In real-world scenarios, we encounter non-exchangeable dependence structures. Our primary focus is on identifying and quantifying non-exchangeability in the tails of joint distributions. The findings and methodologies presented in this study are particularly valuable for modeling bivariate dependence, especially in fields where understanding dependence patterns in the tails is crucial, such as quantitative finance, quantitative risk management, and econometrics. To grasp the intricate relationship between the strength of dependence and various types of margins, we explore three fundamental tail behavior patterns for univariate margins. Capitalizing on the probabilistic features of tail non-exchangeability structures, we introduce graphical techniques and statistical tests designed for analyzing data that may manifest non-exchangeability in the joint tail. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches is illustrated through a simulation study and a practical example.
{"title":"Dependence on Tail Copula","authors":"P. Pramanik","doi":"10.3390/j7020008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/j7020008","url":null,"abstract":"In real-world scenarios, we encounter non-exchangeable dependence structures. Our primary focus is on identifying and quantifying non-exchangeability in the tails of joint distributions. The findings and methodologies presented in this study are particularly valuable for modeling bivariate dependence, especially in fields where understanding dependence patterns in the tails is crucial, such as quantitative finance, quantitative risk management, and econometrics. To grasp the intricate relationship between the strength of dependence and various types of margins, we explore three fundamental tail behavior patterns for univariate margins. Capitalizing on the probabilistic features of tail non-exchangeability structures, we introduce graphical techniques and statistical tests designed for analyzing data that may manifest non-exchangeability in the joint tail. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches is illustrated through a simulation study and a practical example.","PeriodicalId":503147,"journal":{"name":"J","volume":"35 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140750326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ramsey F. Arram, Thomas B. Morgan, John T. Nix, Yu-Lin Kao, Hsuan Chen
Lindera benzoin is a dioecious understory shrub native to eastern North America. Northern spicebush is a beautiful shrub with a natural round shrub shape, golden-yellow fall foliage, attractive bright red drupes, and precocious yellow flowers in early spring; however, its market value as an ornamental value has been overlooked. To improve the ornamental values of this under-cultivated nursery crop, breeding for a better compact form, larger leaves, enlarged flower clusters and fruit, and increased stress tolerances could all be beneficial. Polyploidy manipulation is a valuable method to improve such traits for many ornamental plants. This study established the genome doubling method by oryzalin-infused solid agar treatment on young northern spicebush seedlings. The seedlings of two wild populations in North Carolina were collected and used. A total of 288 seedlings were treated with solid agar containing 150 µM oryzalin for 24, 72, and 120 h. The results were sporadic in their survival ratios and tetraploid conversion ratios between different treatments; however, a total of 16 tetraploid L. benzoin plants were produced in this study. The 24-h treatment showed the optimal result, with 7.1% of total treated seedlings or 15.2% of surviving seedlings converted into tetraploids. Tetraploid plants had visible differences in leaf morphology, a statistically significant enlarged stomata size, and reduced stomatal density compared to diploid plants. This research provides ploidy manipulation information for all future breeding processes of L. benzoin and related species.
{"title":"Genome Doubling of Northern Spicebush, Lindera benzoin L.","authors":"Ramsey F. Arram, Thomas B. Morgan, John T. Nix, Yu-Lin Kao, Hsuan Chen","doi":"10.3390/j7020007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/j7020007","url":null,"abstract":"Lindera benzoin is a dioecious understory shrub native to eastern North America. Northern spicebush is a beautiful shrub with a natural round shrub shape, golden-yellow fall foliage, attractive bright red drupes, and precocious yellow flowers in early spring; however, its market value as an ornamental value has been overlooked. To improve the ornamental values of this under-cultivated nursery crop, breeding for a better compact form, larger leaves, enlarged flower clusters and fruit, and increased stress tolerances could all be beneficial. Polyploidy manipulation is a valuable method to improve such traits for many ornamental plants. This study established the genome doubling method by oryzalin-infused solid agar treatment on young northern spicebush seedlings. The seedlings of two wild populations in North Carolina were collected and used. A total of 288 seedlings were treated with solid agar containing 150 µM oryzalin for 24, 72, and 120 h. The results were sporadic in their survival ratios and tetraploid conversion ratios between different treatments; however, a total of 16 tetraploid L. benzoin plants were produced in this study. The 24-h treatment showed the optimal result, with 7.1% of total treated seedlings or 15.2% of surviving seedlings converted into tetraploids. Tetraploid plants had visible differences in leaf morphology, a statistically significant enlarged stomata size, and reduced stomatal density compared to diploid plants. This research provides ploidy manipulation information for all future breeding processes of L. benzoin and related species.","PeriodicalId":503147,"journal":{"name":"J","volume":" 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140217708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increasing global population and climate change threaten food security, with the need for sustenance expected to rise by 85% by 2050. Rice, a crucial staple food for over 50% of the global population, is a major source of calories in underdeveloped and developing countries. However, by the end of the century, over 30% of rice fields will become saline due to soil salinity caused by earthquakes, tsunamis, and rising sea levels. Plants have developed strategies to deal with salt stress, such as ion homeostasis, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and morphological adaptations. Proline, an endogenous osmolyte, is the predominant endogenous osmolyte that accumulates in response to salinity, and its overexpression in rice plants has been observed to increase plant salinity tolerance. Exogenously applied proline has been shown to improve plant salt tolerance by reducing the destructive effect of salinity. Recent research has focused on ionic toxicity, nitrogen fixation, and gene expression related to salt tolerance. Exogenous proline has been shown to improve water potential and leaf content, restoring water usage efficiency. It can also ease growth inhibition in salt-sensitive plants. Exogenously applied proline increases antioxidant activities and enhances plant salinity tolerance. This review examines the role and processes of proline in rice plants under salt stress and its relationship with other tolerance mechanisms.
