The host immune response to the oral biofilm plays a central role in the aetiology of periodontitis. Our understanding of hostpathogen interactions has historically been reliant on monolayer culture systems stimulated by microorganisms. However, 2D culture systems possess major shortcomings as these do not adequately mimic the complexities of the native tissue and therefore fail to provide meaningful information on the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. To mimic the in vivo condition, various types of 3D oral mucosal equivalents (OME) have been employed, including reconstituted models and 3D organotypic culture models. The rationale for OME is to serve as a relevant in vitro tool to examine the interactions of human epithelial cells with bacterial biofilms, to understand the process of epithelial layer damage, molecular mechanisms underpinning the development of periodontitis and models for testing novel therapeutics. Furthermore, to gain a deeper understanding of periodontal dysbiosis, it is important to appreciate the molecular mechanisms underlying host epithelial cell production of cytokines and chemokines in response to bacterial stimulation; and signalling pathways which underpin host-pathogen interactions such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFkB). Thus, the aim of this narrative review is to summarise the evidence regarding the application of 3D oral mucosal models in host-pathogen infection studies relating to periodontal disease, review the molecular mechanisms underlying host response and provide recommendations for future studies in this field.
{"title":"3D Oral Mucosal Models for Studying Host-Pathogen Interactions in Periodontal Disease","authors":"Lu Emily Ming-Chieh","doi":"10.23880/oajds-16000378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajds-16000378","url":null,"abstract":"The host immune response to the oral biofilm plays a central role in the aetiology of periodontitis. Our understanding of hostpathogen interactions has historically been reliant on monolayer culture systems stimulated by microorganisms. However, 2D culture systems possess major shortcomings as these do not adequately mimic the complexities of the native tissue and therefore fail to provide meaningful information on the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. To mimic the in vivo condition, various types of 3D oral mucosal equivalents (OME) have been employed, including reconstituted models and 3D organotypic culture models. The rationale for OME is to serve as a relevant in vitro tool to examine the interactions of human epithelial cells with bacterial biofilms, to understand the process of epithelial layer damage, molecular mechanisms underpinning the development of periodontitis and models for testing novel therapeutics. Furthermore, to gain a deeper understanding of periodontal dysbiosis, it is important to appreciate the molecular mechanisms underlying host epithelial cell production of cytokines and chemokines in response to bacterial stimulation; and signalling pathways which underpin host-pathogen interactions such as mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFkB). Thus, the aim of this narrative review is to summarise the evidence regarding the application of 3D oral mucosal models in host-pathogen infection studies relating to periodontal disease, review the molecular mechanisms underlying host response and provide recommendations for future studies in this field.","PeriodicalId":500728,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of dental sciences","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135316643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Bleaching treatment is a whitening treatment for discolored teeth to restore their aesthetic function. The bleaching agent that is commonly used is 35% carbamide peroxide. Strawberries contain malic acid which can whiten teeth. Purpose: This study aims to find out acid potential on strawberries as a natural ingredient for teeth whitening. Methods: 48 post-extraction permanent single-rooted teeth that had been coated with clear nail polish were soaked in black coffee for 2 days, then 16 teeth were immersed in a local strawberry extract solution, 16 teeth were immersed in an imported strawberry extract solution and the other 16 teeth were immersed in a 35% carbamide peroxide gel solution and then observed and measured the color of the teeth after immersion at 24 hours and 48 hours. Results: There is potential for local and imported strawberry fruit extract in whitening teeth but the whitening potential when compared to carbamide peroxide is not significant (p>0.05). The whitening potential of imported strawberry juice is higher than that of local strawberry juice based on the average value. Conclusion: Based on research results, local and imported strawberry juice extracts have the potential to whiten discolored teeth.
