Charles Wroblewski, Rahul Islam Barbhuiya, Guneet Kaur, Gopu Raveendran Nair, Abdallah Elsayed, Ashutosh Singh
To achieve global sustainability goals, it is necessary to ensure food safety and security by adopting sustainable agricultural practices. However, the current agri‐food sector is not only in its most vulnerable state, but it is also becoming a threat to the environment due to the combination of industrial and human activities that are detrimental. These activities, including the use of highly toxic agrochemicals, have deteriorated the quality of arable soil, thereby impacting food security. One area of research emerging in recent years as a promising avenue to combat concerns around agricultural soil quality and productivity is that of the application of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs). In this review, we comprehensively examine the synthesis processes, application, environmental impact, and regulations associated with MONPs in the agri‐food sector. In agriculture, these nanoparticles have been demonstrated to enhance crop yields by acting as delivery systems for nutrients, preventing soil degradation, and reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. In relation to ensuring food quality and security, these nanoparticles are used as additives to enhance nutritional content, improve texture, and extend shelf life. Alternatively, the antimicrobial properties of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles can be used to modify packaging materials and make them more effective at preserving food, reducing food waste by inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria, and reducing the risk of foodborne illnesses. Overall, using nanoparticles in the agriculture and food industry offers exciting opportunities to promote sustainability, reduce environmental pollution, and improve food quality and safety.
{"title":"A comprehensive insight into metal oxide nanoparticle synthesis, associated regulations, and application in the agri‐food sector","authors":"Charles Wroblewski, Rahul Islam Barbhuiya, Guneet Kaur, Gopu Raveendran Nair, Abdallah Elsayed, Ashutosh Singh","doi":"10.1002/cjce.25484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.25484","url":null,"abstract":"To achieve global sustainability goals, it is necessary to ensure food safety and security by adopting sustainable agricultural practices. However, the current agri‐food sector is not only in its most vulnerable state, but it is also becoming a threat to the environment due to the combination of industrial and human activities that are detrimental. These activities, including the use of highly toxic agrochemicals, have deteriorated the quality of arable soil, thereby impacting food security. One area of research emerging in recent years as a promising avenue to combat concerns around agricultural soil quality and productivity is that of the application of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs). In this review, we comprehensively examine the synthesis processes, application, environmental impact, and regulations associated with MONPs in the agri‐food sector. In agriculture, these nanoparticles have been demonstrated to enhance crop yields by acting as delivery systems for nutrients, preventing soil degradation, and reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. In relation to ensuring food quality and security, these nanoparticles are used as additives to enhance nutritional content, improve texture, and extend shelf life. Alternatively, the antimicrobial properties of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles can be used to modify packaging materials and make them more effective at preserving food, reducing food waste by inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria, and reducing the risk of foodborne illnesses. Overall, using nanoparticles in the agriculture and food industry offers exciting opportunities to promote sustainability, reduce environmental pollution, and improve food quality and safety.","PeriodicalId":501204,"journal":{"name":"The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the classification of industrial process faults, the collected process fault data has the problem of having more irrelevant fault information, limited labels, and a significant impact of noise, which affects the prediction accuracy of the classification model. To address these problems, this paper proposes a semi‐supervised dual‐noise autoencoder method that integrates pseudo‐labels and consistency regularization (PR‐SNAE). Based on normal samples, the differences between faulty samples and normal samples are enhanced through dissimilarity analysis. Two types of noise are introduced into the enhanced samples to improve the robustness of the model. A stacked supervised autoencoder (SSAE) network is trained using a small amount of labelled data. The deep feature information is extracted to establish a preliminary fault classification model. Pseudo‐labels are generated for unlabelled samples to overcome the problem of insufficient labels for fault data. In the adjustment stage of the classification model, a loss function that integrates pseudo‐labels and consistency regularization is proposed to prevent overfitting and poor robustness of the model. Simulation experiments were conducted on the Tennessee Eastman (TE) benchmark process and three‐phase flow process, and the results verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.
