Joachim Hüffmeier,Ann-Kathrin Torka,Rune Høigaard,Tommy Haugen
In 2019, Schleu et al. showed that 400-m runners at major championships exhibited team effort gains-they ran faster in the relay than in the individual competition. However, due to low statistical power, it remains unclear whether these findings are replicable. In a replication and extension of this study, we wanted to find out whether its findings replicate in a sample of 1,718 observations from 1,270 U.S. college athletes and whether effort expenditure is driven by working in a team or the chance of valuable outcomes in the relay. As shown by linear mixed modeling and regression analyses, runners exhibited effort gains only if their relays had high medal chances and if they had not been successful in the individual competition (i.e., did not place first to third). Moreover, relay members who had been successful in the individual competition showed effort losses. Overall, effort expenditure was thus driven by rewards.
{"title":"Team- or Reward-Induced Effort Gains in Track and Field Relays? A Replication and Extension of Schleu et al. (2019).","authors":"Joachim Hüffmeier,Ann-Kathrin Torka,Rune Høigaard,Tommy Haugen","doi":"10.1123/jsep.2025-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2025-0001","url":null,"abstract":"In 2019, Schleu et al. showed that 400-m runners at major championships exhibited team effort gains-they ran faster in the relay than in the individual competition. However, due to low statistical power, it remains unclear whether these findings are replicable. In a replication and extension of this study, we wanted to find out whether its findings replicate in a sample of 1,718 observations from 1,270 U.S. college athletes and whether effort expenditure is driven by working in a team or the chance of valuable outcomes in the relay. As shown by linear mixed modeling and regression analyses, runners exhibited effort gains only if their relays had high medal chances and if they had not been successful in the individual competition (i.e., did not place first to third). Moreover, relay members who had been successful in the individual competition showed effort losses. Overall, effort expenditure was thus driven by rewards.","PeriodicalId":501398,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145907526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weldon Green,Daniel J Phipps,Milla Saarinen,Taru Lintunen,Martin S Hagger,Keegan Knittle
Physical activity levels decline as children transition into adolescence. Preventing this trend may contribute to beneficial physical activity patterns later in life. Examining children's and parents' beliefs and behaviors can provide insight for designing (family-based) physical activity interventions. Groups of inactive parent-child dyads (N = 48) were interviewed about their dyadic and individual experiences of physical activity; salient psychological, social, and environmental factors; and ideas about how to improve their physical activity participation. The interviews were analyzed inductively using reflexive thematic analysis. Enjoyment was a key motivator of participant physical activity and required physical activity was also enjoyable. Lack of time, lack of self-control, and screen time were identified as barriers, and participants noted a loss of coactivity. The findings suggest avenues and preferences for future interventions, including fostering autonomous motivation, supporting the internalization of controlled forms of motivation, increasing opportunities for physical activity, and developing action control skills.
