The overexpression of the Physaria fendleri ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (PfFAD3-1) in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) substantially increases seed α-linolenic acid (18:3) content. To evaluate the compositional safety of PfFAD3-1 transgenic soybeans, we conducted a three-year, two-location field trial (Jeonju and Gunwi, Republic of Korea) and applied non-targeted metabolite profiling of polar and lipophilic metabolites. Multivariate analyses (PCA, PLS-DA) revealed that environmental factors (site and year) had a strong effect on seed metabolite composition. Volcano plot and variable importance in projection (VIP) analyses indicated that most metabolite differences between PfFAD3-1 lines and Kwangan (KA) varied across years and locations, reflecting gene - environment interactions. Importantly, the majority of metabolites in PfFAD3-1 lines remained within the natural variation range of non-GM reference cultivars, supporting substantial equivalence. The consistent deviation was an increase in β-amyrin, a triterpenoid precursor of soyasaponins. LC - MS analysis further confirmed line- and environment-dependent increases in specific saponins, particularly soyasaponin I. Given the established safety of triterpenoids in soybean and the biological coherence of fatty acid - triterpenoid pathway cross-talk, these findings suggest that β-amyrin accumulation represents an intended metabolic adjustment rather than an unintended effect. Collectively, our results demonstrate that non-targeted metabolomics complements conventional OECD-recommended compositional analyses, providing a robust framework for the safety assessment of nutritionally enhanced GM soybeans.
大豆（Glycine max (L.)）中芬氏绒泡菌ω-3脂肪酸去饱和酶（PfFAD3-1）的过表达)显著提高了种子α-亚麻酸（18:3）含量。为了评估PfFAD3-1转基因大豆的成分安全性，我们在韩国全州和郡威进行了为期三年的两地点田间试验，并应用了极性和亲脂性代谢物的非靶向代谢物谱分析。多因素分析（PCA, PLS-DA）表明，环境因子（地点和年份）对种子代谢物组成有较强的影响。火山图和投影变量重要性（VIP）分析表明，PfFAD3-1系与Kwangan （KA）之间的大多数代谢物差异在不同的年份和地点存在差异，反映了基因与环境的相互作用。重要的是，PfFAD3-1系的大部分代谢物保持在非转基因参考品种的自然变异范围内，支持实质等同。一致的偏差是β-amyrin（大豆皂苷的三萜前体）的增加。LC - MS分析进一步证实了特定皂苷，特别是大豆皂苷i的增加与系和环境相关。鉴于大豆中三萜的安全性以及脂肪酸-三萜途径串导的生物学一致性，这些发现表明β-amyrin积累代表了一种有意的代谢调节，而不是意外的影响。总的来说，我们的研究结果表明，非靶向代谢组学补充了经合组织推荐的传统成分分析，为营养增强型转基因大豆的安全性评估提供了一个强有力的框架。
{"title":"Non-targeted metabolite profiling reveals substantial equivalence of omega-3 enriched PfFAD3-1 transgenic soybeans.","authors":"Eun-Ha Kim,Hanyoung Choi,Hyoun-Min Park,Myeong-Ji Kim,Hajeong Kang,Sang-Gu Lee,Hyun Uk Kim,Young-Soo Chung,Seon-Woo Oh","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2026.2620886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2026.2620886","url":null,"abstract":"The overexpression of the Physaria fendleri ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (PfFAD3-1) in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) substantially increases seed α-linolenic acid (18:3) content. To evaluate the compositional safety of PfFAD3-1 transgenic soybeans, we conducted a three-year, two-location field trial (Jeonju and Gunwi, Republic of Korea) and applied non-targeted metabolite profiling of polar and lipophilic metabolites. Multivariate analyses (PCA, PLS-DA) revealed that environmental factors (site and year) had a strong effect on seed metabolite composition. Volcano plot and variable importance in projection (VIP) analyses indicated that most metabolite differences between PfFAD3-1 lines and Kwangan (KA) varied across years and locations, reflecting gene - environment interactions. Importantly, the majority of metabolites in PfFAD3-1 lines remained within the natural variation range of non-GM reference cultivars, supporting substantial equivalence. The consistent deviation was an increase in β-amyrin, a triterpenoid precursor of soyasaponins. LC - MS analysis further confirmed line- and environment-dependent increases in specific saponins, particularly soyasaponin I. Given the established safety of triterpenoids in soybean and the biological coherence of fatty acid - triterpenoid pathway cross-talk, these findings suggest that β-amyrin accumulation represents an intended metabolic adjustment rather than an unintended effect. Collectively, our results demonstrate that non-targeted metabolomics complements conventional OECD-recommended compositional analyses, providing a robust framework for the safety assessment of nutritionally enhanced GM soybeans.","PeriodicalId":501763,"journal":{"name":"GM Crops & Food","volume":"73 1","pages":"2620886"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Certified reference materials (CRMs) are essential in the detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), as they ensure the accuracy, comparability, and traceability of test results across time and laboratories, while also supporting international trade and market regulation. In this study, fresh leaves of genetically modified (GM) papaya YK1601 were used to prepare genomic DNA (gDNA) CRMs with transgenic contents of 50% and 5%. The certified values for three property values of this batch of gDNA CRMs were jointly determined by nine qualified laboratories using digital PCR. Homogeneity assessment confirmed good uniformity, with a minimum sample intake of 2 μL. Stability assessment demonstrated that the gDNA CRMs are stable when transported at temperatures below 37°C (preferably under cold-chain conditions) and can be stored at 4°C or -20°C for up to six months, with no more than 10 freeze-thaw cycles permitted during use. This study establishes a metrological benchmark for detecting GM papaya YK1601 and its derived products, while also providing measurement support for evaluating new detection methods and instruments for GM papaya.
