rainfall, effects on biodiversity, biomass burning aerosols, effects on ecosystem, increase in carbon emission, greenhouse effect, global warming and impact on environment and climatic feedback. In the end, some suggestions and strategies are given for the control of wildfires in the Amazon rainforest.","PeriodicalId":498709,"journal":{"name":"University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS)","volume":"20 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141389089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6954
Syed Hamad, UL Hassan, Syed Murtaza, Hassan Andrabi, MUHAMMAD FAROOQ IQBAL, Mudussar Nawaz, Asghar Khan, Muhammad Yaqoob, Zulfiqar Ahmed, Z. Naseer
The present study aimed to observe the effect of buffalo's physiological stage (heifers, postpartum, dry) on the physiochemical and organoleptic characteristics of meat. The collected meat samples were analyzed for physiochemical parameters (pH, water holding capacity, cooking loss, and drip loss), and a pre-trained panel also evaluated the organoleptic attributes of fresh and cooked buffalo meat. The physiochemical properties showed that heifer meat was of better-quality regarding pH, water holding capacity, cooking loss, and drip loss than dry or postpartum buffalo meat. The heifer meat displayed better (P < 0.05) fresh meat odor, color, taste, and juiciness compared with the postpartum buffalo meat. The palatability of meat and mouth-filling properties was comparatively higher (P < 0.05) in heifer meat. Cooked meat heifer meat showed lower (P < 0.05) hardiness and cohesiveness of mass, along springiness, and ease of swallowing ness. High (P < 0.05) saliva production and less (P < 0.05) residual particle and tooth packing properties were observed (P < 0.05) in heifer meat. Heifer meat was highly (P < 0.05) acceptable due to better palatability and mouth coating basis. The overall meat-liking quality ratio was also greater (P < 0.05) for heifer meat than postpartum buffalo meat. It is concluded that heifer meat was better in terms of physiological and organoleptic properties than dry and postpartum buffalo meat.
{"title":"Effect of Physiological State on Meat Quality: An Insight from Buffalo","authors":"Syed Hamad, UL Hassan, Syed Murtaza, Hassan Andrabi, MUHAMMAD FAROOQ IQBAL, Mudussar Nawaz, Asghar Khan, Muhammad Yaqoob, Zulfiqar Ahmed, Z. Naseer","doi":"10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6954","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aimed to observe the effect of buffalo's physiological stage (heifers, postpartum, dry) on the physiochemical and organoleptic characteristics of meat. The collected meat samples were analyzed for physiochemical parameters (pH, water holding capacity, cooking loss, and drip loss), and a pre-trained panel also evaluated the organoleptic attributes of fresh and cooked buffalo meat. The physiochemical properties showed that heifer meat was of better-quality regarding pH, water holding capacity, cooking loss, and drip loss than dry or postpartum buffalo meat. The heifer meat displayed better (P < 0.05) fresh meat odor, color, taste, and juiciness compared with the postpartum buffalo meat. The palatability of meat and mouth-filling properties was comparatively higher (P < 0.05) in heifer meat. Cooked meat heifer meat showed lower (P < 0.05) hardiness and cohesiveness of mass, along springiness, and ease of swallowing ness. High (P < 0.05) saliva production and less (P < 0.05) residual particle and tooth packing properties were observed (P < 0.05) in heifer meat. Heifer meat was highly (P < 0.05) acceptable due to better palatability and mouth coating basis. The overall meat-liking quality ratio was also greater (P < 0.05) for heifer meat than postpartum buffalo meat. It is concluded that heifer meat was better in terms of physiological and organoleptic properties than dry and postpartum buffalo meat.","PeriodicalId":498709,"journal":{"name":"University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS)","volume":"61 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141388883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6959
Adil Shahzad, Ammara Zulqarnain, Safdar Aman, Aman Ullah, Muhammad Junaid, Muhammad Huzaifah Khalid, Zaighum Ali, Irtaza Hussain, Muhammad Azwar, Aziz Chishti
This article summarises the current state of veterinary vaccines for animals and pets, as well as their significance and recent developments. The use of veterinary vaccines is vital to the food industry and public health because they protect the well-being and productivity of animals. This article emphasises the value of vaccinations in preventing and controlling zoonotic illnesses and other infectious diseases in animals. Preventing the spread of viral illnesses at the animal-human interaction is emphasised, and the article goes on to talk about the monetary effects of disease control efforts. The article goes on to discuss the several kinds of veterinary vaccines, such as the traditional live and inactivated virus vaccines, DNA vaccines, genetically engineered virus vaccines, molecularly specified subunit vaccines, and live viral vector vaccines. Additionally, it addresses vaccines against helminths and ectoparasites, allergies, cancer, protozoa, and bacteria in animals.