{"title":"Exploring Influences on Parent, Child, and Joint Physical Activity Among Inactive Parent-Child Dyads: A Qualitative Study.","authors":"Weldon Green,Daniel J Phipps,Milla Saarinen,Taru Lintunen,Martin S Hagger,Keegan Knittle","doi":"10.1123/jsep.2025-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2025-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Physical activity levels decline as children transition into adolescence. Preventing this trend may contribute to beneficial physical activity patterns later in life. Examining children's and parents' beliefs and behaviors can provide insight for designing (family-based) physical activity interventions. Groups of inactive parent-child dyads (N = 48) were interviewed about their dyadic and individual experiences of physical activity; salient psychological, social, and environmental factors; and ideas about how to improve their physical activity participation. The interviews were analyzed inductively using reflexive thematic analysis. Enjoyment was a key motivator of participant physical activity and required physical activity was also enjoyable. Lack of time, lack of self-control, and screen time were identified as barriers, and participants noted a loss of coactivity. The findings suggest avenues and preferences for future interventions, including fostering autonomous motivation, supporting the internalization of controlled forms of motivation, increasing opportunities for physical activity, and developing action control skills.","PeriodicalId":501398,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology","volume":"107 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145499540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiuying Miao,Na Xu,Xiaoting Wang,Li-Zhi Cao,Lizhong Chi
To chart the neurotemporal dynamics of corrective failure, we recorded electroencephalography from 30 elite basketball players as they performed a passing decision task. In a within-subjects design, a heuristic cue (a recommended pass) either Conflicted with the optimal action derived from video stimuli (Conflict condition) or aligned with it (Nonconflict condition). Behaviorally, the Conflict manipulation incurred significant costs: accuracy was lower in the Conflict condition, and when players succumbed to the bias, they exhibited longer response times and lower confidence compared to correct Nonconflict decisions. Neurally, we charted a progressive breakdown of corrective control. A preresponse P2-P3b-N500 cascade, reflecting effort, but insufficient corrective attempt, was followed by a postresponse error-related negativity signaling the detection of the failure. This provides the first electrophysiological evidence that such failures are not instantaneous but are a dynamic, sequential process. Our findings advance decision-making theory from static system descriptions to a dynamic, process-level understanding.
{"title":"A Neurotemporal Model of Heuristic Suppression Failure in Bias Responses During Basketball Passing Decisions.","authors":"Xiuying Miao,Na Xu,Xiaoting Wang,Li-Zhi Cao,Lizhong Chi","doi":"10.1123/jsep.2025-0133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2025-0133","url":null,"abstract":"To chart the neurotemporal dynamics of corrective failure, we recorded electroencephalography from 30 elite basketball players as they performed a passing decision task. In a within-subjects design, a heuristic cue (a recommended pass) either Conflicted with the optimal action derived from video stimuli (Conflict condition) or aligned with it (Nonconflict condition). Behaviorally, the Conflict manipulation incurred significant costs: accuracy was lower in the Conflict condition, and when players succumbed to the bias, they exhibited longer response times and lower confidence compared to correct Nonconflict decisions. Neurally, we charted a progressive breakdown of corrective control. A preresponse P2-P3b-N500 cascade, reflecting effort, but insufficient corrective attempt, was followed by a postresponse error-related negativity signaling the detection of the failure. This provides the first electrophysiological evidence that such failures are not instantaneous but are a dynamic, sequential process. Our findings advance decision-making theory from static system descriptions to a dynamic, process-level understanding.","PeriodicalId":501398,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145380809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Tribute to Dr. Diane Gill.","authors":"Jeffrey J Martin,Erin J Reifsteck,Alan L Smith","doi":"10.1123/jsep.2025-0261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2025-0261","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":501398,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology","volume":"118 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145380864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The negative effect of anxiety on performance has been explained via distraction (e.g., attentional control theory), self-focus (e.g., reinvestment theory), or an interaction of these mechanisms (e.g., interactionist hypothesis). For the first time, athletes' qualitative perception of all three mechanisms was explored. Ten amateur netball players completed an individual semistructured interview. Thematic analysis revealed three superordinate themes (distraction, self-focus, and interaction), two middle themes (sources and failure mechanisms), and a total of 10 subthemes (internal distractions, external distractions, impaired attentional control, overloaded attention, conscious motor processing, movement self-consciousness, deautomatization, distraction-induced self-focus, self-focus-induced distraction, and overload from simultaneous self-focus and distraction). Results suggest athletes notice instances of self-focus, distraction, and interactionist mechanisms. Interestingly, distraction and self-focus appeared to manifest a bidirectional relationship, whereby self-focus can be distracting and distraction can induce self-focus. This novel finding offers progress toward integrated rather than mutually exclusive conceptualizations of anxiety-performance mechanisms.
