Abstract Food production and food security depend on the ability of crops to cope with anthropogenic climate change and successfully produce seed. To guarantee food production well into the future, contemporary plant scientists in Latin America must carry out research on how plants respond to environmental stressors such as temperature, drought, and salinity. This review shows the opportunities to apply these results locally and abroad and points to the gaps that still exist in terms of reproductive processes with the purpose to better link research with translational work in plant breeding and biotechnology. Suggestions are put forth to address these gaps creatively in the face of chronic low investment in science with a focus on applicability.
{"title":"Plant reproduction research in Latin America: Toward sustainable agriculture in a changing environment","authors":"Arnaud Ronceret, P. Bolaños-Villegas","doi":"10.1002/pei3.10143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pei3.10143","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Food production and food security depend on the ability of crops to cope with anthropogenic climate change and successfully produce seed. To guarantee food production well into the future, contemporary plant scientists in Latin America must carry out research on how plants respond to environmental stressors such as temperature, drought, and salinity. This review shows the opportunities to apply these results locally and abroad and points to the gaps that still exist in terms of reproductive processes with the purpose to better link research with translational work in plant breeding and biotechnology. Suggestions are put forth to address these gaps creatively in the face of chronic low investment in science with a focus on applicability.","PeriodicalId":503259,"journal":{"name":"Plant-Environment Interactions","volume":"1 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140962888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Orchids comprise one of the largest, most diverse, and most broadly distributed families of flowering plants and contribute significantly to habitat biodiversity. One key aspect of orchid growth and development is the formation of mycorrhizal symbioses with compatible endophytic fungi, which are maintained throughout the life of the plant. Substantial efforts to identify the fungi that form mycorrhizal symbioses across a range of orchid species have often also uncovered numerous nonmycorrhizal, endophytic fungi. These fungi could also have significant effects on orchid growth and development and are beginning to be analyzed more closely, particularly in wild species. The role of endophytic fungi in the production, distribution, and continued growth by the hobbyist of orchids is not known. As an initial step toward characterizing nonmycorrhizal endophytic fungi associated with cultivated orchids, we undertook a survey of fungi residing within roots of Phalaenopsis plants growing in home environments. Sequence analysis of ITS regions amplified from total DNA isolated from roots allowed rapid identification of endophytic fungi to the class level and may offer a useful initial screening method for beneficial species, for example, in horticultural settings. ITS‐PCR sequences subsequently obtained from individual fungi cultured from surface‐sterilized orchid roots corroborated the findings of the initial screen, while also providing a more complete characterization of the array of fungal taxa that were present. Although lower in diversity than has been reported for orchids growing in the wild, these endophytes have the potential to substantially enhance the growth and disease resistance of horticultural orchids.
摘要 兰花是开花植物中规模最大、种类最多、分布最广的科之一，对栖息地的生物多样性做出了重大贡献。兰花生长和发育的一个关键方面是与相容的内生真菌形成菌根共生关系，并在植物的整个生命周期中保持这种关系。为了确定在一系列兰花物种中形成菌根共生关系的真菌，人们付出了巨大的努力，往往还发现了许多非菌根的内生真菌。这些真菌也可能对兰花的生长和发育产生重大影响，目前正开始对它们进行更深入的分析，尤其是野生物种。内生真菌在兰花的生产、分布和爱好者的持续生长中所起的作用尚不清楚。作为鉴定与栽培兰花有关的非菌根内生真菌的第一步，我们对生长在家庭环境中的蝴蝶兰植物根部的真菌进行了调查。通过对从根部分离的总 DNA 中扩增出的 ITS 区域进行序列分析，可以快速鉴定出内生真菌的类别，并为园艺环境中有益物种的初步筛选提供了有用的方法。随后从经表面灭菌的兰花根部培养出的单个真菌中获得的 ITS-PCR 序列证实了初步筛选的结果，同时也为存在的真菌类群提供了更完整的特征描述。虽然与野生兰花相比，这些内生真菌的多样性较低，但它们有可能大大提高园艺兰花的生长和抗病能力。
{"title":"Diversity of unique, nonmycorrhizal endophytic fungi in cultivated Phalaenopsis orchids: A pilot study","authors":"Jonathan I. Watkinson, Brenda S. J. Winkel","doi":"10.1002/pei3.10146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pei3.10146","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Orchids comprise one of the largest, most diverse, and most broadly distributed families of flowering plants and contribute significantly to habitat biodiversity. One key aspect of orchid growth and development is the formation of mycorrhizal symbioses with compatible endophytic fungi, which are maintained throughout the life of the plant. Substantial efforts to identify the fungi that form mycorrhizal symbioses across a range of orchid species have often also uncovered numerous nonmycorrhizal, endophytic fungi. These fungi could also have significant effects on orchid growth and development and are beginning to be analyzed more closely, particularly in wild species. The role of endophytic fungi in the production, distribution, and continued growth by the hobbyist of orchids is not known. As an initial step toward characterizing nonmycorrhizal endophytic fungi associated with cultivated orchids, we undertook a survey of fungi residing within roots of Phalaenopsis plants growing in home environments. Sequence analysis of ITS regions amplified from total DNA isolated from roots allowed rapid identification of endophytic fungi to the class level and may offer a useful initial screening method for beneficial species, for example, in horticultural settings. ITS‐PCR sequences subsequently obtained from individual fungi cultured from surface‐sterilized orchid roots corroborated the findings of the initial screen, while also providing a more complete characterization of the array of fungal taxa that were present. Although lower in diversity than has been reported for orchids growing in the wild, these endophytes have the potential to substantially enhance the growth and disease resistance of horticultural orchids.","PeriodicalId":503259,"journal":{"name":"Plant-Environment Interactions","volume":"86 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140964324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yebei Li, Shoubing Huang, Qingfeng Meng, Zongxin Li, Felix B. Fritschi, Pu Wang