{"title":"Innovation in Vaccines for Infectious Diseases in Pets and Livestocks","authors":"Adil Shahzad, Ammara Zulqarnain, Safdar Aman, Aman Ullah, Muhammad Junaid, Muhammad Huzaifah Khalid, Zaighum Ali, Irtaza Hussain, Muhammad Azwar, Aziz Chishti","doi":"10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6959","url":null,"abstract":"This article summarises the current state of veterinary vaccines for animals and pets, as well as their significance and recent developments. The use of veterinary vaccines is vital to the food industry and public health because they protect the well-being and productivity of animals. This article emphasises the value of vaccinations in preventing and controlling zoonotic illnesses and other infectious diseases in animals. Preventing the spread of viral illnesses at the animal-human interaction is emphasised, and the article goes on to talk about the monetary effects of disease control efforts. The article goes on to discuss the several kinds of veterinary vaccines, such as the traditional live and inactivated virus vaccines, DNA vaccines, genetically engineered virus vaccines, molecularly specified subunit vaccines, and live viral vector vaccines. Additionally, it addresses vaccines against helminths and ectoparasites, allergies, cancer, protozoa, and bacteria in animals.","PeriodicalId":498709,"journal":{"name":"University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS)","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141389059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6957
Jawad Ali Shah, Muhammad Irfan Bhatti, Muhammad Yasin, Ameer Hamza, Muhammad Akram, Muhammad Zeeshan, Hafiz ZILL-E-REHMAN, Faisal Saleem, Arbaz Khan, Gulfam Yousaf
This study investigates the developmental parameters of Trilocha varians, a species within the Lepidoptera order belonging to Bombycidae family, focusing on their interaction with the weeping fig, Ficus benjamina, a significant agricultural pest in Pakistan. The experiments were conducted at a controlled temperature of 26°C and a humidity level of 65%, simulating conditions relevant to the region. Observations revealed that female Trilocha varians laid 160-270 eggs in 2-6 layers on the dorsal part of the F. benjamina leaves. Interestingly, unmated females also deposited clusters of 15-183 eggs, which did not progress to larvae. The eggs turned black 24 hours before hatching. The incubation period for eggs on F. benjamina was found to be 3.46 ± 1.22 days. The survival rate of T. varians larvae was notably high, likely attributed to prolific reproduction. During the study period, five larval instars were identified, with the last two instars causing the most damage, particularly due to their resemblance to host parts such as bark. Notably, the ninth abdominal section of larvae featured thin, spongy horns. The duration of development for the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth larval instars was 2.44 ± 0.82, 3.56 ± 0.53, 3.72 ± 0.26, 4.54 ± 0.79, and 6.20 ± 0.78 days, respectively. The larvae exhibited boat-shaped and yellow silky characteristics. Upon reaching adulthood, the male and female Trilocha varians displayed distinctive features. The average lifespan for males was 6.23 ± 2.09 days, while females lived longer, with a mean longevity of 10.01 ± 0.99 days. Female forewings exhibited faint reddish-brown streaks on the dorsal side, and their thorax, head, and abdomen were darker reddish-brown compared to males. Adult hind wings were predominantly greyish with reddish-brown outer edges.This research provides valuable insights into the biology and behavior of Trilocha varians and their impact on F. benjamina. Understanding these developmental parameters is crucial for implementing effective pest management practices in agriculture, contributing to the sustainable protection of crops against this significant threat.
