Pub Date : 2024-06-12DOI: 10.3389/frsps.2024.1332527
Julian M. Rucker, Ajua Duker, J. Richeson
Racial inequality has been a persistent component of American society since its inception. The present research investigates how lay beliefs about the nature of racism—as primarily caused by prejudiced individuals or, rather, to structural factors (i.e., policies, institutional practices) that disadvantage members of marginalized racial groups—predict reactions to evidence of racial inequality in the criminal legal system (Studies 1–3). Specifically, the current research suggests that holding a more structural (vs. interpersonal) view of racism predicts a greater tendency to perceive racial inequality in criminal legal outcomes. Moreover, White Americans' lay beliefs regarding racism, coupled with their general degree of preference for societal hierarchy, predict support for policies that would impact disparities in the U.S. prison population. Together, this work suggests that an appreciation of structural racism plays an important role in how people perceive and respond to racial inequality.
{"title":"Structurally unjust: how lay beliefs about racism relate to responses to racial inequality in the criminal legal system","authors":"Julian M. Rucker, Ajua Duker, J. Richeson","doi":"10.3389/frsps.2024.1332527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frsps.2024.1332527","url":null,"abstract":"Racial inequality has been a persistent component of American society since its inception. The present research investigates how lay beliefs about the nature of racism—as primarily caused by prejudiced individuals or, rather, to structural factors (i.e., policies, institutional practices) that disadvantage members of marginalized racial groups—predict reactions to evidence of racial inequality in the criminal legal system (Studies 1–3). Specifically, the current research suggests that holding a more structural (vs. interpersonal) view of racism predicts a greater tendency to perceive racial inequality in criminal legal outcomes. Moreover, White Americans' lay beliefs regarding racism, coupled with their general degree of preference for societal hierarchy, predict support for policies that would impact disparities in the U.S. prison population. Together, this work suggests that an appreciation of structural racism plays an important role in how people perceive and respond to racial inequality.","PeriodicalId":503123,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Social Psychology","volume":"26 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141353831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-07DOI: 10.3389/frsps.2024.1384262
Salvatore Giorgi, Jason Jeffrey Jones, Anneke Buffone, J. Eichstaedt, P. Crutchley, D. Yaden, Jeanette Elstein, Mohammadzaman Zamani, Jennifer Kregor, Laura K Smith, Martin E. P. Seligman, Margaret L. Kern, L. Ungar, H. A. Schwartz
Trust is predictive of civic cooperation and economic growth. Recently, the U.S. public has demonstrated increased partisan division and a surveyed decline in trust in institutions. There is a need to quantify individual and community levels of trust unobtrusively and at scale. Using observations of language across more than 16,000 Facebook users, along with their self-reported generalized trust score, we develop and evaluate a language-based assessment of generalized trust. We then apply the assessment to more than 1.6 billion geotagged tweets collected between 2009 and 2015 and derive estimates of trust across 2,041 U.S. counties. We find generalized trust was associated with more affiliative words (love, we, and friends) and less angry words (hate and stupid) but only had a weak association with social words primarily driven by strong negative associations with general othering terms (“they” and “people”). At the county level, associations with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Gallup surveys suggest that people in high-trust counties were physically healthier and more satisfied with their community and their lives. Our study demonstrates that generalized trust levels can be estimated from language as a low-cost, unobtrusive method to monitor variations in trust in large populations.