{"title":"Dual‐noise autoencoder combining pseudo‐labels and consistency regularization for process fault classification","authors":"Xiaoping Guo, Qingyu Guo, Yuan Li","doi":"10.1002/cjce.25478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.25478","url":null,"abstract":"In the classification of industrial process faults, the collected process fault data has the problem of having more irrelevant fault information, limited labels, and a significant impact of noise, which affects the prediction accuracy of the classification model. To address these problems, this paper proposes a semi‐supervised dual‐noise autoencoder method that integrates pseudo‐labels and consistency regularization (PR‐SNAE). Based on normal samples, the differences between faulty samples and normal samples are enhanced through dissimilarity analysis. Two types of noise are introduced into the enhanced samples to improve the robustness of the model. A stacked supervised autoencoder (SSAE) network is trained using a small amount of labelled data. The deep feature information is extracted to establish a preliminary fault classification model. Pseudo‐labels are generated for unlabelled samples to overcome the problem of insufficient labels for fault data. In the adjustment stage of the classification model, a loss function that integrates pseudo‐labels and consistency regularization is proposed to prevent overfitting and poor robustness of the model. Simulation experiments were conducted on the Tennessee Eastman (TE) benchmark process and three‐phase flow process, and the results verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":501204,"journal":{"name":"The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gesiara de França Silva de Lima, Rúbia Michele Suzuki, Admilton Gonçalves de Oliveira Junior, Ana Caroline Raimundini Aranha, Rafael Oliveira Defendi, Maria Carolina Sérgi Gomes, Maria Luíza Abreu Nicoletto, Caroline Casagrande Sipoli
Modern agriculture seeks to control pests and diseases in the field while maintaining production, reducing the use of dangerous chemical molecules, and resorting to more sustainable solutions. One of the ways to achieve these objectives is biological control. Furthermore, combined with biological control, the use of nanoencapsulation techniques of biological control agents with materials that are bioavailable and biodegradable in the environment has proven to be an alternative to reducing the use of non‐renewable materials. Therefore, the present work aimed to develop a nanoparticle system for biological control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The nanoparticle system was produced using the ionotropic gelation technique using chitosan (CHI) as a polymer. The cell‐free supernatant (CFS) of the microorganism Bacillus velezensis CMRP4490 was used to produce nanoparticles, as preliminary studies show that its metabolites act in biological control. The nanoparticles produced were prepared in different concentrations of CHI and CFS and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated against the fungus S. sclerotiorum. The encapsulated samples have a concentration of 20%–80% of CFS and 0.25% and 0.8% of CHI and showed a 100% inhibitory effect against S. Sclerotiorum, and the results obtained indicate a synergistic effect between CHI and CFS.
现代农业力求在控制田间病虫害的同时保持产量，减少危险化学分子的使用，并采用更可持续的解决方案。实现这些目标的方法之一就是生物防治。此外，结合生物防治，使用纳米封装技术将生物防治剂与可在环境中生物利用和生物降解的材料相结合，已被证明是减少使用不可再生材料的一种替代方法。因此，本研究旨在开发一种纳米颗粒系统，用于硬核菌的生物防治。纳米粒子系统是以壳聚糖（CHI）为聚合物，利用离子凝胶技术生产的。由于初步研究表明无细胞上清液（CFS）微生物枯草芽孢杆菌 CMRP4490 的代谢产物具有生物防治作用，因此该微生物被用来生产纳米颗粒。用不同浓度的 CHI 和 CFS 制备了纳米颗粒，并评估了它们对真菌 S. sclerotiorum 的抗菌活性。封装样品中 CFS 的浓度为 20%-80%，CHI 的浓度为 0.25%和 0.8%，对 S. Sclerotiorum 的抑制率为 100%，结果表明 CHI 和 CFS 具有协同作用。
{"title":"Development of chitosan‐based nanoparticles encapsulating Bacillus velezensis CMRP4490 metabolites for enhanced in vitro control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum","authors":"Gesiara de França Silva de Lima, Rúbia Michele Suzuki, Admilton Gonçalves de Oliveira Junior, Ana Caroline Raimundini Aranha, Rafael Oliveira Defendi, Maria Carolina Sérgi Gomes, Maria Luíza Abreu Nicoletto, Caroline Casagrande Sipoli","doi":"10.1002/cjce.25486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.25486","url":null,"abstract":"Modern agriculture seeks to control pests and diseases in the field while maintaining production, reducing the use of dangerous chemical molecules, and resorting to more sustainable solutions. One of the ways to achieve these objectives is biological control. Furthermore, combined with biological control, the use of