{"title":"Self-Defense Mechanism in Rice to Salinity: Proline","authors":"Yunus Emre Koc, Murat Aycan, Toshiaki Mitsui","doi":"10.3390/j7010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/j7010006","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing global population and climate change threaten food security, with the need for sustenance expected to rise by 85% by 2050. Rice, a crucial staple food for over 50% of the global population, is a major source of calories in underdeveloped and developing countries. However, by the end of the century, over 30% of rice fields will become saline due to soil salinity caused by earthquakes, tsunamis, and rising sea levels. Plants have developed strategies to deal with salt stress, such as ion homeostasis, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and morphological adaptations. Proline, an endogenous osmolyte, is the predominant endogenous osmolyte that accumulates in response to salinity, and its overexpression in rice plants has been observed to increase plant salinity tolerance. Exogenously applied proline has been shown to improve plant salt tolerance by reducing the destructive effect of salinity. Recent research has focused on ionic toxicity, nitrogen fixation, and gene expression related to salt tolerance. Exogenous proline has been shown to improve water potential and leaf content, restoring water usage efficiency. It can also ease growth inhibition in salt-sensitive plants. Exogenously applied proline increases antioxidant activities and enhances plant salinity tolerance. This review examines the role and processes of proline in rice plants under salt stress and its relationship with other tolerance mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":503147,"journal":{"name":"J","volume":"5 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140252911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In patients with reccurent lateral and medial patellar instability, isolated medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction may be insufficient due to poor lateral retinacular tissue quality. In this report, we describe a case of a patient that underwent simultaneous MPFL and lateral patellofemoral ligament (LPFL) reconstruction on the left knee due to chronic bidirectional patellar instability. A 29-year-old female patient presented with first-time lateral patellar dislocation five years ago due to acute strain. She underwent a tibial tuberosity transposition in another hospital. After the surgery, she suffered from recurrent medial and lateral patellar dislocation and presented to our center. MPFL and concomitant LPFL reconstruction on the left knee was simultaneously performed due to bilateral patellar dislocation. The patella was stable postoperatively, and the patient underwent physiotherapy with successful results to date. Single-time patellar dislocation should be treated conservatively. Surgical treatment after the first episode of dislocation can magnitude the risk of postoperative complications. The simultaneous reconstructing of the LPFL yields patellar fixation indistinguishable from the native LPFL. These grafts provide separate tensioning depending on body anatomy, allowing for individualized stability. Anatomical MPFL reconstruction is supported by well-established high-quality research. Reconstructing the LPFL anatomically yields patellar fixation indistinguishable from the native LPFL.