{"title":"Quantifying generalized trust in individuals and counties using language","authors":"Salvatore Giorgi, Jason Jeffrey Jones, Anneke Buffone, J. Eichstaedt, P. Crutchley, D. Yaden, Jeanette Elstein, Mohammadzaman Zamani, Jennifer Kregor, Laura K Smith, Martin E. P. Seligman, Margaret L. Kern, L. Ungar, H. A. Schwartz","doi":"10.3389/frsps.2024.1384262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frsps.2024.1384262","url":null,"abstract":"Trust is predictive of civic cooperation and economic growth. Recently, the U.S. public has demonstrated increased partisan division and a surveyed decline in trust in institutions. There is a need to quantify individual and community levels of trust unobtrusively and at scale. Using observations of language across more than 16,000 Facebook users, along with their self-reported generalized trust score, we develop and evaluate a language-based assessment of generalized trust. We then apply the assessment to more than 1.6 billion geotagged tweets collected between 2009 and 2015 and derive estimates of trust across 2,041 U.S. counties. We find generalized trust was associated with more affiliative words (love, we, and friends) and less angry words (hate and stupid) but only had a weak association with social words primarily driven by strong negative associations with general othering terms (“they” and “people”). At the county level, associations with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Gallup surveys suggest that people in high-trust counties were physically healthier and more satisfied with their community and their lives. Our study demonstrates that generalized trust levels can be estimated from language as a low-cost, unobtrusive method to monitor variations in trust in large populations.","PeriodicalId":503123,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Social Psychology","volume":" 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141371266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-17DOI: 10.3389/frsps.2024.1375527
Felipe Vilanova, Damiao Soares Almeida-Segundo, Pablo Borges Moura, Felicia Pratto, Angelo Brandelli Costa
The impact of adverse experiences on clinical symptoms has been consistently demonstrated, but their impact on ideologies and worldviews has been rarely tested empirically. It has been long assumed that threatening experiences increase Dangerous World Beliefs (DWB) and Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA), whereas scarcity experiences increase Competitive World Beliefs (CWB) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO). Here we assess whether self-reports of these adverse experiences are associated with clinical symptoms, worldviews and ideologies across two distinct studies (Ntotal = 1,108). Study 1 comprised Brazilian youth (13–17 years old) and results indicated that adverse experiences are consistently associated with depression, anxiety and stress but only marginally associated with DWB, RWA, CWB and SDO. Study 2 comprised male prisoners with a higher degree of adverse experiences and similar results were observed, as adverse experiences were mostly unrelated to worldviews and ideologies. Comprehensively, this research challenges the theoretical foundations of worldviews and ideological development, posing questions to the existing models and advocating for new frameworks that promote a shift from models grounded in clinical assumptions to frameworks focusing on social influences.
{"title":"The limited impact of adverse experiences on worldviews and ideologies","authors":"Felipe Vilanova, Damiao Soares Almeida-Segundo, Pablo Borges Moura, Felicia Pratto, Angelo Brandelli Costa","doi":"10.3389/frsps.2024.1375527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frsps.2024.1375527","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of adverse experiences on clinical symptoms has been consistently demonstrated, but their impact on ideologies and worldviews has been rarely tested empirically. It has been long assumed that threatening experiences increase Dangerous World Beliefs (DWB) and Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA), whereas scarcity experiences increase Competitive World Beliefs (CWB) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO). Here we assess whether self-reports of these adverse experiences are associated with clinical symptoms, worldviews and ideologies across two distinct studies (Ntotal = 1,108). Study 1 comprised Brazilian youth (13–17 years old) and results indicated that adverse experiences are consistently associated with depression, anxiety and stress but only marginally associated with DWB, RWA, CWB and SDO. Study 2 comprised male prisoners with a higher degree of adverse experiences and similar results were observed, as adverse experiences were mostly unrelated to worldviews and ideologies. Comprehensively, this research challenges the theoretical foundations of worldviews and ideological development, posing questions to the existing models and advocating for new frameworks that promote a shift from models grounded in clinical assumptions to frameworks focusing on social influences.","PeriodicalId":503123,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Social Psychology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140694047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-11DOI: 10.3389/frsps.2024.1343514
Franziska A. Stanke, Niclas Kuper, Karolina Fetz, Gerald Echterhoff
Extant research has studied prejudice expressions mainly from the majority perspective. We examined whether prejudice expressions conceptualized as subtle (vs. blatant) are perceived differently by their targets.Participants who self-identified as potential targets of ethno-racial or religious prejudice (e.g., anti-Muslim, anti-Asian, anti-Arab, anti-Slavic, and anti-Black prejudice), answered questions about verbal expressions of prejudice taken from the subtle and blatant prejudice scales in an online survey.Items of the subtle (vs. blatant) prejudice scale were rated as more socially accepted and less discriminatory, elicited less negative emotions, and were reported to be experienced more often. Subtle expressions of prejudice were not more familiar to participants than blatant ones. Remarkably, blatant prejudice expressions were also perceived as relatively socially accepted and subtle prejudices as relatively discriminatory, as indicated by mean ratings above the scale midpoint. Lower discrimination ratings of subtle (vs. blatant) prejudice expressions were mainly due to perceptions of expressions exaggerating cultural differences. Exploratory analyses indicate that participants who reported more (vs. less) frequent overall exposure to the prejudice expressions perceived subtle and blatant stimuli as similarly discriminatory. This finding is compatible with the idea that individuals factor their personal experiences with prejudice into their assessments of discrimination.We discuss implications for interventions, especially regarding the social acceptability of blatant prejudice and promoting awareness of the discriminatory impact of subtle prejudice.