nanoencapsulation techniques of biological control agents with materials that are bioavailable and biodegradable in the environment has proven to be an alternative to reducing the use of non‐renewable materials. Therefore, the present work aimed to develop a nanoparticle system for biological control of <jats:italic>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</jats:italic>. The nanoparticle system was produced using the ionotropic gelation technique using chitosan (CHI) as a polymer. The cell‐free supernatant (CFS) of the microorganism <jats:italic>Bacillus velezensis</jats:italic> CMRP4490 was used to produce nanoparticles, as preliminary studies show that its metabolites act in biological control. The nanoparticles produced were prepared in different concentrations of CHI and CFS and their antimicrobial activity was evaluated against the fungus <jats:italic>S</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>sclerotiorum</jats:italic>. The encapsulated samples have a concentration of 20%–80% of CFS and 0.25% and 0.8% of CHI and showed a 100% inhibitory effect against <jats:italic>S</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Sclerotiorum</jats:italic>, and the results obtained indicate a synergistic effect between CHI and CFS.","PeriodicalId":501204,"journal":{"name":"The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present work consists of a systematic literature review that examines studies on using machine learning to monitor fouling in heat exchangers in the chemical engineering area. The research was conducted in four renowned databases: SCOPUS, Science Direct, IEEE, and Web of Science. The main objective of the investigation was to identify the most prevalent machine learning methods, evaluate their performance, and analyze the challenges associated with their implementation and prospects. Using the StArt software, seven relevant scientific papers from the established review protocol. The most frequently identified methods were support vector machine (SVM) and k‐nearest neighbours (k‐NN), followed by decision tree. However, long‐term and short‐term predictors and long short‐term memory (LSTM) and non‐linear autoregressive with exogenous inputs (NARX) algorithms were the most successful, followed by Gaussian process regression (GPR), SVM, k‐NN, and improved grey wolf optimization–support vector regression (IGWO‐SVR) algorithms. Although these methods inspire confidence, it is important to highlight that they are still in the software testing phase. Key gaps identified include the need for further studies on real industrial applications and the integration of advanced sensors and measurement systems. Future directions point to developing more robust and generalized algorithms capable of dealing with the complexity of real systems.
本研究是一项系统的文献综述，探讨了在化学工程领域使用机器学习监测热交换器结垢的研究。研究在四个知名数据库中进行：SCOPUS、Science Direct、IEEE 和 Web of Science。调查的主要目的是确定最流行的机器学习方法，评估其性能，并分析与其实施和前景相关的挑战。使用 StArt 软件，从既定的审查协议中筛选出七篇相关科学论文。最常见的方法是支持向量机（SVM）和k-近邻（k-NN），其次是决策树。不过，长期和短期预测器以及长短期记忆（LSTM）和外生输入非线性自回归（NARX）算法最为成功，其次是高斯过程回归（GPR）、SVM、k-NN 和改进的灰狼优化-支持向量回归（IGWO-SVR）算法。尽管这些方法令人充满信心，但必须强调的是，它们仍处于软件测试阶段。已发现的主要差距包括需要进一步研究实际工业应用以及集成先进传感器和测量系统。未来的方向是开发更强大、更通用的算法，以应对实际系统的复杂性。
{"title":"Application of machine learning in monitoring fouling in heat exchangers in chemical engineering: A systematic review","authors":"Lucas Villa, Claiton Zanini Brusamarello","doi":"10.1002/cjce.25480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.25480","url":null,"abstract":"The present work consists of a systematic literature review that examines studies on using machine learning to monitor fouling in heat exchangers in the chemical engineering area. The research was conducted in four renowned databases: SCOPUS, Science Direct, IEEE, and Web of Science. The main objective of the investigation was to identify the most prevalent machine learning methods, evaluate their performance, and analyze the challenges associated with their implementation and prospects. Using the StArt software, seven relevant scientific papers from the established review protocol. The most frequently identified methods were support vector machine (SVM) and k‐nearest neighbours (k‐NN), followed by decision tree. However, long‐term and short‐term predictors and long short‐term memory (LSTM) and non‐linear autoregressive with exogenous inputs (NARX) algorithms were the most successful, followed by Gaussian process regression (GPR), SVM, k‐NN, and improved grey wolf optimization–support vector regression (IGWO‐SVR) algorithms. Although these methods inspire confidence, it is important to highlight