Anne S Gleinich, Lauren E Pepi, Asif Shajahan, Christian Heiss, Parastoo Azadi
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 160 million people worldwide. Researchers have targeted the SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins to better combat the pandemic. Of the four structural proteins, spike (S), membrane (M), envelope (E) and nucleocapsid (N), the S, M and E proteins are glycosylated whereas the N protein is phosphorylated. The glycosylation of the S protein has been reported previously by multiple research groups, and this knowledge has assisted the pharmaceutical industry in developing vaccines and treatment options. In the United States, there are currently three approved COVID-19 vaccines. All three of these vaccines use the S protein to teach host cells how to react when SARS-CoV-2 particles are present. Treatment options utilizing antivirals and immunosuppressants are being developed in addition to vaccines. Different treatment approaches are needed based on the severity of COVID-19 infection. The therapeutic options currently available are not derived through the direct knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 glycosylation. However, more research on the glycosylation of the structural proteins and how this effects SARS-CoV-2 and host cell binding could lead to new and more effective therapeutics. Herein we outline the current vaccine and therapeutic options against COVID-19 available to the public, as well as those still in development.
由严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2（SARS-CoV-2）引起的 COVID-19 大流行已使全球超过 1.6 亿人受到感染。研究人员已锁定 SARS-CoV-2 的结构蛋白，以更好地抗击这一流行病。在四种结构蛋白，即尖头蛋白（S）、膜蛋白（M）、包膜蛋白（E）和核帽蛋白（N）中，S、M 和 E 蛋白被糖基化，而 N 蛋白则被磷酸化。多个研究小组都曾报道过 S 蛋白的糖基化，这些知识有助于制药业开发疫苗和治疗方案。在美国，目前有三种获得批准的 COVID-19 疫苗。所有这三种疫苗都使用 S 蛋白来教导宿主细胞如何在出现 SARS-CoV-2 颗粒时做出反应。除疫苗外，利用抗病毒药物和免疫抑制剂的治疗方案也在开发中。需要根据 COVID-19 感染的严重程度采取不同的治疗方法。目前可用的治疗方案并不是通过对 SARS-CoV-2 糖基化的直接了解得出的。然而，对结构蛋白的糖基化以及糖基化如何影响 SARS-CoV-2 和宿主细胞的结合进行更多的研究，可以开发出更有效的新疗法。在此，我们概述了目前公众可使用的针对 COVID-19 的疫苗和治疗方案，以及仍在开发中的方案。
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