Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.2478/agriceng-2023-0020
Dawid Wojcieszak, Artur Pawłowski, Karl-Heinz Dammer, Jacek Przybył
Abstract In the last decades, the production of biomass biofuels for thermochemical conversion to replace fossil fuels has attracted increasing attention as it offers significant environmental benefits. A very common way to convert biomass to energy is methane fermentation. The importance of biogas as a source of energy is growing. The use of biomass to biogas production on a large, global scale may lead to controversial competition for arable land, water, and consequently, food. Therefore, only waste materials and agricultural by-products and residues should be used for biogas production. Corn stover is a good example of agricultural residues for biogas production. Therefore, the aim of these studies was to determine the influence of corn variety earliness FAO on the chemical compositions and energy value of morphological parts (fractions) of corn plants. The research material consisted of morphological parts of corn plants: stalks, leaves, husks, and cobs of selected corn cultivars, differing in terms of their FAO earliness: early (FAO 220), medium-early q(FAO 240) and late (FAO 300) varieties. The research included laboratory investigations, elemental analysis, methane fermentation and statistical analyses of results. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the FAO earliness of a corn variety had a significant impact on the elemental composition, ash content, biogas, and methane yield in the corn morphological fractions. The highest methane yield of 267.4 m 3 ·Mg −1 TS was found for the cucurbit cover leaves of a variety with an FAO 240 earliness standard.
在过去的几十年里，用于热化学转化的生物质生物燃料取代化石燃料的生产越来越受到关注，因为它具有显著的环境效益。将生物质转化为能源的一种非常常见的方法是甲烷发酵。沼气作为一种能源的重要性与日俱增。在全球范围内大规模使用生物质生产沼气可能会导致对可耕地、水以及粮食的有争议的竞争。因此，只有废物和农业副产品和残留物才能用于沼气生产。玉米秸秆是农业残留物用于生产沼气的一个很好的例子。因此，这些研究的目的是确定玉米品种早期对玉米植株形态部分(组分)化学成分和能量值的影响。研究材料包括玉米植株的形态学部分:所选玉米品种的茎、叶、壳和穗轴，这些品种的FAO早熟性不同:早(FAO 220)、中早q(FAO 240)和晚(FAO 300)品种。研究包括实验室调查、元素分析、甲烷发酵和统计分析结果。研究结果表明，早熟对玉米形态组分的元素组成、灰分含量、沼气和甲烷产量均有显著影响。具有FAO 240早熟标准的瓜类覆盖叶甲烷产量最高，为267.4 m 3·Mg−1 TS。
{"title":"Chemical and Energetical Properties in Methane Fermentation of Morphological Parts of Corn with Different Variety Earliness Standard FAO","authors":"Dawid Wojcieszak, Artur Pawłowski, Karl-Heinz Dammer, Jacek Przybył","doi":"10.2478/agriceng-2023-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/agriceng-2023-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the last decades, the production of biomass biofuels for thermochemical conversion to replace fossil fuels has attracted increasing attention as it offers significant environmental benefits. A very common way to convert biomass to energy is methane fermentation. The importance of biogas as a source of energy is growing. The use of biomass to biogas production on a large, global scale may lead to controversial competition for arable land, water, and consequently, food. Therefore, only waste materials and agricultural by-products and residues should be used for biogas production. Corn stover is a good example of agricultural residues for biogas production. Therefore, the aim of these studies was to determine the influence of corn variety earliness FAO on the chemical compositions and energy value of morphological parts (fractions) of corn plants. The research material consisted of morphological parts of corn plants: stalks, leaves, husks, and cobs of selected corn cultivars, differing in terms of their FAO earliness: early (FAO 220), medium-early q(FAO 240) and late (FAO 300) varieties. The research included laboratory investigations, elemental analysis, methane fermentation and statistical analyses of results. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the FAO earliness of a corn variety had a significant impact on the elemental composition, ash content, biogas, and methane yield in the corn morphological fractions. The highest methane yield of 267.4 m 3 ·Mg −1 TS was found for the cucurbit cover leaves of a variety with an FAO 240 earliness standard.","PeriodicalId":499436,"journal":{"name":"Inżynieria Rolnicza","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135262021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.2478/agriceng-2023-0017