Abstract Both carbon limitation and developmentally driven kernel failure occur in the apical region of maize (Zea mays L.) ears. Failed kernel development in the basal and middle regions of the ear often is neglected because their spaces usually are occupied by adjacent ovaries at harvest. We tested the spatial distribution of kernel losses and potential underlying reasons, from perspectives of silk elongation and carbohydrate dynamics, when maize experienced water deficit during silk elongation. Kernel loss was distributed along the length of the ear regardless of water availability, with the highest kernel set in the middle region and a gradual reduction toward the apical and basal ends. Water deficit limited silk elongation in a manner inverse to the temporal pattern of silk initiation, more strongly in the apical and basal regions of the ear than in the middle region. The limited recovery of silk elongation, especially at the apical and basal regions following rescue irrigation was probably due to water potentials below the threshold for elongation and lower growth rates of the associated ovaries. While sugar concentrations increased or did not respond to water deficit in ovaries and silks, the calculated sugar flux into the developing ovaries was impaired and diverged among ovaries at different positions under water deficit. Water deficit resulted in 58% kernel loss, 68% of which was attributable to arrested silks within husks caused by lower water potentials and 32% to ovaries with emerged silks possibly due to impaired carbohydrate metabolism.
{"title":"Pre‐silking water deficit in maize induced kernel loss through impaired silk growth and ovary carbohydrate dynamics","authors":"Yebei Li, Shoubing Huang, Qingfeng Meng, Zongxin Li, Felix B. Fritschi, Pu Wang","doi":"10.1002/pei3.10141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pei3.10141","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Both carbon limitation and developmentally driven kernel failure occur in the apical region of maize (Zea mays L.) ears. Failed kernel development in the basal and middle regions of the ear often is neglected because their spaces usually are occupied by adjacent ovaries at harvest. We tested the spatial distribution of kernel losses and potential underlying reasons, from perspectives of silk elongation and carbohydrate dynamics, when maize experienced water deficit during silk elongation. Kernel loss was distributed along the length of the ear regardless of water availability, with the highest kernel set in the middle region and a gradual reduction toward the apical and basal ends. Water deficit limited silk elongation in a manner inverse to the temporal pattern of silk initiation, more strongly in the apical and basal regions of the ear than in the middle region. The limited recovery of silk elongation, especially at the apical and basal regions following rescue irrigation was probably due to water potentials below the threshold for elongation and lower growth rates of the associated ovaries. While sugar concentrations increased or did not respond to water deficit in ovaries and silks, the calculated sugar flux into the developing ovaries was impaired and diverged among ovaries at different positions under water deficit. Water deficit resulted in 58% kernel loss, 68% of which was attributable to arrested silks within husks caused by lower water potentials and 32% to ovaries with emerged silks possibly due to impaired carbohydrate metabolism.","PeriodicalId":503259,"journal":{"name":"Plant-Environment Interactions","volume":"74 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140794856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Li Ma, J. Elmhirst, Rojin Darvish, L. A. Wegener, Deborah Henderson
Abstract Monk fruit (Siraitia grosvenorii) is an herbaceous perennial vine of the Cucurbitaceae family cultivated commercially mainly in southern China. There is very little information available about the fungal endophytes in monk fruit. In this study, monk fruit plants were grown from seeds in a research greenhouse at Kwantlen Polytechnic University in British Columbia, Canada to explore the abundance and diversity of their fungal endophytes. Fungal endophytes were isolated from seeds, seedlings, mature monk fruit plants, and fruits, and cultured on potato dextrose agar and water agar media. Isolates were identified by microscopic examination and BLAST comparison of ITS sequences to published sequences in GenBank. At least 150 species of fungal endophytes representing 60 genera and 20 orders were recovered from monk fruit tissues. Non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) was carried out to explore the similarity of fungal communities among roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds based on fungal orders. Our study showed that monk fruit plants are a rich source of fungal endophytes with the greatest abundance and diversity in leaves. This work has deepened our understanding of the intricate interactions between plants and fungi that sustain ecosystems and underpin plant health and resilience.