{"title":"The application of digital PCR to characterize genomic DNA certified reference materials of genetically modified papaya YK1601.","authors":"Gongwen He,Zhiwen Pan,Jiayi Zhou,Ying He,Guiqin Yang,Lili Zhu,Juan Yao,Dagang Jiang","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2026.2620130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2026.2620130","url":null,"abstract":"Certified reference materials (CRMs) are essential in the detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), as they ensure the accuracy, comparability, and traceability of test results across time and laboratories, while also supporting international trade and market regulation. In this study, fresh leaves of genetically modified (GM) papaya YK1601 were used to prepare genomic DNA (gDNA) CRMs with transgenic contents of 50% and 5%. The certified values for three property values of this batch of gDNA CRMs were jointly determined by nine qualified laboratories using digital PCR. Homogeneity assessment confirmed good uniformity, with a minimum sample intake of 2 μL. Stability assessment demonstrated that the gDNA CRMs are stable when transported at temperatures below 37°C (preferably under cold-chain conditions) and can be stored at 4°C or -20°C for up to six months, with no more than 10 freeze-thaw cycles permitted during use. This study establishes a metrological benchmark for detecting GM papaya YK1601 and its derived products, while also providing measurement support for evaluating new detection methods and instruments for GM papaya.","PeriodicalId":501763,"journal":{"name":"GM Crops & Food","volume":"48 4 1","pages":"2620130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146070032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-23DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2026.2620884
Ana Velimirović,Zoran Jovović,Siniša Berjan,Hamid El Bilali,Mohammad S Allahyari
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) hold significant potential for enhancing agricultural sustainability, yet public acceptance remains limited. This study examined consumer perceptions of GMOs in Montenegro, where traditional agriculture coexists with emerging biotechnology. Using an online survey of 1178 respondents, attitudes toward GMOs, health and environmental risk perceptions, and media influences were analyzed. Results showed that 76% of respondents considered GMOs harmful to human health, with strong concerns regarding environmental and animal impacts. Women and respondents with higher education levels expressed higher risk awareness. K-means clustering identified three consumer groups - Highly Concerned (34.9%), Moderately Concerned (37.9%), and Critical but Uncertain (27.2%) - differing in awareness, information sources, and consumption behavior. Findings highlight the role of misinformation and low institutional trust in shaping public attitudes. Strengthening science-based communication and transparent labeling policies is essential for fostering informed decisions and supporting the integration of biotechnology into sustainable agriculture.
