Abstract: Representation in local elections in Latin America? National political parties and other candidates to city halls Latin American countries allow for the political participation of different types of candidates in local elections. Institutional reforms in recent decades have tended to open up local electoral competition, allowing for a greater presence of alternative candidacies to parties. This article explores the presence of mayors from national political parties versus alternative candidacies and their relationship with national legislation on the type of electoral candidacies allowed in each country. The study argues that while there is much variation across countries, party-governed mayorships are the most common and local executives led by alternative candidacies are not necessarily as numerous. On the one hand, using descriptive statistics, the findings show that the presence of new actors is rather concentrated in urban and more socio-economically developed areas. On the other hand, using secondary literature from different Latin American countries, the article shows that the perceived crisis of representation is due to three aspects of national party candidacies, related to the type of people who form them, their relationship with political parties, and the relationship of local party branches with their national counterparts. The research is based on the electoral results of almost 10,000 municipalities in 15 Latin American countries in the mid-2010s. Resumen Los países de América Latina permiten la participación política de diferentes tipos de candida-turas en las elecciones locales. Las reformas institucionales en las últimas décadas tendieron a abrir los espacios locales de competencia electoral, permitiendo una mayor presencia de candi-daturas alternativas a los partidos. Este artículo explora la presencia de alcaldes de partidos políticos nacionales frente a candidaturas alternativas y su relación con las legislaciones nacio-nales sobre el tipo de candidaturas electorales permitidas en cada país. El estudio argumenta que si bien existe mucha variación entre los países, las alcaldías gobernadas por partidos son las más comunes y los ejecutivos locales liderados por candidaturas alternativas no necesaria-mente tan numerosos. Por un lado, mediante estadísticas descriptivas, los hallazgos muestran que la presencia de los nuevos actores se concentra más bien en zonas urbanas y de mayor desarrollo socioeconómico. Por otro lado, utilizando literatura secundaria de diferentes países latinoamericanos, el artículo evidencia que la crisis de representación percibida se debe a tres aspectos de las candidaturas de partidos nacionales, relacionados con el tipo de personas que las conforman, la relación de ellas con los partidos políticos y la relación de las sucursa-les locales de los partidos con sus contrapartes nacionales. La investigación está basada en los resultados electorales de casi 10 mil municipios en 15 países latinoamerica
{"title":"Representación en elecciones municipales en América Latina: Partidos políticos nacionales y otras candidaturas a alcaldías","authors":"Tomáš Došek, Jair Alva Mendoza","doi":"10.32992/erlacs.10996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32992/erlacs.10996","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Representation in local elections in Latin America? National political parties and other candidates to city halls Latin American countries allow for the political participation of different types of candidates in local elections. Institutional reforms in recent decades have tended to open up local electoral competition, allowing for a greater presence of alternative candidacies to parties. This article explores the presence of mayors from national political parties versus alternative candidacies and their relationship with national legislation on the type of electoral candidacies allowed in each country. The study argues that while there is much variation across countries, party-governed mayorships are the most common and local executives led by alternative candidacies are not necessarily as numerous. On the one hand, using descriptive statistics, the findings show that the presence of new actors is rather concentrated in urban and more socio-economically developed areas. On the other hand, using secondary literature from different Latin American countries, the article shows that the perceived crisis of representation is due to three aspects of national party candidacies, related to the type of people who form them, their relationship with political parties, and the relationship of local party branches with their national counterparts. The research is based on the electoral results of almost 10,000 municipalities in 15 Latin American countries in the mid-2010s. Resumen Los países de América Latina permiten la participación política de diferentes tipos de candida-turas en las elecciones locales. Las reformas institucionales en las últimas décadas tendieron a abrir los espacios locales de competencia electoral, permitiendo una mayor presencia de candi-daturas alternativas a los partidos. Este artículo explora la presencia de alcaldes de partidos políticos nacionales frente a candidaturas alternativas y su relación con las legislaciones nacio-nales sobre el tipo de candidaturas electorales permitidas en cada país. El estudio argumenta que si bien existe mucha variación entre los países, las alcaldías gobernadas por partidos son las más comunes y los ejecutivos locales liderados por candidaturas alternativas no necesaria-mente tan numerosos. Por un lado, mediante estadísticas descriptivas, los hallazgos muestran que la presencia de los nuevos actores se concentra más bien en zonas urbanas y de mayor desarrollo socioeconómico. Por otro lado, utilizando literatura secundaria de diferentes países latinoamericanos, el artículo evidencia que la crisis de representación percibida se debe a tres aspectos de las candidaturas de partidos nacionales, relacionados con el tipo de personas que las conforman, la relación de ellas con los partidos políticos y la relación de las sucursa-les locales de los partidos con sus contrapartes nacionales. La investigación está basada en los resultados electorales de casi 10 mil municipios en 15 países latinoamerica","PeriodicalId":502480,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139219156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Policies that promote environmental justice in Argentina: Community participation in forest protection In light of the historical inequalities that indigenous and peasant communities have suffered, the increasing economic pressure over their territories, and considering the emergency of environmental