{"title":"Potency of Acid Content in Local and Imported Strawberry Fruit Extract (Fragaria X Ananassa) as Natural Ingredients for Teeth Whitening","authors":"Sari Dewiyani","doi":"10.23880/oajds-16000377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajds-16000377","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Bleaching treatment is a whitening treatment for discolored teeth to restore their aesthetic function. The bleaching agent that is commonly used is 35% carbamide peroxide. Strawberries contain malic acid which can whiten teeth. Purpose: This study aims to find out acid potential on strawberries as a natural ingredient for teeth whitening. Methods: 48 post-extraction permanent single-rooted teeth that had been coated with clear nail polish were soaked in black coffee for 2 days, then 16 teeth were immersed in a local strawberry extract solution, 16 teeth were immersed in an imported strawberry extract solution and the other 16 teeth were immersed in a 35% carbamide peroxide gel solution and then observed and measured the color of the teeth after immersion at 24 hours and 48 hours. Results: There is potential for local and imported strawberry fruit extract in whitening teeth but the whitening potential when compared to carbamide peroxide is not significant (p>0.05). The whitening potential of imported strawberry juice is higher than that of local strawberry juice based on the average value. Conclusion: Based on research results, local and imported strawberry juice extracts have the potential to whiten discolored teeth.","PeriodicalId":500728,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of dental sciences","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135551037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Periodontal Disease is the most common chronic inflammatory bacterial disease that dramatically affects tooth loss and consequent adverse effects not only on the patient's aesthetics and self-confidence but also on the general condition of the body. Because of the high expectation of aggressive behaviour of periodontal disease, the ability to diagnosis and treat early may decrease the risk of tooth loss. So a complete understanding of its silent characteristic is the key. Aim: to thoroughly light on the significance of the early diagnosis and treatment of periodontal diseases which will take part in good prognosis and better outcomes on oral and general health. Methodology: A systematic literature review depends on collecting data from an evidence based studies. Searches were made of twenty electronic databases: the Cochrane Oral Health Group’s Trials Register, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE, PsycINFO, Scopus and Web of science, MEDLINE (PubMed). Results: There is a statistically significant clinical improvement in all clinical parameter and biochemical analysis following the periodontal therapy treatment which effect on tooth shelf life. Conclusion: The results proved the benefit of periodontal therapy as a promising treatment therapy in improving periodontal parameters. Understanding the etiology of the progression of periodontal diseases is a very essential step to stopping the disease.
牙周病是最常见的慢性炎症性细菌疾病，严重影响牙齿脱落，不仅对患者的审美和自信造成不良影响，而且对身体的一般状况也造成不良影响。由于对牙周病侵袭性行为的高度预期，早期诊断和治疗的能力可能会降低牙齿脱落的风险。因此，全面了解其沉默的特点是关键。目的:全面阐明牙周病的早期诊断和治疗的意义，这将有助于良好的预后和更好的口腔和全身健康结果。方法:系统的文献综述依赖于从基于证据的研究中收集数据。检索了20个电子数据库:Cochrane口腔健康组试验注册，Cochrane中央对照试验注册(Central)， EMBASE, PsycINFO, Scopus和Web of science, MEDLINE (PubMed)。结果:牙周治疗对牙周保存期影响的临床指标及生化指标均有统计学意义的改善。结论:牙周治疗是改善牙周参数的一种有前景的治疗方法。了解牙周病发展的病因是预防牙周病的重要一步。
{"title":"Overview of Periodontal Disease, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment Therapy","authors":"Shaymaa Hussein Rafat Kotb","doi":"10.23880/oajds-16000376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/oajds-16000376","url":null,"abstract":"Periodontal Disease is the most common chronic inflammatory bacterial disease that dramatically affects tooth loss and consequent adverse effects not only on the patient's aesthetics and self-confidence but also on the general condition of the body. Because of the high expectation of aggressive behaviour of periodontal disease, the ability to diagnosis and treat early may decrease the risk of tooth loss. So a complete understanding of its silent characteristic is the key. Aim: to thoroughly light on the significance of the early diagnosis and treatment of periodontal diseases which will take part in good prognosis and better outcomes on oral and general health. Methodology: A systematic literature review depends on collecting data from an evidence based studies. Searches were made of twenty electronic databases: the Cochrane Oral Health Group’s Trials Register, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE, PsycINFO, Scopus and Web of science, MEDLINE (PubMed). Results: There is a statistically significant clinical improvement in all clinical parameter and biochemical analysis following the periodontal therapy treatment which effect on tooth shelf life. Conclusion: The results proved the benefit of periodontal therapy as a promising treatment therapy in improving periodontal parameters. Understanding the etiology of the progression of periodontal diseases is a very essential step to stopping the disease.","PeriodicalId":500728,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of dental sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135551038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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