{"title":"Abundance and diversity of fungal endophytes isolated from monk fruit (Siraitia grosvenorii) grown in a Canadian research greenhouse","authors":"Li Ma, J. Elmhirst, Rojin Darvish, L. A. Wegener, Deborah Henderson","doi":"10.1002/pei3.10142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pei3.10142","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Monk fruit (Siraitia grosvenorii) is an herbaceous perennial vine of the Cucurbitaceae family cultivated commercially mainly in southern China. There is very little information available about the fungal endophytes in monk fruit. In this study, monk fruit plants were grown from seeds in a research greenhouse at Kwantlen Polytechnic University in British Columbia, Canada to explore the abundance and diversity of their fungal endophytes. Fungal endophytes were isolated from seeds, seedlings, mature monk fruit plants, and fruits, and cultured on potato dextrose agar and water agar media. Isolates were identified by microscopic examination and BLAST comparison of ITS sequences to published sequences in GenBank. At least 150 species of fungal endophytes representing 60 genera and 20 orders were recovered from monk fruit tissues. Non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) was carried out to explore the similarity of fungal communities among roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds based on fungal orders. Our study showed that monk fruit plants are a rich source of fungal endophytes with the greatest abundance and diversity in leaves. This work has deepened our understanding of the intricate interactions between plants and fungi that sustain ecosystems and underpin plant health and resilience.","PeriodicalId":503259,"journal":{"name":"Plant-Environment Interactions","volume":"53 32","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140796165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The composition of weed floras in Central European fields has shifted creating a novel management issue: new weeds, that is, species that are currently spreading and increasing in impact. In their role as primary decision makers on the ground, farmers' perception of these new weeds plays a pivotal role in collecting information on their occurrence and control. We conducted an online survey to determine if Austrian farmers recognized 15 selected new weed taxa (12 species and 3 genera) from their farm. The 181 surveyed farmers also estimated the required management effort for these species and elicited their current management practices. Additional questions were posed to understand farmers' general perception of changes in the weed flora. We used a generalized linear mixed model to estimate differences in management effort and identify new weeds that merit monitoring and management programs. Two weed genera (Fallopia spp. and Panicum spp.) showed significantly higher than average management effort. The most commonly used management measures were manual removal, herbicide use and crop rotation. A majority of farmers reported changes in the weed flora; over two thirds reported new species and over one third reported new weeds that were difficult to control. In summary, our results suggest that respondents were aware of the challenges posed by new weeds but required more information on management and prevention strategies.