that they are still in the software testing phase. Key gaps identified include the need for further studies on real industrial applications and the integration of advanced sensors and measurement systems. Future directions point to developing more robust and generalized algorithms capable of dealing with the complexity of real systems.","PeriodicalId":501204,"journal":{"name":"The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"169 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, an attempt has been made to understand the kinetic compensation effects and their usefulness in the kinetic analysis of a lab‐based gasification study. The gasification experiment was carried out in two different gasifying environments, that is, 0.4%O₂ + 8%H₂O‐Ar and 8%H₂O‐Ar, for two different particle sizes of Loy Yang brown coal. Analysis of kinetic values with the change in particle size and gasifying environment was investigated. This provides information on the path of product gas formation and how the overall controlling factor affects the path of char gasification, including the rate‐limiting step. Furthermore, the results indicate that having multiple sets of kinetic parameters caused by the inclusion of the change in char properties into kinetics during solid–gas heterogeneous reactions opens up the scope for wider applications in chemical reaction engineering. This includes the design of a reactor with a proper kinetic model, optimization of feedstock, and process parameters with the identification of pathways for product gas formation, which ultimately plays a key role in scaling up technology from bench‐scale to plant‐scale. In contrast, the study of kinetics with having a single set of kinetic data based on the initial change in char properties limits its applications.
{"title":"Usefulness of insights into the kinetic compensation effects in the kinetic analysis of the coal gasification process","authors":"Manoj Kumar Jena, Vineet Kumar, Hari Vuthaluru","doi":"10.1002/cjce.25477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.25477","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an attempt has been made to understand the kinetic compensation effects and their usefulness in the kinetic analysis of a lab‐based gasification study. The gasification experiment was carried out in two different gasifying environments, that is, 0.4%O₂ + 8%H₂O‐Ar and 8%H₂O‐Ar, for two different particle sizes of Loy Yang brown coal. Analysis of kinetic values with the change in particle size and gasifying environment was investigated. This provides information on the path of product gas formation and how the overall controlling factor affects the path of char gasification, including the rate‐limiting step. Furthermore, the results indicate that having multiple sets of kinetic parameters caused by the inclusion of the change in char properties into kinetics during solid–gas heterogeneous reactions opens up the scope for wider applications in chemical reaction engineering. This includes the design of a reactor with a proper kinetic model, optimization of feedstock, and process parameters with the identification of pathways for product gas formation, which ultimately plays a key role in scaling up technology from bench‐scale to plant‐scale. In contrast, the study of kinetics with having a single set of kinetic data based on the initial change in char properties limits its applications.","PeriodicalId":501204,"journal":{"name":"The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study explores air separation processes, proposing an innovative design incorporating liquid natural gas (LNG)'s two‐stage Rankine cycles to address traditional approaches' complexity and energy intensity. Significant wastage of energy during air compression in standard units is recuperated for liquefied natural gas regasification, with a focus on enhancing cold energy recovery, emphasizing cryogenic LNG advantages. Aspen HYSYS (12.1) is used for process modelling and simulation evaluating a combined two‐stage Rankine cycle integrated into air separation. Specific energy requirements for high‐purity oxygen and nitrogen production are reduced to 0.38 and 0.12 kWh/kg, respectively. The integrated Rankine cycle generates 4456.32 kW, which is sufficient for air separation process. Exergy destruction and component efficiency are explored and parametric optimization, revealing LNG variables' significant impact. Economic analysis indicates a fair 5.25‐year payback period. This approach aligns with sustainability goals, providing a compelling efficiency‐enhancing option for the LNG sector.