{"title":"Pest Management of Ficus Benjamina by Morphological Study of Lepidoptera Bombycidae","authors":"Jawad Ali Shah, Muhammad Irfan Bhatti, Muhammad Yasin, Ameer Hamza, Muhammad Akram, Muhammad Zeeshan, Hafiz ZILL-E-REHMAN, Faisal Saleem, Arbaz Khan, Gulfam Yousaf","doi":"10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6957","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the developmental parameters of Trilocha varians, a species within the Lepidoptera order belonging to Bombycidae family, focusing on their interaction with the weeping fig, Ficus benjamina, a significant agricultural pest in Pakistan. The experiments were conducted at a controlled temperature of 26°C and a humidity level of 65%, simulating conditions relevant to the region. Observations revealed that female Trilocha varians laid 160-270 eggs in 2-6 layers on the dorsal part of the F. benjamina leaves. Interestingly, unmated females also deposited clusters of 15-183 eggs, which did not progress to larvae. The eggs turned black 24 hours before hatching. The incubation period for eggs on F. benjamina was found to be 3.46 ± 1.22 days. The survival rate of T. varians larvae was notably high, likely attributed to prolific reproduction. During the study period, five larval instars were identified, with the last two instars causing the most damage, particularly due to their resemblance to host parts such as bark. Notably, the ninth abdominal section of larvae featured thin, spongy horns. The duration of development for the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth larval instars was 2.44 ± 0.82, 3.56 ± 0.53, 3.72 ± 0.26, 4.54 ± 0.79, and 6.20 ± 0.78 days, respectively. The larvae exhibited boat-shaped and yellow silky characteristics. Upon reaching adulthood, the male and female Trilocha varians displayed distinctive features. The average lifespan for males was 6.23 ± 2.09 days, while females lived longer, with a mean longevity of 10.01 ± 0.99 days. Female forewings exhibited faint reddish-brown streaks on the dorsal side, and their thorax, head, and abdomen were darker reddish-brown compared to males. Adult hind wings were predominantly greyish with reddish-brown outer edges.This research provides valuable insights into the biology and behavior of Trilocha varians and their impact on F. benjamina. Understanding these developmental parameters is crucial for implementing effective pest management practices in agriculture, contributing to the sustainable protection of crops against this significant threat.","PeriodicalId":498709,"journal":{"name":"University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS)","volume":"1 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141388731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-03DOI: 10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6956
Riaz Hussain, Muhammad Ali, Zershina Maryam, Mehdi Hassan Shehbaz, SAKHAWAT ALI, MUHAMMAD HASSAN, Akmal Ali
Current study was initiated to investigate the insect pollinator fauna of Buckwheat crops at high elevations of District Ghanche, Gilgit Baltistan. In total, 507 specimens were collected during active flowering seasons of crop and yielding 17 species under 13 genera of 7 families belonging to three orders viz, Hymenoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera. Order Hymenoptera includes family Formicidae, Apidae and Vespidae, Diptera includes Syrphidae, Calliphoridae and Muscidae while Pieridae belonged to order Lepidoptera. Most interesting information related to this research is that Pieris brassicae is considered as a pest, but it played major role in pollination of Buckwheat and not documented as a pest. No pest is recorded during whole research period.
{"title":"Insect Pollinators of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum Esculentum) From District Ghanche, Gilgit Baltistan","authors":"Riaz Hussain, Muhammad Ali, Zershina Maryam, Mehdi Hassan Shehbaz, SAKHAWAT ALI, MUHAMMAD HASSAN, Akmal Ali","doi":"10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.57038/usjas.v8i01.6956","url":null,"abstract":"Current study was initiated to investigate the insect pollinator fauna of Buckwheat crops at high elevations of District Ghanche, Gilgit Baltistan. In total, 507 specimens were collected during active flowering seasons of crop and yielding 17 species under 13 genera of 7 families belonging to three orders viz, Hymenoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera. Order Hymenoptera includes family Formicidae, Apidae and Vespidae, Diptera includes Syrphidae, Calliphoridae and Muscidae while Pieridae belonged to order Lepidoptera. Most interesting information related to this research is that Pieris brassicae is considered as a pest, but it played major role in pollination of Buckwheat and not documented as a pest. No pest is recorded during whole research period.","PeriodicalId":498709,"journal":{"name":"University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS)","volume":"187 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141388527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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