Krzysztof Krzyżaniak, Ireneusz Kowalik, Piotr Rybacki
Abstract This study aims to determine and evaluate the operating parameters of three modern self-propelled forage harvesters during maize silage harvest. The machines were equipped with operator assistance systems. Field tests were conducted for three self-propelled forage harvesters: Claas Jaguar 870, Claas Jaguar 950, KroneBiG X 650. The tests were conducted in large-scale farms located in Wielkopolskie and Pomorskie voivodeships. Maize was harvested at the beginning of the full-grain maturity stage. A complete time study covering four control shifts in accordance with BN-76/9195-01 was performed to determine operating ratios and indicators. Fuel consumption was determined using the full tank method. The Claas Jaguar 950 forage harvester had the highest effective mass performance: 141.3 Mg·h -1 . The same machine also achieved the lowest fuel consumption per tonne of fresh matter (FM) harvested: 0.51 kg·Mg -1 . Labour expenditure for the self-propelled forage harvesters tested during the total time of change ranged from 0.38 to 0.62 labour hour per hectare. The tested machines also had very high technical and technological reliability.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Operating Parameters of Self-Propelled Forage Harvesters During Maize Silage Harvest","authors":"Krzysztof Krzyżaniak, Ireneusz Kowalik, Piotr Rybacki","doi":"10.2478/agriceng-2023-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/agriceng-2023-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study aims to determine and evaluate the operating parameters of three modern self-propelled forage harvesters during maize silage harvest. The machines were equipped with operator assistance systems. Field tests were conducted for three self-propelled forage harvesters: Claas Jaguar 870, Claas Jaguar 950, KroneBiG X 650. The tests were conducted in large-scale farms located in Wielkopolskie and Pomorskie voivodeships. Maize was harvested at the beginning of the full-grain maturity stage. A complete time study covering four control shifts in accordance with BN-76/9195-01 was performed to determine operating ratios and indicators. Fuel consumption was determined using the full tank method. The Claas Jaguar 950 forage harvester had the highest effective mass performance: 141.3 Mg·h -1 . The same machine also achieved the lowest fuel consumption per tonne of fresh matter (FM) harvested: 0.51 kg·Mg -1 . Labour expenditure for the self-propelled forage harvesters tested during the total time of change ranged from 0.38 to 0.62 labour hour per hectare. The tested machines also had very high technical and technological reliability.","PeriodicalId":499436,"journal":{"name":"Inżynieria Rolnicza","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135442153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.2478/agriceng-2023-0018
Vadym Bredykhin, Stanislav Tikunov, Maksym Slipchenko, Oleksiy Alfyorov, Alexey Bogomolov, Taras Shchur, Sławomir Kocira, Piotr Kiczorowski, Rostysav Paslavskyy
Abstract The paper analyzes the existing theoretical research of corn seed separation and calibration processes. The machines, tools and equipment that implement the process were studied. An innovative sieve with openings in the Cassini oval shape was proposed for the economical separation and calibration of corn seeds. The results of operation of the proposed sieve in the operating conditions of Kharkiv Feed Mill on BSH-100 serial separators were considered. The study of the effectiveness of sifting corn seeds through the holes of the sieves was carried out in partnership with the State University “Ukrainian Research Institute of Forecasting and Testing of Agricultural Production Techniques and Technologies named after Leonid Pohorily” (Kharkiv Branch). The use of sieves with openings in the Cassini oval shape, instead of classic circular base openings, was found to result in an increase in throughput capacity of the sieve and open area of up to 20%.