{"title":"Enhancing energy efficiency: Design and simulation of air fractionation unit integrated through LNG cold energy and two‐stage organic Rankine cycles","authors":"Bhalchandra Shingan, Karthikraja Pandiyan, Dharmendra Kumar Gupta","doi":"10.1002/cjce.25482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.25482","url":null,"abstract":"The study explores air separation processes, proposing an innovative design incorporating liquid natural gas (LNG)'s two‐stage Rankine cycles to address traditional approaches' complexity and energy intensity. Significant wastage of energy during air compression in standard units is recuperated for liquefied natural gas regasification, with a focus on enhancing cold energy recovery, emphasizing cryogenic LNG advantages. Aspen HYSYS (12.1) is used for process modelling and simulation evaluating a combined two‐stage Rankine cycle integrated into air separation. Specific energy requirements for high‐purity oxygen and nitrogen production are reduced to 0.38 and 0.12 kWh/kg, respectively. The integrated Rankine cycle generates 4456.32 kW, which is sufficient for air separation process. Exergy destruction and component efficiency are explored and parametric optimization, revealing LNG variables' significant impact. Economic analysis indicates a fair 5.25‐year payback period. This approach aligns with sustainability goals, providing a compelling efficiency‐enhancing option for the LNG sector.","PeriodicalId":501204,"journal":{"name":"The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"169 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samira Hashemzadeh, Jafar Javanmardi, Ali Rasoolzadeh, Amir H. Mohammadi
Due to the growing significance of the existence of gas hydrates in natural media like the ocean floor/permafrost regions and the extraction of natural gas from hydrate reservoirs using thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors, investigating the dissociation of gas hydrates in porous media in the presence of inhibitors is crucial. This work examines a broad range of laboratory data on the dissociation conditions of gas hydrates in the porous mediums when salt/alcohol aqueous solutions are present. The temperature of gas hydrate dissociation in the presence of pure water is calculated using the van der Waals–Platteeuw solid solution theory. The water activity in the porous medium is then calculated by taking into account a number of variables, including the radius of the porous medium, molar volume, shape factor, wetting angle, and surface tension. The Pitzer and Margules activity coefficient models are used to determine the water activity in the presence of salt and alcohol, respectively. Lastly, the gas hydrate dissociation temperature in a porous medium in the presence of salt and/or alcohol aqueous solution is determined by combining Piereon's model with an enthalpy‐based correlation that was proposed by Azimi et al. The selected package can consistently correlate the gas hydrate dissociation conditions in a porous medium in the presence of alcohol or salt aqueous solution. The average absolute deviation (AAD) of 0.67 K for the whole data bank (90 experimental data points) shows the precision of the model.