{"title":"Austrian farmers perception of new weeds","authors":"Michael Glaser, Franz Essl, S. Follak","doi":"10.1002/pei3.10129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pei3.10129","url":null,"abstract":"The composition of weed floras in Central European fields has shifted creating a novel management issue: new weeds, that is, species that are currently spreading and increasing in impact. In their role as primary decision makers on the ground, farmers' perception of these new weeds plays a pivotal role in collecting information on their occurrence and control. We conducted an online survey to determine if Austrian farmers recognized 15 selected new weed taxa (12 species and 3 genera) from their farm. The 181 surveyed farmers also estimated the required management effort for these species and elicited their current management practices. Additional questions were posed to understand farmers' general perception of changes in the weed flora. We used a generalized linear mixed model to estimate differences in management effort and identify new weeds that merit monitoring and management programs. Two weed genera (Fallopia spp. and Panicum spp.) showed significantly higher than average management effort. The most commonly used management measures were manual removal, herbicide use and crop rotation. A majority of farmers reported changes in the weed flora; over two thirds reported new species and over one third reported new weeds that were difficult to control. In summary, our results suggest that respondents were aware of the challenges posed by new weeds but required more information on management and prevention strategies.","PeriodicalId":503259,"journal":{"name":"Plant-Environment Interactions","volume":"40 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139175979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arabidopsis thaliana is a suitable host for phytoparasitic nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne. Successful nematode infection leads to the formation of root galls. We tested for natural genetic variation and inoculation density effects on nematode reproductive success in the interaction between A. thaliana and Meloidogyne javanica. We inoculated different Arabidopsis genotypes with two sources of nematodes at two different doses, using a mild protocol for inoculum preparation. We counted root galls and egg masses 2 months after inoculation. We obtained a high number of successful nematode infections. Infection success differed among Arabidopsis genotypes in interaction with the nematode source. Overall, infection success and reproductive success of nematodes were lower at a higher inoculum dose of nematodes. Our results indicate that natural genetic variation in both host plants and nematodes, as well as short‐ and long‐term negative density effects, shape nematode reproductive success.
{"title":"Natural genetic variation and negative density effects in plant–nematode interactions","authors":"Maisara Mukhaimar, Marina Pfalz, Jacqui Shykoff, Juergen Kroymann","doi":"10.1002/pei3.10133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pei3.10133","url":null,"abstract":"Arabidopsis thaliana is a suitable host for phytoparasitic nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne. Successful nematode infection leads to the formation of root galls. We tested for natural genetic variation and inoculation density effects on nematode reproductive success in the interaction between A. thaliana and Meloidogyne javanica. We inoculated different Arabidopsis genotypes with two sources of nematodes at two different doses, using a mild protocol for inoculum preparation. We counted root galls and egg masses 2 months after inoculation. We obtained a high number of successful nematode infections. Infection success differed among Arabidopsis genotypes in interaction with the nematode source. Overall, infection success and reproductive success of nematodes were lower at a higher inoculum dose of nematodes. Our results indicate that natural genetic variation in both host plants and nematodes, as well as short‐ and long‐term negative density effects, shape nematode reproductive success.","PeriodicalId":503259,"journal":{"name":"Plant-Environment Interactions","volume":"49 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139181642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabriel F. Tucker, Douglas A. Maguire, Frederico Tupinambà-Simões
For decades, researchers have held that wood specific gravity was an indicator or surrogate for both shade tolerance and successional status. However, recent research in dry tropical forests has shown very different associations regarding wood specific gravity. Past analyses of the tolerance and wood properties of tree species have focused on pooled coniferous and angiosperm species in temperate regions; fewer analyses have been conducted separately for conifers and angiosperm species. A database was compiled for the wood properties and/or tolerance scores of 542 temperate Northern Hemisphere conifer and angiosperm trees. Plant strategy was defined by shade tolerance (Tshade), drought tolerance (Tdrought), and polytolerance (Tpoly = Tshade + Tdrought) and fundamental wood properties were represented by basic specific gravity (SGbasic), relative stiffness (MOE/SGbasic), and relative strength (MOR/SGbasic). Simple linear regressions tested the significance (p < .05) of correlations between plant strategy and wood properties. Conifers, unlike angiosperm trees, showed a negative correlation between Tshade and SGbasic and a positive correlation between Tshade and both MOE/SGbasic and MOR/SGbasic. Only angiosperm trees had a significant correlation between Tpoly and both SGbasic and MOE/SGbasic, but both conifers and angiosperm trees had a significant correlation between Tdrought and both SGbasic and MOE/SGbasic. Shade tolerance, as a plant strategy, has functional implications for wood properties in temperate Northern Hemisphere conifers but not in associated angiosperms. The implied functional link between wood properties (SGbasic) and shade tolerance hypothetically extends to other fitness‐enhancing traits impacted by SGbasic, such as growth rates and species maximum height.