{"title":"Improving Efficiency of Corn Seed Separation and Calibration Process","authors":"Vadym Bredykhin, Stanislav Tikunov, Maksym Slipchenko, Oleksiy Alfyorov, Alexey Bogomolov, Taras Shchur, Sławomir Kocira, Piotr Kiczorowski, Rostysav Paslavskyy","doi":"10.2478/agriceng-2023-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/agriceng-2023-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The paper analyzes the existing theoretical research of corn seed separation and calibration processes. The machines, tools and equipment that implement the process were studied. An innovative sieve with openings in the Cassini oval shape was proposed for the economical separation and calibration of corn seeds. The results of operation of the proposed sieve in the operating conditions of Kharkiv Feed Mill on BSH-100 serial separators were considered. The study of the effectiveness of sifting corn seeds through the holes of the sieves was carried out in partnership with the State University “Ukrainian Research Institute of Forecasting and Testing of Agricultural Production Techniques and Technologies named after Leonid Pohorily” (Kharkiv Branch). The use of sieves with openings in the Cassini oval shape, instead of classic circular base openings, was found to result in an increase in throughput capacity of the sieve and open area of up to 20%.","PeriodicalId":499436,"journal":{"name":"Inżynieria Rolnicza","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135262020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.2478/agriceng-2023-0016
Katarzyna Szwedziak, Petr Dolezal, Sylwester Tabor, Jacek Ogrodniczek
Abstract The study of qualitative characteristics is becoming increasingly important due to determination of the purchase price and further use of seeds. An important problem of the modern sustainable agriculture is the production of seeds and products with appropriate quality parameters. The research carried out so far proves that the technology of harvesting, transport, and drying conditions as well as storage have an impact on the quality of seeds, determining their usefulness for the industry. The smallest irregularities can cause irreversible changes and significantly reduce the technological value of seeds and their processing products. The use of tools in the field of supporting electrical engineering enables detection and highlighting of image elements so that it becomes readable to the human eye. The aim of the research was to develop technology for evaluating grain in storage using electrotechnical tools and computer techniques.
{"title":"Electrotechnical Tools and Computer Image Analysis in Assessing the Quality of Maize Grain During Storage","authors":"Katarzyna Szwedziak, Petr Dolezal, Sylwester Tabor, Jacek Ogrodniczek","doi":"10.2478/agriceng-2023-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/agriceng-2023-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The study of qualitative characteristics is becoming increasingly important due to determination of the purchase price and further use of seeds. An important problem of the modern sustainable agriculture is the production of seeds and products with appropriate quality parameters. The research carried out so far proves that the technology of harvesting, transport, and drying conditions as well as storage have an impact on the quality of seeds, determining their usefulness for the industry. The smallest irregularities can cause irreversible changes and significantly reduce the technological value of seeds and their processing products. The use of tools in the field of supporting electrical engineering enables detection and highlighting of image elements so that it becomes readable to the human eye. The aim of the research was to develop technology for evaluating grain in storage using electrotechnical tools and computer techniques.","PeriodicalId":499436,"journal":{"name":"Inżynieria Rolnicza","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135784380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.2478/agriceng-2023-0015
Marek Boryga
Abstract This paper presents a method of utilizing a transition curve in planning the movement trajectory of agricultural machinery during the headland turns. The approach involves using the transition curve, whose curvature and tangent angle are described by the trigonometric function. For the designed course, the kinematic quantities, wheel turning angles, and their rates of change were determined for two models of agricultural tractors. The algorithm proposed in this study ensures continuity and smooth changes in the kinematic quantities and can be applied to the trajectory planning of agricultural implements and machines, autonomous vehicles, mobile robots, manipulators, and CNC machines.