{"title":"Thermodynamic modelling of gas hydrate dissociation conditions in porous medium in the presence of NaCl/methanol aqueous solution","authors":"Samira Hashemzadeh, Jafar Javanmardi, Ali Rasoolzadeh, Amir H. Mohammadi","doi":"10.1002/cjce.25467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.25467","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the growing significance of the existence of gas hydrates in natural media like the ocean floor/permafrost regions and the extraction of natural gas from hydrate reservoirs using thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors, investigating the dissociation of gas hydrates in porous media in the presence of inhibitors is crucial. This work examines a broad range of laboratory data on the dissociation conditions of gas hydrates in the porous mediums when salt/alcohol aqueous solutions are present. The temperature of gas hydrate dissociation in the presence of pure water is calculated using the van der Waals–Platteeuw solid solution theory. The water activity in the porous medium is then calculated by taking into account a number of variables, including the radius of the porous medium, molar volume, shape factor, wetting angle, and surface tension. The Pitzer and Margules activity coefficient models are used to determine the water activity in the presence of salt and alcohol, respectively. Lastly, the gas hydrate dissociation temperature in a porous medium in the presence of salt and/or alcohol aqueous solution is determined by combining Piereon's model with an enthalpy‐based correlation that was proposed by Azimi et al. The selected package can consistently correlate the gas hydrate dissociation conditions in a porous medium in the presence of alcohol or salt aqueous solution. The average absolute deviation (AAD) of 0.67 K for the whole data bank (90 experimental data points) shows the precision of the model.","PeriodicalId":501204,"journal":{"name":"The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"05 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wei Bi, Wenbo Bao, Elöd Gyenge, David P. Wilkinson
Electrochemical flow cells are promising designs for both ammonium () electrosynthesis from dinitrogen and removal/recovery from wastewater. The crossover is undesirable for electrosynthesis but is favourable for removal. The crossover is investigated herein under different current densities, concentrations, and feed locations using cation‐exchange (Nafion N112, N350) and anion‐exchange (Sustainion X37‐50) membranes and microporous diaphragms (Celgard 3400, 3500, and 5550). For Nafion N112, the crossover from catholyte to anolyte decreases with higher concentrations from 81.9 ± 4.7% at 1 ppm to 10.7 ± 0.7% at 3400 ppm. At a constant concentration, increasing the current density leads to more intense electrolyte pH polarization, which leads to volatilization in favour of recovery up to 78.1 ± 1.1% at a cathode superficial current density of −10 A m−2. When comparing the recovery efficiency, the cathode‐ and symmetric fed operations were outperformed by the anode‐fed mode for 3400 ppm due to the equilibrium that buffers the pH change. For Celgard diaphragms, modest crossover (<5%) was only demonstrated at low current densities (≤−1 A m−2), but the separation was compromised by the bulk electrolyte transport through micropores and electrolysis‐induced pH polarization, highlighting future needs to develop and rigorously verify separators toward electrosynthesis.
{"title":"Ammonium crossover as a function of membrane type and operating conditions in flow cells for ammonia synthesis and water treatment applications","authors":"Wei Bi, Wenbo Bao, Elöd Gyenge, David P. Wilkinson","doi":"10.1002/cjce.25475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.25475","url":null,"abstract":"Electrochemical flow cells are promising designs for both ammonium () electrosynthesis from dinitrogen and removal/recovery from wastewater. The crossover is undesirable for electrosynthesis but is favourable for removal. The crossover is investigated herein under different current densities, concentrations, and feed locations using cation‐exchange (Nafion N112, N350) and anion‐exchange (Sustainion X37‐50) membranes and microporous diaphragms (Celgard 3400, 3500, and 5550). For Nafion N112, the crossover from catholyte to anolyte decreases with higher concentrations from 81.9 ± 4.7% at 1 ppm to 10.7 ± 0.7% at 3400 ppm. At a constant concentration, increasing the current density leads to more intense electrolyte pH polarization, which leads to volatilization in favour of recovery up to 78.1 ± 1.1% at a cathode superficial current density of −10 A m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>. When comparing the recovery efficiency, the cathode‐ and symmetric fed operations were outperformed by the anode‐fed mode for 3400 ppm due to the equilibrium that buffers the pH change. For Celgard diaphragms, modest crossover (<5%) was only demonstrated at low current densities (≤−1 A m<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup>), but the separation was compromised by the bulk electrolyte transport through micropores and electrolysis‐induced pH polarization, highlighting future needs to develop and rigorously verify separators toward electrosynthesis.","PeriodicalId":501204,"journal":{"name":"The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ida Palazzo, Gianluca Viscusi, Giuliana Gorrasi, Ernesto Reverchon
This work reports the production of polymeric nanocapsules of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)/phase change materials (PCM), using continuous supercritical emulsion extraction (SEE‐C). Five fatty acids (FAs) were tested: capric (CA), lauric (LA), myristic (MA), palmitic (PA), and stearic (SA) acid, using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) operating at 80 bar and 38°C in a tower apparatus. The two fatty acids with lower molecular weight (CA and LA) were extracted by the supercritical solvent and capsules were not obtained. The other three FAs formed spherical, non‐coalescing nanocapsules characterized by mean diameters ranging between 134 and 252 nm, as shown by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, with a sharp particles size distribution and encapsulation efficiencies up to 99.8%. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) analyses confirmed the successful encapsulation, allowing the measurement of the energy storage properties of produced capsules. Stability analysis performed over 5 months showed that the nanocapsules were stable in this time interval. Thermal cycles experiments confirmed the thermal stability of the capsules. The best performance was obtained for PA based nanocapsules, which showed a stability reduction of only 0.43% after 25 thermal cycles.