{"title":"Medial Patellofemoral Ligament and Lateral Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction after Tibial Tuberosity Transposition in a Young Woman with Patellar Instability","authors":"Jakob Merkač, Mateja Sirše","doi":"10.3390/j7010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/j7010005","url":null,"abstract":"In patients with reccurent lateral and medial patellar instability, isolated medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction may be insufficient due to poor lateral retinacular tissue quality. In this report, we describe a case of a patient that underwent simultaneous MPFL and lateral patellofemoral ligament (LPFL) reconstruction on the left knee due to chronic bidirectional patellar instability. A 29-year-old female patient presented with first-time lateral patellar dislocation five years ago due to acute strain. She underwent a tibial tuberosity transposition in another hospital. After the surgery, she suffered from recurrent medial and lateral patellar dislocation and presented to our center. MPFL and concomitant LPFL reconstruction on the left knee was simultaneously performed due to bilateral patellar dislocation. The patella was stable postoperatively, and the patient underwent physiotherapy with successful results to date. Single-time patellar dislocation should be treated conservatively. Surgical treatment after the first episode of dislocation can magnitude the risk of postoperative complications. The simultaneous reconstructing of the LPFL yields patellar fixation indistinguishable from the native LPFL. These grafts provide separate tensioning depending on body anatomy, allowing for individualized stability. Anatomical MPFL reconstruction is supported by well-established high-quality research. Reconstructing the LPFL anatomically yields patellar fixation indistinguishable from the native LPFL.","PeriodicalId":503147,"journal":{"name":"J","volume":"32 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140435110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. V. Sanida, Theodora Sanida, Argyrios Sideris, M. Dasygenis
Chest X-ray imaging plays a vital and indispensable role in the diagnosis of lungs, enabling healthcare professionals to swiftly and accurately identify lung abnormalities. Deep learning (DL) approaches have attained popularity in recent years and have shown promising results in automated medical image analysis, particularly in the field of chest radiology. This paper presents a novel DL framework specifically designed for the multi-class diagnosis of lung diseases, including fibrosis, opacity, tuberculosis, normal, viral pneumonia, and COVID-19 pneumonia, using chest X-ray images, aiming to address the need for efficient and accessible diagnostic tools. The framework employs a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture with custom blocks to enhance the feature maps designed to learn discriminative features from chest X-ray images. The proposed DL framework is evaluated on a large-scale dataset, demonstrating superior performance in the multi-class diagnosis of the lung. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the presented approach, thorough experiments are conducted against pre-existing state-of-the-art methods, revealing significant accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity improvements. The findings of the study showcased remarkable accuracy, achieving 98.88%. The performance metrics for precision, recall, F1-score, and Area Under the Curve (AUC) averaged 0.9870, 0.9904, 0.9887, and 0.9939 across the six-class categorization system. This research contributes to the field of medical imaging and provides a foundation for future advancements in DL-based diagnostic systems for lung diseases.
胸部 X 射线成像在肺部诊断中发挥着不可或缺的重要作用，使医护人员能够迅速准确地识别肺部异常。近年来，深度学习（DL）方法大受欢迎，并在自动医学图像分析，尤其是胸部放射学领域取得了可喜的成果。本文提出了一种新颖的深度学习框架，专门设计用于利用胸部 X 光图像对肺部疾病（包括肺纤维化、肺不张、肺结核、正常、病毒性肺炎和 COVID-19 肺炎）进行多类诊断，旨在满足对高效、易用的诊断工具的需求。该框架采用卷积神经网络（CNN）架构，通过自定义块来增强特征图，旨在从胸部 X 光图像中学习辨别特征。在大规模数据集上对所提出的 DL 框架进行了评估，结果表明该框架在肺部多类诊断中表现出色。为了评估所提出的方法的有效性，对照已有的最先进方法进行了全面的实验，结果显示准确性、灵敏度和特异性都有显著提高。研究结果显示了显著的准确性，达到了 98.88%。在六类分类系统中，精确度、召回率、F1-分数和曲线下面积（AUC）的性能指标平均为 0.9870、0.9904、0.9887 和 0.9939。这项研究为医学成像领域做出了贡献，并为未来基于 DL 的肺部疾病诊断系统的发展奠定了基础。
{"title":"An Advanced Deep Learning Framework for Multi-Class Diagnosis from Chest X-ray Images","authors":"M. V. Sanida, Theodora Sanida, Argyrios Sideris, M. Dasygenis","doi":"10.3390/j7010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/j7010003","url":null,"abstract":"Chest X-ray imaging plays a vital and indispensable role in the diagnosis of lungs, enabling healthcare professionals to swiftly and accurately identify lung abnormalities. Deep learning (DL) approaches have attained popularity in recent years and have shown promising results in automated medical image analysis, particularly in the field of chest radiology. This paper presents a novel DL framework specifically designed for the multi-class diagnosis of lung diseases, including fibrosis, opacity, tuberculosis, normal, viral pneumonia, and COVID-19 pneumonia, using chest X-ray images, aiming to address the need for efficient and accessible diagnostic tools. The framework employs a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture with custom blocks to enhance the feature maps designed to learn discriminative features from chest X-ray images. The proposed DL framework is evaluated on a large-scale dataset, demonstrating superior performance in the multi-class diagnosis of the lung. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the presented approach, thorough experiments are conducted against pre-existing state-of-the-art methods, revealing significant accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity improvements. The findings of the study showcased remarkable accuracy, achieving 98.88%. The performance metrics for precision, recall, F1-score, and Area Under the Curve (AUC) averaged 0.9870, 0.9904, 0.9887, and 0.9939 across the six-class categorization system. This research contributes to the field of medical imaging and provides a foundation for future advancements in DL-based diagnostic systems for lung diseases.","PeriodicalId":503147,"journal":{"name":"J","volume":"73 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139606269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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