policies in the region, this paper asks, how the participation of indigenous and peasant communities can contribute to the implementation of policies that seek to promote the environmental justice? I compare the implementation of the Native Forest National Law in two Argentinian provinces (Chaco and Santiago del Estero) between 2008 and 2019. The results show that the implementation of the National Forest Law has been successful in reducing deforestation in Santiago del Estero, where indigenous and peasant communities were more protagonists, than in Chaco, where they have not been considered by the provincial authorities. Resumen Frente a las históricas desigualdades que han sufrido las comunidades indígenas y campesinas, ante el aumento de la presión económica sobre sus territorios desde comienzos del presente siglo y considerando la emergencia de distintas políticas ambientales en la región, este trabajo se pregunta ¿de qué manera la participación de comunidades indígenas y campesinas contribuye en la implementación de políticas (regionales o nacionales) que buscan promover la justicia ambiental? Para dar respuesta a este interrogante, se compara la implementación de la Ley Nacional de Bosques Nativos en dos provincias argentinas (Chaco y Santiago del Estero) entre 2008 y 2019. Los hallazgos muestran que la Ley Nacional de Bosques Nativos tuvo mayor éxito en reducir la deforestación en Santiago del Estero donde las comunidades indígenas y campesinas tuvieron mayor participación en la aplicación de la normativa en comparación con Chaco en donde no fueron contempladas por las autoridades provinciales.
{"title":"Políticas que promueven la justicia ambiental en Argentina: Participiación comunitaria en la protección de bosques","authors":"L. Figueroa","doi":"10.32992/erlacs.10964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32992/erlacs.10964","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Policies that promote environmental justice in Argentina: Community participation in forest protection In light of the historical inequalities that indigenous and peasant communities have suffered, the increasing economic pressure over their territories, and considering the emergency of environmental policies in the region, this paper asks, how the participation of indigenous and peasant communities can contribute to the implementation of policies that seek to promote the environmental justice? I compare the implementation of the Native Forest National Law in two Argentinian provinces (Chaco and Santiago del Estero) between 2008 and 2019. The results show that the implementation of the National Forest Law has been successful in reducing deforestation in Santiago del Estero, where indigenous and peasant communities were more protagonists, than in Chaco, where they have not been considered by the provincial authorities. Resumen Frente a las históricas desigualdades que han sufrido las comunidades indígenas y campesinas, ante el aumento de la presión económica sobre sus territorios desde comienzos del presente siglo y considerando la emergencia de distintas políticas ambientales en la región, este trabajo se pregunta ¿de qué manera la participación de comunidades indígenas y campesinas contribuye en la implementación de políticas (regionales o nacionales) que buscan promover la justicia ambiental? Para dar respuesta a este interrogante, se compara la implementación de la Ley Nacional de Bosques Nativos en dos provincias argentinas (Chaco y Santiago del Estero) entre 2008 y 2019. Los hallazgos muestran que la Ley Nacional de Bosques Nativos tuvo mayor éxito en reducir la deforestación en Santiago del Estero donde las comunidades indígenas y campesinas tuvieron mayor participación en la aplicación de la normativa en comparación con Chaco en donde no fueron contempladas por las autoridades provinciales.","PeriodicalId":502480,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139288000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Violence and the Caste War of Yucatán, by Wolfgang Gabbert, Cambridge University Press, 2019
尤卡坦的暴力与种姓战争》，沃尔夫冈-加伯特著，剑桥大学出版社 2019 年版
{"title":"Review of Violence and the Caste War of Yucatán","authors":"Volker Wünderich","doi":"10.32992/erlacs.11021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32992/erlacs.11021","url":null,"abstract":"Violence and the Caste War of Yucatán, by Wolfgang Gabbert, Cambridge University Press, 2019","PeriodicalId":502480,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139312718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The punitive turn in crime control has radically altered the shape and meaning of citizenship across the Americas. Imprisonment, compulsory drug rehabilitation, and alternative forms of penal control have multiplied, circumscribing citizens’ options for social and political participation while also leading to striking new modes of social, political, and economic membership across the region. While criminalization is ordinarily viewed as something that threatens ‘full’ citizenship, this special collection explores the new and differentiated kinds of political, economic, and social belonging being devised by the region’s criminalized men and women. In paying close attention to how penal power and its subversion articulate with existing stratifications of citizenship, we illuminate how distinct kinds of carceral citizenship are emerging in various locales across Latin America and the Caribbean. In this article, we also introduce the other contributions to this Special Collection. Resumen: Ciudadanía carcelaria en América Latina y el Caribe: Exclusión y pertenencia en la nueva zona carcelaria masiva El giro punitivo en el control de la delincuencia ha alterado radicalmente la forma y el significado de la ciudadanía en las Américas. El encarcelamiento, la rehabilitación obligatoria por consumo de drogas y otras formas alternativas de control penal se han multiplicado, limitando las opciones de participación social y política de los ciudadanos, al tiempo que han dado lugar a nuevas y sorprendentes formas de pertenencia social, política y económica en toda la región. Mientras que la criminalización suele considerarse una amenaza para la ciudadanía ‘plena’, este número especial explora los nuevos y diferenciados tipos de pertenencia política, económica y social que están diseñando las personas criminalizadas de la región. Prestando especial atención a cómo el poder penal y su subversión se articulan con las estratificaciones existentes de ciudadanía, ilustramos cómo están surgiendo distintos tipos de ciudadanía carcelaria en diversos lugares de América Latina y el Caribe. En este artículo presentamos también el resto de contribuciones a este Número Especial.