{"title":"Associations between shade tolerance and wood specific gravity for conifers in contrast to angiosperm trees: Foundations of the conifer fitness‐enhancing shade tolerance hypothesis","authors":"Gabriel F. Tucker, Douglas A. Maguire, Frederico Tupinambà-Simões","doi":"10.1002/pei3.10131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pei3.10131","url":null,"abstract":"For decades, researchers have held that wood specific gravity was an indicator or surrogate for both shade tolerance and successional status. However, recent research in dry tropical forests has shown very different associations regarding wood specific gravity. Past analyses of the tolerance and wood properties of tree species have focused on pooled coniferous and angiosperm species in temperate regions; fewer analyses have been conducted separately for conifers and angiosperm species. A database was compiled for the wood properties and/or tolerance scores of 542 temperate Northern Hemisphere conifer and angiosperm trees. Plant strategy was defined by shade tolerance (Tshade), drought tolerance (Tdrought), and polytolerance (Tpoly = Tshade + Tdrought) and fundamental wood properties were represented by basic specific gravity (SGbasic), relative stiffness (MOE/SGbasic), and relative strength (MOR/SGbasic). Simple linear regressions tested the significance (p < .05) of correlations between plant strategy and wood properties. Conifers, unlike angiosperm trees, showed a negative correlation between Tshade and SGbasic and a positive correlation between Tshade and both MOE/SGbasic and MOR/SGbasic. Only angiosperm trees had a significant correlation between Tpoly and both SGbasic and MOE/SGbasic, but both conifers and angiosperm trees had a significant correlation between Tdrought and both SGbasic and MOE/SGbasic. Shade tolerance, as a plant strategy, has functional implications for wood properties in temperate Northern Hemisphere conifers but not in associated angiosperms. The implied functional link between wood properties (SGbasic) and shade tolerance hypothetically extends to other fitness‐enhancing traits impacted by SGbasic, such as growth rates and species maximum height.","PeriodicalId":503259,"journal":{"name":"Plant-Environment Interactions","volume":"22 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139181440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flobert A. Ndah, Marja Maljanen, A. Kasurinen, R. Rinnan, Anders Michelsen, T. Kotilainen, M. Kivimäenpää
Subarctic ecosystems are exposed to elevated temperatures and increased cloudiness in a changing climate with potentially important effects on vegetation structure, composition, and ecosystem functioning. We investigated the individual and combined effects of warming and increased cloudiness on vegetation greenness and cover in mesocosms from two tundra and one palsa mire ecosystems kept under strict environmental control in climate chambers. We also investigated leaf anatomical and biochemical traits of four dominant vascular plant species (Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis‐idaea, and Rubus chamaemorus). Vegetation greenness increased in response to warming in all sites and in response to increased cloudiness in the tundra sites but without associated increases in vegetation cover or biomass, except that E. hermaphroditum biomass increased under warming. The combined warming and increased cloudiness treatment had an additive effect on vegetation greenness in all sites. It also increased the cover of graminoids and forbs in one of the tundra sites. Warming increased leaf dry mass per area of V. myrtillus and R. chamaemorus, and glandular trichome density of V. myrtillus and decreased spongy intercellular space of E. hermaphroditum and V. vitis‐idaea. Increased cloudiness decreased leaf dry mass per area of V. myrtillus, palisade thickness of E. hermaphroditum, and stomata density of E. hermaphroditum and V. vitis‐idaea, and increased leaf area and epidermis thickness of V. myrtillus, leaf shape index and nitrogen of E. hermaphroditum, and palisade intercellular space of V. vitis‐idaea. The combined treatment caused thinner leaves and decreased leaf carbon for V. myrtillus, and increased leaf chlorophyll of E. hermaphroditum. We show that under future warmer increased cloudiness conditions in the Subarctic (as simulated in our experiment), vegetation composition and distribution will change, mostly dominated by graminoids and forbs. These changes will depend on the responses of leaf anatomical and biochemical traits and will likely impact carbon gain and primary productivity and abiotic and biotic stress tolerance.