{"title":"Trajectory Planning For Tractor Turning Using The Trigonometric Transition Curve","authors":"Marek Boryga","doi":"10.2478/agriceng-2023-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/agriceng-2023-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents a method of utilizing a transition curve in planning the movement trajectory of agricultural machinery during the headland turns. The approach involves using the transition curve, whose curvature and tangent angle are described by the trigonometric function. For the designed course, the kinematic quantities, wheel turning angles, and their rates of change were determined for two models of agricultural tractors. The algorithm proposed in this study ensures continuity and smooth changes in the kinematic quantities and can be applied to the trajectory planning of agricultural implements and machines, autonomous vehicles, mobile robots, manipulators, and CNC machines.","PeriodicalId":499436,"journal":{"name":"Inżynieria Rolnicza","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135444788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.2478/agriceng-2023-0019
Marián Bujna, Miroslav Prístavka, Chia Kuang Lee, Andrzej Borusiewicz, Waldemar Samociuk, Ivan Beloev, Urszula Malaga-Toboła
Abstract Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is a method that directly focuses on the modes of failures. The FTA is a graphical representation of the major faults or critical failures associated with a product, as well as the causes for the faults and potential countermeasures. The aim of this research paper is to calculate the probability of the top event – the failure of the process using FTA and propose a technique to prioritize factors for action design and reduce the likelihood of a top event failure based on manufacturers' requirements. We have constructed a qualitative fault tree to produce office components packed and sealed in blister packs using a KOCH KBS-PL machine. We defined the top event G – the production of office components, packed and sealed in blister packs on the machinery KOCH KBS-PL. Then we defined events leading to top events down to individual failure factors. Based on the links between the fault tree and the probability of failure, we performed a quantitative analysis to determine the probability of failure of individual events. We found out that the probability of failure of G is 5.04%. Subsequently, we identified which factors most significantly reduce the resulting probability of failure of factor G. These are the factors: E – feed rate, F – cooling, AL – incorrect setting and D – break. It has been proven that by controlling these 4 factors, we can reduce the probability of failure of top event G to 2.36%, provided that effective measures are taken. The final proposal meets the requirements of several manufacturers for a fast, efficient, and cost-effective solution. We have created a proposal that saves time, has minimal software and hardware requirements, and is easy to use. The efficiency and effectiveness of the proposal was that we identified the weakest points in the fault tree that most significantly cause the top event to fail. This prioritized the factors for the design of the measures.
{"title":"Reducing the Probability of Failure in Manufacturing Equipment by Quantitative FTA Analysis","authors":"Marián Bujna, Miroslav Prístavka, Chia Kuang Lee, Andrzej Borusiewicz, Waldemar Samociuk, Ivan Beloev, Urszula Malaga-Toboła","doi":"10.2478/agriceng-2023-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/agriceng-2023-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) is a method that directly focuses on the modes of failures. The FTA is a graphical representation of the major faults or critical failures associated with a product, as well as the causes for the faults and potential countermeasures. The aim of this research paper is to calculate the probability of the top event – the failure of the process using FTA and propose a technique to prioritize factors for action design and reduce the likelihood of a top event failure based on manufacturers' requirements. We have constructed a qualitative fault tree to produce office components packed and sealed in blister packs using a KOCH KBS-PL machine. We defined the top event G – the production of office components, packed and sealed in blister packs on the machinery KOCH KBS-PL. Then we defined events leading to top events down to individual failure factors. Based on the links between the fault tree and the probability of failure, we performed a quantitative analysis to determine the probability of failure of individual events. We found out that the probability of failure of G is 5.04%. Subsequently, we identified which factors most significantly reduce the resulting probability of failure of factor G. These are the factors: E – feed rate, F – cooling, AL – incorrect setting and D – break. It has been proven that by controlling these 4 factors, we can reduce the probability of failure of top event G to 2.36%, provided that effective measures are taken. The final proposal meets the requirements of several manufacturers for a fast, efficient, and cost-effective solution. We have created a proposal that saves time, has minimal software and hardware requirements, and is easy to use. The efficiency and effectiveness of the proposal was that we identified the weakest points in the fault tree that most significantly cause the top event to fail. This prioritized the factors for the design of the measures.","PeriodicalId":499436,"journal":{"name":"Inżynieria Rolnicza","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135262029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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