{"title":"Discriminatory, yet socially accepted? Targets’ perceptions of subtle and blatant expressions of ethno-racial prejudice","authors":"Franziska A. Stanke, Niclas Kuper, Karolina Fetz, Gerald Echterhoff","doi":"10.3389/frsps.2024.1343514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frsps.2024.1343514","url":null,"abstract":"Extant research has studied prejudice expressions mainly from the majority perspective. We examined whether prejudice expressions conceptualized as subtle (vs. blatant) are perceived differently by their targets.Participants who self-identified as potential targets of ethno-racial or religious prejudice (e.g., anti-Muslim, anti-Asian, anti-Arab, anti-Slavic, and anti-Black prejudice), answered questions about verbal expressions of prejudice taken from the subtle and blatant prejudice scales in an online survey.Items of the subtle (vs. blatant) prejudice scale were rated as more socially accepted and less discriminatory, elicited less negative emotions, and were reported to be experienced more often. Subtle expressions of prejudice were not more familiar to participants than blatant ones. Remarkably, blatant prejudice expressions were also perceived as relatively socially accepted and subtle prejudices as relatively discriminatory, as indicated by mean ratings above the scale midpoint. Lower discrimination ratings of subtle (vs. blatant) prejudice expressions were mainly due to perceptions of expressions exaggerating cultural differences. Exploratory analyses indicate that participants who reported more (vs. less) frequent overall exposure to the prejudice expressions perceived subtle and blatant stimuli as similarly discriminatory. This finding is compatible with the idea that individuals factor their personal experiences with prejudice into their assessments of discrimination.We discuss implications for interventions, especially regarding the social acceptability of blatant prejudice and promoting awareness of the discriminatory impact of subtle prejudice.","PeriodicalId":503123,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Social Psychology","volume":"31 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140714553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-22DOI: 10.3389/frsps.2024.1310755
Cristina Camilo, Maria Luísa Lima, Rita Moura, Fátima Quintal, Maria Palacin-Lois
It is well-known that social relationships positively impact health, but the direct and indirect ways these lead to better health outcomes remain understudied. Stemming from the concept of multiple levels of analysis, we address this problem by disentangling the links between different types of social relationships and health (including physical health, mental health, and well-being), and comparing the effects of multiple mediators based on two levels of analysis: interpersonal and group.We propose a model that uses loneliness and social support as proxies of personal ties (mediators between close relationships and health), and social integration and multiple identities as proxies of group ties (mediators between group relationships and health). Likewise, we also propose a moderating effect of group identification on the association between group ties and health. We collected 848 responses through a self-report online survey and used structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis to assess the proposed model.Data yielded that close relationships are stronger predictors of better health outcomes than group relationships. Yet, more importantly, the results also provide strong evidence for the positive effects of the group-level variables. The effect of group relationships on health is significantly positive, and this association is stronger for those who identify more with their group.Our findings are closely aligned with the notion that increasing and improving people's social network is an effective way to contribute to better social determinants of health, while demonstrating that it is important to consider which type of relationship is being fostered.