{"title":"Carceral citizenship in Latin America and the Caribbean: Exclusion and belonging in the new mass carceral zone","authors":"Caroline Mary Parker, Julienne Weegels","doi":"10.32992/erlacs.11034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32992/erlacs.11034","url":null,"abstract":"The punitive turn in crime control has radically altered the shape and meaning of citizenship across the Americas. Imprisonment, compulsory drug rehabilitation, and alternative forms of penal control have multiplied, circumscribing citizens’ options for social and political participation while also leading to striking new modes of social, political, and economic membership across the region. While criminalization is ordinarily viewed as something that threatens ‘full’ citizenship, this special collection explores the new and differentiated kinds of political, economic, and social belonging being devised by the region’s criminalized men and women. In paying close attention to how penal power and its subversion articulate with existing stratifications of citizenship, we illuminate how distinct kinds of carceral citizenship are emerging in various locales across Latin America and the Caribbean. In this article, we also introduce the other contributions to this Special Collection. Resumen: Ciudadanía carcelaria en América Latina y el Caribe: Exclusión y pertenencia en la nueva zona carcelaria masiva El giro punitivo en el control de la delincuencia ha alterado radicalmente la forma y el significado de la ciudadanía en las Américas. El encarcelamiento, la rehabilitación obligatoria por consumo de drogas y otras formas alternativas de control penal se han multiplicado, limitando las opciones de participación social y política de los ciudadanos, al tiempo que han dado lugar a nuevas y sorprendentes formas de pertenencia social, política y económica en toda la región. Mientras que la criminalización suele considerarse una amenaza para la ciudadanía ‘plena’, este número especial explora los nuevos y diferenciados tipos de pertenencia política, económica y social que están diseñando las personas criminalizadas de la región. Prestando especial atención a cómo el poder penal y su subversión se articulan con las estratificaciones existentes de ciudadanía, ilustramos cómo están surgiendo distintos tipos de ciudadanía carcelaria en diversos lugares de América Latina y el Caribe. En este artículo presentamos también el resto de contribuciones a este Número Especial.","PeriodicalId":502480,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139312607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper shows that, on average, populism in power produces a decrease in state capture. However, (unconstrained) populism in power that reduces existing levels of rule of law generates greater state capture than (contained) populism that has no negative effects on rule of law. The moderating effect we theorize is that the strength of the rule of law on state capture will show decreased effects at controlling state capture when a country is populist relative to non-populist. Populist leaders may seek to rid the old corruption networks, but once they aggrandize their power and weaken the rule of law, they have incentives to establish corrupt linkages with opportunistic economic elites who are willing to work with them, increasing state capture as a result. To test this theory, the paper employs a random effects model with 6 different specifications across 18 different Latin American countries, throughout the time period 1996-2017.
{"title":"Populism and State Capture: Evidence from Latin America","authors":"Julio F Carrión, James G Korman","doi":"10.32992/erlacs.10954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32992/erlacs.10954","url":null,"abstract":"This paper shows that, on average, populism in power produces a decrease in state capture. However, (unconstrained) populism in power that reduces existing levels of rule of law generates greater state capture than (contained) populism that has no negative effects on rule of law. The moderating effect we theorize is that the strength of the rule of law on state capture will show decreased effects at controlling state capture when a country is populist relative to non-populist. Populist leaders may seek to rid the old corruption networks, but once they aggrandize their power and weaken the rule of law, they have incentives to establish corrupt linkages with opportunistic economic elites who are willing to work with them, increasing state capture as a result. To test this theory, the paper employs a random effects model with 6 different specifications across 18 different Latin American countries, throughout the time period 1996-2017.","PeriodicalId":502480,"journal":{"name":"European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies","volume":"108 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139312463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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