{"title":"Qualitative Experiences of Self-Focus, Distraction, and Interactionist Anxiety-Performance Mechanisms: What Do Players Perceive?","authors":"Shannon Rich,Shuge Zhang,Kaixiao Jiang,Caroline Wakefield,Robin Owen","doi":"10.1123/jsep.2025-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2025-0030","url":null,"abstract":"The negative effect of anxiety on performance has been explained via distraction (e.g., attentional control theory), self-focus (e.g., reinvestment theory), or an interaction of these mechanisms (e.g., interactionist hypothesis). For the first time, athletes' qualitative perception of all three mechanisms was explored. Ten amateur netball players completed an individual semistructured interview. Thematic analysis revealed three superordinate themes (distraction, self-focus, and interaction), two middle themes (sources and failure mechanisms), and a total of 10 subthemes (internal distractions, external distractions, impaired attentional control, overloaded attention, conscious motor processing, movement self-consciousness, deautomatization, distraction-induced self-focus, self-focus-induced distraction, and overload from simultaneous self-focus and distraction). Results suggest athletes notice instances of self-focus, distraction, and interactionist mechanisms. Interestingly, distraction and self-focus appeared to manifest a bidirectional relationship, whereby self-focus can be distracting and distraction can induce self-focus. This novel finding offers progress toward integrated rather than mutually exclusive conceptualizations of anxiety-performance mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":501398,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145370627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cam Davidson,Cailie S McGuire,Mitchell C Profeit,Sebastian Harenberg,Jeffrey G Caron,Luc J Martin
Despite the prevalence of injury and positional competition (PC) in sport, the ways in which injury influences athletes' experiences with PC has yet to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to explore (a) how injury influences athletes' PC experiences and (b) how injury and PC together influence individual- and team-level outcomes. A two-phase qualitative approach was adopted situated within the Canadian interuniversity football context. In Phase 1, 12 athletes participated in semistructured interviews. The findings from these interviews were then discussed in focus group interviews with eight additional athletes (Phase 2). Data were analyzed through a critical realist lens. Three major themes were identified: (a) competing while injured-a perceived unavoidable reality of PC, (b) player status is a key feature of athletes' injury and PC experiences, and (c) a double-edged sword-injury creates and takes away playing time opportunities. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
{"title":"Implications of Injury on Athlete Experiences With Positional Competition in Sport.","authors":"Cam Davidson,Cailie S McGuire,Mitchell C Profeit,Sebastian Harenberg,Jeffrey G Caron,Luc J Martin","doi":"10.1123/jsep.2025-0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2025-0032","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the prevalence of injury and positional competition (PC) in sport, the ways in which injury influences athletes' experiences with PC has yet to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to explore (a) how injury influences athletes' PC experiences and (b) how injury and PC together influence individual- and team-level outcomes. A two-phase qualitative approach was adopted situated within the Canadian interuniversity football context. In Phase 1, 12 athletes participated in semistructured interviews. The findings from these interviews were then discussed in focus group interviews with eight additional athletes (Phase 2). Data were analyzed through a critical realist lens. Three major themes were identified: (a) competing while injured-a perceived unavoidable reality of PC, (b) player status is a key feature of athletes' injury and PC experiences, and (c) a double-edged sword-injury creates and takes away playing time opportunities. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":501398,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology","volume":"130 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145296083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Researchers, and the public alike, assume that sport types (e.g., team, contact, aesthetic) inherently produce certain environments. To test these assumptions, we examined how sport types relate to adolescent participants' perceptions of sport contexts. Using survey data from 841 U.S. youth in 54 sports, we adopted a novel approach to include multiple sport types when (a) describing how sport types correlate to the perceived sport context and (b) examining how variance in sport enjoyment is predicted by sport type alongside other relational and structural aspects. Results show that sport types consistently predicted structural characteristics (e.g., team sports involved increased interdependence perceptions); yet, we observed fewer differences for relational characteristics (e.g., perceptions of friends). Relational characteristics also accounted for considerable variance in sport enjoyment, not explained by sport type alone. This study shows that clearer sport type definitions and precise assessments are needed to capture contextual factors that predict sport enjoyment.