{"title":"Composite nanocapsules of phase change materials using a supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) assisted process","authors":"Ida Palazzo, Gianluca Viscusi, Giuliana Gorrasi, Ernesto Reverchon","doi":"10.1002/cjce.25472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.25472","url":null,"abstract":"This work reports the production of polymeric nanocapsules of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)/phase change materials (PCM), using continuous supercritical emulsion extraction (SEE‐C). Five fatty acids (FAs) were tested: capric (CA), lauric (LA), myristic (MA), palmitic (PA), and stearic (SA) acid, using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>) operating at 80 bar and 38°C in a tower apparatus. The two fatty acids with lower molecular weight (CA and LA) were extracted by the supercritical solvent and capsules were not obtained. The other three FAs formed spherical, non‐coalescing nanocapsules characterized by mean diameters ranging between 134 and 252 nm, as shown by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, with a sharp particles size distribution and encapsulation efficiencies up to 99.8%. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG) analyses confirmed the successful encapsulation, allowing the measurement of the energy storage properties of produced capsules. Stability analysis performed over 5 months showed that the nanocapsules were stable in this time interval. Thermal cycles experiments confirmed the thermal stability of the capsules. The best performance was obtained for PA based nanocapsules, which showed a stability reduction of only 0.43% after 25 thermal cycles.","PeriodicalId":501204,"journal":{"name":"The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hamed Nikravesh, Yousef Kazemzadeh, Atefeh Hasan‐Zadeh, Ali Safaei
In today's world, where the oil and gas industry faces challenges such as declining production and the increasing need for efficient resource utilization, microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) is introduced as a biological solution. This method, based on mechanisms like surfactant production, reduction of oil viscosity, and improvement of reservoir chemical properties, can increase oil recovery by 15%–20%, reduce operational costs by up to 30%, and is highly environmentally friendly. This study reviews various MEOR methods, including stimulating existing microbial activity in reservoirs or injecting microbes and nutrients. It presents successful examples of this technology in different oil fields, showing how MEOR can be a sustainable alternative to traditional methods. However, challenges such as the need for further research, control of biological processes, and advanced technology usage are also emphasized.
{"title":"Microorganisms usage in enhanced oil recovery: Mechanisms, applications, benefits, and limitations","authors":"Hamed Nikravesh, Yousef Kazemzadeh, Atefeh Hasan‐Zadeh, Ali Safaei","doi":"10.1002/cjce.25476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.25476","url":null,"abstract":"In today's world, where the oil and gas industry faces challenges such as declining production and the increasing need for efficient resource utilization, microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) is introduced as a biological solution. This method, based on mechanisms like surfactant production, reduction of oil viscosity, and improvement of reservoir chemical properties, can increase oil recovery by 15%–20%, reduce operational costs by up to 30%, and is highly environmentally friendly. This study reviews various MEOR methods, including stimulating existing microbial activity in reservoirs or injecting microbes and nutrients. It presents successful examples of this technology in different oil fields, showing how MEOR can be a sustainable alternative to traditional methods. However, challenges such as the need for further research, control of biological processes, and advanced technology usage are also emphasized.","PeriodicalId":501204,"journal":{"name":"The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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