{"title":"Acclimation of subarctic vegetation to warming and increased cloudiness","authors":"Flobert A. Ndah, Marja Maljanen, A. Kasurinen, R. Rinnan, Anders Michelsen, T. Kotilainen, M. Kivimäenpää","doi":"10.1002/pei3.10130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pei3.10130","url":null,"abstract":"Subarctic ecosystems are exposed to elevated temperatures and increased cloudiness in a changing climate with potentially important effects on vegetation structure, composition, and ecosystem functioning. We investigated the individual and combined effects of warming and increased cloudiness on vegetation greenness and cover in mesocosms from two tundra and one palsa mire ecosystems kept under strict environmental control in climate chambers. We also investigated leaf anatomical and biochemical traits of four dominant vascular plant species (Empetrum hermaphroditum, Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis‐idaea, and Rubus chamaemorus). Vegetation greenness increased in response to warming in all sites and in response to increased cloudiness in the tundra sites but without associated increases in vegetation cover or biomass, except that E. hermaphroditum biomass increased under warming. The combined warming and increased cloudiness treatment had an additive effect on vegetation greenness in all sites. It also increased the cover of graminoids and forbs in one of the tundra sites. Warming increased leaf dry mass per area of V. myrtillus and R. chamaemorus, and glandular trichome density of V. myrtillus and decreased spongy intercellular space of E. hermaphroditum and V. vitis‐idaea. Increased cloudiness decreased leaf dry mass per area of V. myrtillus, palisade thickness of E. hermaphroditum, and stomata density of E. hermaphroditum and V. vitis‐idaea, and increased leaf area and epidermis thickness of V. myrtillus, leaf shape index and nitrogen of E. hermaphroditum, and palisade intercellular space of V. vitis‐idaea. The combined treatment caused thinner leaves and decreased leaf carbon for V. myrtillus, and increased leaf chlorophyll of E. hermaphroditum. We show that under future warmer increased cloudiness conditions in the Subarctic (as simulated in our experiment), vegetation composition and distribution will change, mostly dominated by graminoids and forbs. These changes will depend on the responses of leaf anatomical and biochemical traits and will likely impact carbon gain and primary productivity and abiotic and biotic stress tolerance.","PeriodicalId":503259,"journal":{"name":"Plant-Environment Interactions","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139222305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as biofertilizers has proven successful in boosting the yield and nutritional quality of a variety of crops. AMF associate with plant roots and exchange soil nutrients for photosynthetically derived C in the form of sugars and lipids. Past research has shown that not all AMF species are equal in their benefit to nutrient uptake and crop health, and that the most beneficial AMF species appear to vary by host species. Although an important human food staple, especially in developing regions where nutrient deficiency is a prevalent threat to public health, little work has been done to test the effectiveness of AMF in enhancing the nutritional quality of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Therefore, our objective was to determine the most beneficial AMF species for inoculation of this important crop. We inoculated black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris black turtle beans) with eight individual AMF species and one mixed species inoculum in an outdoor pot trial over 3 months and assessed the extent to which they altered yield, mineral nutrient and anthocyanin concentration of seeds and leaf tissues. Despite seeing no yield effects from inoculation, we found that across treatments percent root length colonized by AMF was positively correlated with plant tissue P, Cu, and Zn concentration. Underlying these broad benefits, seeds from plants inoculated with three AMF species, Claroideoglomus claroideum (+15%), Funneliformis mosseae (+13%), and Gigaspora rosea (+11%) had higher P concentration than non‐mycorrhizal plants. C. claroideum also increased seed potassium (K) and copper (Cu), as well as leaf aluminum (Al) concentration making it a promising candidate to further test the benefit of individual AMF species on black bean growth in field trials.
{"title":"Inoculation of black turtle beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) with mycorrhizal fungi increases the nutritional quality of seeds","authors":"J. Carrara, L. Reddivari, W. Heller","doi":"10.1002/pei3.10128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pei3.10128","url":null,"abstract":"The use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as biofertilizers has proven successful in boosting the yield and nutritional quality of a variety of crops. AMF associate with plant roots and exchange soil nutrients for photosynthetically derived C in the form of sugars and lipids. Past research has shown that not all AMF species are equal in their benefit to nutrient uptake and crop health, and that the most beneficial AMF species appear to vary by host species. Although an important human food staple, especially in developing regions where nutrient deficiency is a prevalent threat to public health, little work has been done to test the effectiveness of AMF in enhancing the nutritional quality of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Therefore, our objective was to determine the most beneficial AMF species for inoculation of this important crop. We inoculated black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris black turtle beans) with eight individual AMF species and one mixed species inoculum in an outdoor pot trial over 3 months and assessed the extent to which they altered yield, mineral nutrient and anthocyanin concentration of seeds and leaf tissues. Despite seeing no yield effects from inoculation, we found that across treatments percent root length colonized by AMF was positively correlated with plant tissue P, Cu, and Zn concentration. Underlying these broad benefits, seeds from plants inoculated with three AMF species, Claroideoglomus claroideum (+15%), Funneliformis mosseae (+13%), and Gigaspora rosea (+11%) had higher P concentration than non‐mycorrhizal plants. C. claroideum also increased seed potassium (K) and copper (Cu), as well as leaf aluminum (Al) concentration making it a promising candidate to further test the benefit of individual AMF species on black bean growth in field trials.","PeriodicalId":503259,"journal":{"name":"Plant-Environment Interactions","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139271085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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