{"title":"Public perception of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in Montenegro: insight for sustainable biotechnology and policy development.","authors":"Ana Velimirović,Zoran Jovović,Siniša Berjan,Hamid El Bilali,Mohammad S Allahyari","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2026.2620884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2026.2620884","url":null,"abstract":"Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) hold significant potential for enhancing agricultural sustainability, yet public acceptance remains limited. This study examined consumer perceptions of GMOs in Montenegro, where traditional agriculture coexists with emerging biotechnology. Using an online survey of 1178 respondents, attitudes toward GMOs, health and environmental risk perceptions, and media influences were analyzed. Results showed that 76% of respondents considered GMOs harmful to human health, with strong concerns regarding environmental and animal impacts. Women and respondents with higher education levels expressed higher risk awareness. K-means clustering identified three consumer groups - Highly Concerned (34.9%), Moderately Concerned (37.9%), and Critical but Uncertain (27.2%) - differing in awareness, information sources, and consumption behavior. Findings highlight the role of misinformation and low institutional trust in shaping public attitudes. Strengthening science-based communication and transparent labeling policies is essential for fostering informed decisions and supporting the integration of biotechnology into sustainable agriculture.","PeriodicalId":501763,"journal":{"name":"GM Crops & Food","volume":"22 1","pages":"2620884"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146021639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2026.2617700
Ye-Jin Jang,Sung-Dug Oh,Joon Ki Hong,Na-Yeon Kim,Gyeong-Min Lee,Soo-Yun Park,Jong-Chan Park,Ancheol Chang
The systematic evaluation of the safety and environmental impact associated with genetically modified (GM) crops is currently underway within the scientific community, with a particular focus on their effects on the gut microbiota, which plays a vital role in host health. In this study, we compared the effects of a non-GM rapeseed cultivar with those of an herbicide-resistant GM rapeseed cultivar containing the phosphinothricin acetyltransferase gene on the gut bacterial community of Eisenia fetida. The 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and data analysis showed no significant differences in gut bacterial community composition or diversity between E. fetida fed GM rapeseed and those fed non-GM rapeseed. Principal component analysis indicated that, rather than plant type, external factors influenced the community structure. Polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed no evidence of horizontal gene transfer from GM rapeseed to microbes or earthworms. Overall, GM rapeseed had a negligible effect on gut microorganisms and did not significantly alter the gut bacterial community of E. fetida.
{"title":"Impact of herbicide-resistant genetically modified rapeseed on gut bacterial diversity of Eisenia fetida.","authors":"Ye-Jin Jang,Sung-Dug Oh,Joon Ki Hong,Na-Yeon Kim,Gyeong-Min Lee,Soo-Yun Park,Jong-Chan Park,Ancheol Chang","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2026.2617700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2026.2617700","url":null,"abstract":"The systematic evaluation of the safety and environmental impact associated with genetically modified (GM) crops is currently underway within the scientific community, with a particular focus on their effects on the gut microbiota, which plays a vital role in host health. In this study, we compared the effects of a non-GM rapeseed cultivar with those of an herbicide-resistant GM rapeseed cultivar containing the phosphinothricin acetyltransferase gene on the gut bacterial community of Eisenia fetida. The 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and data analysis showed no significant differences in gut bacterial community composition or diversity between E. fetida fed GM rapeseed and those fed non-GM rapeseed. Principal component analysis indicated that, rather than plant type, external factors influenced the community structure. Polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed no evidence of horizontal gene transfer from GM rapeseed to microbes or earthworms. Overall, GM rapeseed had a negligible effect on gut microorganisms and did not significantly alter the gut bacterial community of E. fetida.","PeriodicalId":501763,"journal":{"name":"GM Crops & Food","volume":"36 1","pages":"2617700"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146005139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2026.2615498
Eric Ma,Saurabh Joshi,Ivan Birukou,Eric Rosenbaum
Allergenicity risk has been one of the safety concerns for genetically modified (GM) crops that are generated using modern biotechnologies. When there is the presence of endogenous allergens in a host crop, one question is often raised if genetic modification could increase their allergenicity risk. In this study, lipid transfer protein (LTP), the major endogenous allergen in maize, was measured and compared between various GM maize with their non-GM control as well as non-GM, commercial maize varieties. The results showed LTP levels have no meaningful difference in GM maize, and the LTP levels observed in GM maize were well encompassed within the potential natural variation range from non-GM maize varieties. Therefore, such endogenous LTP quantitation comparison in GM and non-GM control maize does not bring valuable information to the safety assessment of GM maize.