{"title":"Beyond close relationships: the positive effects of group relationships and group identification on health","authors":"Cristina Camilo, Maria Luísa Lima, Rita Moura, Fátima Quintal, Maria Palacin-Lois","doi":"10.3389/frsps.2024.1310755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frsps.2024.1310755","url":null,"abstract":"It is well-known that social relationships positively impact health, but the direct and indirect ways these lead to better health outcomes remain understudied. Stemming from the concept of multiple levels of analysis, we address this problem by disentangling the links between different types of social relationships and health (including physical health, mental health, and well-being), and comparing the effects of multiple mediators based on two levels of analysis: interpersonal and group.We propose a model that uses loneliness and social support as proxies of personal ties (mediators between close relationships and health), and social integration and multiple identities as proxies of group ties (mediators between group relationships and health). Likewise, we also propose a moderating effect of group identification on the association between group ties and health. We collected 848 responses through a self-report online survey and used structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis to assess the proposed model.Data yielded that close relationships are stronger predictors of better health outcomes than group relationships. Yet, more importantly, the results also provide strong evidence for the positive effects of the group-level variables. The effect of group relationships on health is significantly positive, and this association is stronger for those who identify more with their group.Our findings are closely aligned with the notion that increasing and improving people's social network is an effective way to contribute to better social determinants of health, while demonstrating that it is important to consider which type of relationship is being fostered.","PeriodicalId":503123,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Social Psychology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139609205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-05DOI: 10.3389/frsps.2023.1283643
Michelle E. Vargas, Alejandro Carrillo, H. Giasson, W. Chopik
As people age, they increasingly report feeling younger than their actual age and “push off” when they think older adulthood starts, presumably to create and maintain psychological distance from the stigma of being an older adult. However, to date, such age perceptions and attitudes have mostly been studied in Western cultures (e.g., the United States and Europe). However, cultures vary in their perception of older adulthood and aging, suggesting that the extent to which people engage in these distancing processes might differ across cultures. In the current study, we examined age differences in age perceptions and perceived developmental transitions (e.g., when does someone move from middle age to older adulthood?) in 13 countries with over one million people total. We found that age-group distancing was present in each country but that this pattern was less pronounced in South Korea. Results are discussed in the context of cross-cultural variation in aging attitudes and the mechanisms that give rise to variation in age perceptions.
{"title":"Cultural variation in age perceptions and developmental transitions","authors":"Michelle E. Vargas, Alejandro Carrillo, H. Giasson, W. Chopik","doi":"10.3389/frsps.2023.1283643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frsps.2023.1283643","url":null,"abstract":"As people age, they increasingly report feeling younger than their actual age and “push off” when they think older adulthood starts, presumably to create and maintain psychological distance from the stigma of being an older adult. However, to date, such age perceptions and attitudes have mostly been studied in Western cultures (e.g., the United States and Europe). However, cultures vary in their perception of older adulthood and aging, suggesting that the extent to which people engage in these distancing processes might differ across cultures. In the current study, we examined age differences in age perceptions and perceived developmental transitions (e.g., when does someone move from middle age to older adulthood?) in 13 countries with over one million people total. We found that age-group distancing was present in each country but that this pattern was less pronounced in South Korea. Results are discussed in the context of cross-cultural variation in aging attitudes and the mechanisms that give rise to variation in age perceptions.","PeriodicalId":503123,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Social Psychology","volume":"32 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139382622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-05DOI: 10.3389/frsps.2023.1283272
John T. Jost
In this editorial, the Founding Field Chief Editor of Frontiers in Social Psychology expresses several ideas about the past, present, and possible future of social psychology, seeking to explain we need social psychology, why we need a new journal in social psychology, and what kind of journal in social psychology we need. The Editor argues for a rich, humanistic, interdisciplinary, philosophically informed social psychology devoted to addressing social problems in the illustrious traditions of John Dewey, Kurt Lewin, Gordon Allport, Muzafer Sherif, Solomon Asch, Morton Deutsch, and others. He suggests that disciplinary “crises” of practicality, historicity, and replicability may be more interconnected than is generally recognized. The Editor advocates a non-hubristic, theory-driven, multi-leveled analysis of human behavior that attends to both subjective and objective aspects of social, cultural, economic, and political contexts. Editorial priorities of the new journal include scientific rigor, social relevance, and intellectual humility.
{"title":"Grand challenge: social psychology without hubris","authors":"John T. Jost","doi":"10.3389/frsps.2023.1283272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frsps.2023.1283272","url":null,"abstract":"In this editorial, the Founding Field Chief Editor of Frontiers in Social Psychology expresses several ideas about the past, present, and possible future of social psychology, seeking to explain we need social psychology, why we need a new journal in social psychology, and what kind of journal in social psychology we need. The Editor argues for a rich, humanistic, interdisciplinary, philosophically informed social psychology devoted to addressing social problems in the illustrious traditions of John Dewey, Kurt Lewin, Gordon Allport, Muzafer Sherif, Solomon Asch, Morton Deutsch, and others. He suggests that disciplinary “crises” of practicality, historicity, and replicability may be more interconnected than is generally recognized. The Editor advocates a non-hubristic, theory-driven, multi-leveled analysis of human behavior that attends to both subjective and objective aspects of social, cultural, economic, and political contexts. Editorial priorities of the new journal include scientific rigor, social relevance, and intellectual humility.","PeriodicalId":503123,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Social Psychology","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139382693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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