{"title":"Rethinking Sport Type: Adolescent Sport Contexts and their Associations With Sport Enjoyment.","authors":"Jennifer P Agans,Michael Blair Evans","doi":"10.1123/jsep.2024-0337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2024-0337","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers, and the public alike, assume that sport types (e.g., team, contact, aesthetic) inherently produce certain environments. To test these assumptions, we examined how sport types relate to adolescent participants' perceptions of sport contexts. Using survey data from 841 U.S. youth in 54 sports, we adopted a novel approach to include multiple sport types when (a) describing how sport types correlate to the perceived sport context and (b) examining how variance in sport enjoyment is predicted by sport type alongside other relational and structural aspects. Results show that sport types consistently predicted structural characteristics (e.g., team sports involved increased interdependence perceptions); yet, we observed fewer differences for relational characteristics (e.g., perceptions of friends). Relational characteristics also accounted for considerable variance in sport enjoyment, not explained by sport type alone. This study shows that clearer sport type definitions and precise assessments are needed to capture contextual factors that predict sport enjoyment.","PeriodicalId":501398,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology","volume":"92 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145296084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tim Hardie,Alex Oliver,Paul J McCarthy,Bryan McCann
This study explored cognitive processes in elite rugby union place-kickers using a Think Aloud protocol. Five male kickers (Mage = 25.8 years) from Scotland's top domestic league wore microphones to verbalize thoughts during place-kicks from varied distances and angles. Recordings were transcribed verbatim and analyzed through abductive content analysis using Elliott et al.'s framework. Findings revealed planning as the dominant cognitive theme, with participants consistently using preperformance routines incorporating visualization techniques. External attributions of failure emerged as a novel coping strategy among four of five kickers. The results demonstrate how elite performers use metacognitive strategies, informed by dynamic self-regulation, and adaptive systems principles to regulate attention and adapt to task demands. These findings provide new insights into the cognitive architecture of specialized sports skills and highlight Think Aloud's value for capturing real-time thought processes. For applied practice, the study offers concrete recommendations for developing individualized routines that optimize attentional control and performance consistency in pressure situations.
{"title":"Identifying Cognitive Processes in Male Rugby Union Place-Kickers Using a \"Think Aloud\" Protocol.","authors":"Tim Hardie,Alex Oliver,Paul J McCarthy,Bryan McCann","doi":"10.1123/jsep.2024-0358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2024-0358","url":null,"abstract":"This study explored cognitive processes in elite rugby union place-kickers using a Think Aloud protocol. Five male kickers (Mage = 25.8 years) from Scotland's top domestic league wore microphones to verbalize thoughts during place-kicks from varied distances and angles. Recordings were transcribed verbatim and analyzed through abductive content analysis using Elliott et al.'s framework. Findings revealed planning as the dominant cognitive theme, with participants consistently using preperformance routines incorporating visualization techniques. External attributions of failure emerged as a novel coping strategy among four of five kickers. The results demonstrate how elite performers use metacognitive strategies, informed by dynamic self-regulation, and adaptive systems principles to regulate attention and adapt to task demands. These findings provide new insights into the cognitive architecture of specialized sports skills and highlight Think Aloud's value for capturing real-time thought processes. For applied practice, the study offers concrete recommendations for developing individualized routines that optimize attentional control and performance consistency in pressure situations.","PeriodicalId":501398,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145215990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jerry Prosper Medernach,Claudia Augste,Julian Henz,Stefan Künzell,Daniel Memmert,Xavier Sanchez
In sports, creativity refers to the ability to make decisions that are original and unexpected, yet effective. Given the limited research on climbers' creativity and its underlying mechanisms, this study explored the role of climbing level and route previewing on climbers' creativity and their ability to find creative climbing solutions. Twenty-eight climbers (14 advanced and 14 elite) were tasked with climbing an Olympic boulder that offered two climbing options: an easily identifiable option beyond their climbing levels, and a creative option that, though less identifiable, was feasible for both groups. Results revealed that elite climbers were more successful in completing the boulder, attained higher creativity scores, and more often used the creative option. Despite shorter preview durations, they had fewer holds without fixations and more fixations at key holds of the creative option. Overall, findings indicate that creativity in climbing is associated with skill level and behavior during route previewing.