{"title":"Comparative assessment of endogenous lipid transfer protein (LTP) level in genetically modified maize for its relevance in safety assessment.","authors":"Eric Ma,Saurabh Joshi,Ivan Birukou,Eric Rosenbaum","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2026.2615498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2026.2615498","url":null,"abstract":"Allergenicity risk has been one of the safety concerns for genetically modified (GM) crops that are generated using modern biotechnologies. When there is the presence of endogenous allergens in a host crop, one question is often raised if genetic modification could increase their allergenicity risk. In this study, lipid transfer protein (LTP), the major endogenous allergen in maize, was measured and compared between various GM maize with their non-GM control as well as non-GM, commercial maize varieties. The results showed LTP levels have no meaningful difference in GM maize, and the LTP levels observed in GM maize were well encompassed within the potential natural variation range from non-GM maize varieties. Therefore, such endogenous LTP quantitation comparison in GM and non-GM control maize does not bring valuable information to the safety assessment of GM maize.","PeriodicalId":501763,"journal":{"name":"GM Crops & Food","volume":"83 1","pages":"2615498"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145986531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2025.2610592
Yu Qin,Kezhen Su
New Breeding Technologies (NBTs), particularly gene editing, are reshaping the global competitive landscape of the seed industry and providing technological support for ensuring food security and advancing the green transformation of agriculture. This study aims to assess China's distinctive position within the global regulatory spectrum of NBTs, an intermediary status between the European Union's process-based model and the product-based model adopted by countries such as the United States and Argentina. Building on this, the article constructs an institutional analysis framework centered on the agricultural industry chain, encompassing four critical stages: research and development collaboration; biosafety assessment and administrative licensing; intellectual property and plant breeders' rights protection; and consumer perception and labeling governance. Through comparative legal analysis and an examination of the entire chain, the study systematically reveals the institutional challenges confronting China's commercialization of NBTs. These challenges include: weak mechanisms for linking the interests of industry, academia, and research institutions; path dependence on approval procedures rooted in traditional genetic modification logic; plant variety protection and relief mechanisms that fail to respond promptly to the technical attributes of NBTs; and consumer distrust driven by the interplay between qualitative labeling and risk narratives. In response, four key areas of reform are proposed: strengthening benefit-sharing and collaborative innovation mechanisms; introducing differentiated, risk-proportionate review pathways for low-risk gene-edited crops; improving breeders' rights and substantive derived variety rules, complemented by punitive damages and insurance mechanisms; and reforming risk communication and labeling systems by adopting quantitative thresholds and tiered information disclosure as the core principles.
{"title":"From lab to market: industrialization barriers and regulation optimization for new breeding technologies in China.","authors":"Yu Qin,Kezhen Su","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2025.2610592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2025.2610592","url":null,"abstract":"New Breeding Technologies (NBTs), particularly gene editing, are reshaping the global competitive landscape of the seed industry and providing technological support for ensuring food security and advancing the green transformation of agriculture. This study aims to assess China's distinctive position within the global regulatory spectrum of NBTs, an intermediary status between the European Union's process-based model and the product-based model adopted by countries such as the United States and Argentina. Building on this, the article constructs an institutional analysis framework centered on the agricultural industry chain, encompassing four critical stages: research and development collaboration; biosafety assessment and administrative licensing; intellectual property and plant breeders' rights protection; and consumer perception and labeling governance. Through comparative legal analysis and an examination of the entire chain, the study systematically reveals the institutional challenges confronting China's commercialization of NBTs. These challenges include: weak mechanisms for linking the interests of industry, academia, and research institutions; path dependence on approval procedures rooted in traditional genetic modification logic; plant variety protection and relief mechanisms that fail to respond promptly to the technical attributes of NBTs; and consumer distrust driven by the interplay between qualitative labeling and risk narratives. In response, four key areas of reform are proposed: strengthening benefit-sharing and collaborative innovation mechanisms; introducing differentiated, risk-proportionate review pathways for low-risk gene-edited crops; improving breeders' rights and substantive derived variety rules, complemented by punitive damages and insurance mechanisms; and reforming risk communication and labeling systems by adopting quantitative thresholds and tiered information disclosure as the core principles.","PeriodicalId":501763,"journal":{"name":"GM Crops & Food","volume":"97 1","pages":"2610592"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145955944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2025.2606493
Stavroula Malla, Derek G. Brewin
{"title":"An evaluation of the returns to biotech canola considering health, production and environmental externalities","authors":"Stavroula Malla, Derek G. Brewin","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2025.2606493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2025.2606493","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":501763,"journal":{"name":"GM Crops & Food","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145920017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-21DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2025.2604373
Caroline Placidi de Bortoli,Rubens Hideo Kanno,Murici Carlos Candelaria,Érika Aparecida Salante Ferreira,Luana Dos Santos Rocha,Lucas Matheus Ferraz Gomes,Anselmo Azevedo Dos Santos,Carolina da Silva Rocha,Dror Avisar,Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes,Esteban Roberto Gonzalez
In Brazilian eucalyptus farms, the brown looper caterpillar (Thyrinteina arnobia) causes severe defoliation and up to 40% reduction in biomass production. In controlling T. arnobia, transgenic eucalyptus event 1521K059 was developed to produce the Cry1Ab, Cry1Bb, and Cry2Aa pesticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. We performed bioassays with leaf material from eucalyptus events and the purified individual pesticidal proteins to establish susceptibility in T. arnobia larvae, and competition binding assays with the three Cry proteins and midgut brush border membrane vesicles of T. arnobia. The results from bioassays support high toxicity against T. arnobia for all three Cry proteins and that eucalyptus event 1521K059 is a high-dose event for T. arnobia. Lack of competition between the three Cry proteins supports that event 1521K059 is a pyramided trait. These observations support the high activity of eucalyptus event 1521K059 against T. arnobia larvae and a low risk of resistance evolution.