{"title":"Creativity in Olympic Bouldering: Exploring the Role of Climbing Level and Route Previewing.","authors":"Jerry Prosper Medernach,Claudia Augste,Julian Henz,Stefan Künzell,Daniel Memmert,Xavier Sanchez","doi":"10.1123/jsep.2025-0097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2025-0097","url":null,"abstract":"In sports, creativity refers to the ability to make decisions that are original and unexpected, yet effective. Given the limited research on climbers' creativity and its underlying mechanisms, this study explored the role of climbing level and route previewing on climbers' creativity and their ability to find creative climbing solutions. Twenty-eight climbers (14 advanced and 14 elite) were tasked with climbing an Olympic boulder that offered two climbing options: an easily identifiable option beyond their climbing levels, and a creative option that, though less identifiable, was feasible for both groups. Results revealed that elite climbers were more successful in completing the boulder, attained higher creativity scores, and more often used the creative option. Despite shorter preview durations, they had fewer holds without fixations and more fixations at key holds of the creative option. Overall, findings indicate that creativity in climbing is associated with skill level and behavior during route previewing.","PeriodicalId":501398,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology","volume":"122 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144960213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Verbal communication among expert and nonexpert esport team players during active gameplay of Counter-Strike: Global Offensive (CS:GO) was observed and analyzed. By analyzing 4,040 in-game statements comprising 22,490 words (15,727 made by experts and 6,763 by nonexperts) across eight matches, we examined communication characteristics, such as content, frequency, pace, and distribution. Expert teams communicated more frequently and effectively than nonexpert teams, using predominantly factual and action-related statements while maintaining a significantly faster communication pace. Moreover, expert teams demonstrated a more balanced distribution of speakers, indicating shared responsibility among team players. A sequential analysis revealed that expert teams' players strategically transitioned between uncertainty-to-acknowledgement statements, and frequently transitioned between factual-to-factual and action-to-action statements. In contrast, nonexpert teams' players transitioned more between nontask-related statements and statements expressing emotions. These findings underscore the importance of efficient, task-relevant communication during active gameplay in fostering team shared mental models, rapid decision making, and effective team performance.
{"title":"Verbal Communication, Coordinated Effort, and Performance in Esports Teams: An Expert-Nonexpert Paradigm Study.","authors":"Omer Eldadi,Sarah Jeanne Fitoussi,Gershon Tenenbaum","doi":"10.1123/jsep.2024-0343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2024-0343","url":null,"abstract":"Verbal communication among expert and nonexpert esport team players during active gameplay of Counter-Strike: Global Offensive (CS:GO) was observed and analyzed. By analyzing 4,040 in-game statements comprising 22,490 words (15,727 made by experts and 6,763 by nonexperts) across eight matches, we examined communication characteristics, such as content, frequency, pace, and distribution. Expert teams communicated more frequently and effectively than nonexpert teams, using predominantly factual and action-related statements while maintaining a significantly faster communication pace. Moreover, expert teams demonstrated a more balanced distribution of speakers, indicating shared responsibility among team players. A sequential analysis revealed that expert teams' players strategically transitioned between uncertainty-to-acknowledgement statements, and frequently transitioned between factual-to-factual and action-to-action statements. In contrast, nonexpert teams' players transitioned more between nontask-related statements and statements expressing emotions. These findings underscore the importance of efficient, task-relevant communication during active gameplay in fostering team shared mental models, rapid decision making, and effective team performance.","PeriodicalId":501398,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144959902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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