{"title":"Pyramiding of cry genes in high-dose transgenic eucalyptus provides control of Thyrinteina arnobia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and reduces the risk of resistance.","authors":"Caroline Placidi de Bortoli,Rubens Hideo Kanno,Murici Carlos Candelaria,Érika Aparecida Salante Ferreira,Luana Dos Santos Rocha,Lucas Matheus Ferraz Gomes,Anselmo Azevedo Dos Santos,Carolina da Silva Rocha,Dror Avisar,Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes,Esteban Roberto Gonzalez","doi":"10.1080/21645698.2025.2604373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2025.2604373","url":null,"abstract":"In Brazilian eucalyptus farms, the brown looper caterpillar (Thyrinteina arnobia) causes severe defoliation and up to 40% reduction in biomass production. In controlling T. arnobia, transgenic eucalyptus event 1521K059 was developed to produce the Cry1Ab, Cry1Bb, and Cry2Aa pesticidal proteins from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. We performed bioassays with leaf material from eucalyptus events and the purified individual pesticidal proteins to establish susceptibility in T. arnobia larvae, and competition binding assays with the three Cry proteins and midgut brush border membrane vesicles of T. arnobia. The results from bioassays support high toxicity against T. arnobia for all three Cry proteins and that eucalyptus event 1521K059 is a high-dose event for T. arnobia. Lack of competition between the three Cry proteins supports that event 1521K059 is a pyramided trait. These observations support the high activity of eucalyptus event 1521K059 against T. arnobia larvae and a low risk of resistance evolution.","PeriodicalId":501763,"journal":{"name":"GM Crops & Food","volume":"1 1","pages":"2604373"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145801278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Genetically modified (GM) crops have been provided as food and feed in over 70 countries in the world. But the concern is persisting on their comprehensive effects on human health status as feedstock. Physiological indicators detected in human beings or animals were explored to assess the health status after GM crop consumption. Here, a mammalian physiological indicators data set with seven metrics containing 25 physiological indicators was constructed by extracting the experimental raw data from the open access research articles published from January 2000 to September 2024 on GM maize, rice, and soybean consumption. To overcome the experimental heterogeneity in disparate model animals, limited animal number in each independent research, and statistical errors caused by different statistical methods, the multi-sourced data correlation analysis with DerSimonian and Laird random-effect model was employed. The result revealed that the concentration of glucose increased after nutritionally changed maize consumption (GLU, p < .01), but within the safe reference concentration range; the relative weight of liver increased after non-nutritional GM maize consumption (p < .05); the relative weight of kidney was the physiological indicators that significantly increased after nutritionally changed GM rice consumption (p < .05). No pathological characterizations in respective organs were reported. The findings indicated no pathological risks from GM crop consumption, though they emphasized the need for continued research into their metabolic and biochemical effects to ensure comprehensive food safety.
转基因作物已被世界上70多个国家作为食品和饲料提供。但人们一直担心它们作为原料对人类健康状况的综合影响。探讨了食用转基因作物后人体或动物的生理指标，以评价其健康状况。本研究通过提取2000年1月至2024年9月发表的转基因玉米、水稻和大豆消费研究论文的实验原始数据，构建了包含7个指标、25个生理指标的哺乳动物生理指标数据集。为克服不同模型动物的实验异质性、每次独立研究的动物数量有限以及不同统计方法导致的统计误差，采用DerSimonian和Laird随机效应模型进行多源数据相关分析。结果表明，营养改变后玉米的葡萄糖浓度升高（GLU, p < 0.05）。01)，但在安全参考浓度范围内；食用非营养性转基因玉米后肝脏相对重量增加（p < 0.05）；肾脏相对重量是营养改变后显著增加的生理指标（p < 0.05）。各脏器未见病理表现。研究结果表明，食用转基因作物没有病理风险，但他们强调需要继续研究其代谢和生化效应，以确保全面的食品安全。
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