Background and objectives: In Nigeria, there are wide use of medicinal plants for different health conditions like diabetes. Zingiber zerumbet rhizome is one such plant used for health challenges. This study assessed the effectiveness of Zingiber zerumbet in a diabetic rat model. Methods: Extraction was carried out with methanol, using cold maceration. Fractionation was carried out with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol. The antidiabetic studies were done using Alloxan induced diabetic rat model. Haematological parameters and liver and kidney function enzyme levels were analyzed using standard protocols. Results: The glucose levels were reduced significantly by 68.17, 67.68, 54.29, 66.81, 77.74, 64.00, 60.89, 69.12, 62.11 and 58.26 % for 100mg/kg of Glibenclamide, 100 mg/kg crude extract, 250 mg/kg crude extract, 500 mg/kg crude extract, 250 mg/kg n-hexane, 500 mg/kg n-hexane, 250 mg/kg Ethylacetate, 500 mg/kg Ethylacetate, 250 mg/kg butanol and 500 mg/kg butanol respectively. The liver and kidney function enzymes were brought to control at p<0.05 significance. The haematological parameters were also brought to control at p<0.05 significance. Conclusion: The extract and fractions of Zingiber zerumbet rhizome exhibited potential antidiabetic effect in rat model. Further studies are required to isolate, purify, characterize and structurally elucidate the particular bioactive constituent(s) responsible for the observed antidiabetic effect.
{"title":"Antidiabetic Evaluation of Zingiber zerumbet Linn Rhizome (Zingibereceae) Collected from Agulu of Anambra State, Nigeria","authors":"Onwunyili Amaka Roseline, Eze Charity Chinasa, Ibe Chioma Ifeoma, Ifebi Hope Morris, Ikeh Obiageli Eucharia","doi":"10.36347/sajp.2024.v13i04.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2024.v13i04.001","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objectives: In Nigeria, there are wide use of medicinal plants for different health conditions like diabetes. Zingiber zerumbet rhizome is one such plant used for health challenges. This study assessed the effectiveness of Zingiber zerumbet in a diabetic rat model. Methods: Extraction was carried out with methanol, using cold maceration. Fractionation was carried out with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol. The antidiabetic studies were done using Alloxan induced diabetic rat model. Haematological parameters and liver and kidney function enzyme levels were analyzed using standard protocols. Results: The glucose levels were reduced significantly by 68.17, 67.68, 54.29, 66.81, 77.74, 64.00, 60.89, 69.12, 62.11 and 58.26 % for 100mg/kg of Glibenclamide, 100 mg/kg crude extract, 250 mg/kg crude extract, 500 mg/kg crude extract, 250 mg/kg n-hexane, 500 mg/kg n-hexane, 250 mg/kg Ethylacetate, 500 mg/kg Ethylacetate, 250 mg/kg butanol and 500 mg/kg butanol respectively. The liver and kidney function enzymes were brought to control at p<0.05 significance. The haematological parameters were also brought to control at p<0.05 significance. Conclusion: The extract and fractions of Zingiber zerumbet rhizome exhibited potential antidiabetic effect in rat model. Further studies are required to isolate, purify, characterize and structurally elucidate the particular bioactive constituent(s) responsible for the observed antidiabetic effect.","PeriodicalId":505837,"journal":{"name":"Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"51 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140729914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.36347/sajp.2024.v13i03.001
Atsushi Ishimura, Atsushi Inose
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) enhance insulin secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a glucose concentration-dependent manner. Many GLP-1RA formulations are administered in divided doses using a needle attached to the patient. Prior to use, the formulation is store in a cool place owing to stability. However, it is store at room temperature after use owing to problems with the injector. Therefore, the split-dose GLP-1RAs formulations contain phenolic antiseptics (phenol and cresol). Contamination of the formulation with microorganisms must be considered because patient self-injection is not performed under aseptic conditions. Therefore, this study verified the safety against microbial contamination during use based on Escherichia coli survival in split-dose GLP-1RA formulations. Unused liraglutide, exenatide, and lixisenatide were contaminated with E. coli stored at 25°C (room temperature) and cultured over time. E. coli gradually decreased immediately after suspension and E. coli did not survive after 60-90 min. The preservative of the split-dose GLP-1RAs formulation exhibited sufficient sterilizing power at 25°C, and it was inferred that room temperature is preferable for storage after use considering the formulation storage conditions, including injector failure and drug denaturation.
{"title":"Verifying the Safety of Microbial Contamination in Self-Injectors of Glucagon-like peptide-1 Receptor Agonists","authors":"Atsushi Ishimura, Atsushi Inose","doi":"10.36347/sajp.2024.v13i03.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2024.v13i03.001","url":null,"abstract":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) enhance insulin secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a glucose concentration-dependent manner. Many GLP-1RA formulations are administered in divided doses using a needle attached to the patient. Prior to use, the formulation is store in a cool place owing to stability. However, it is store at room temperature after use owing to problems with the injector. Therefore, the split-dose GLP-1RAs formulations contain phenolic antiseptics (phenol and cresol). Contamination of the formulation with microorganisms must be considered because patient self-injection is not performed under aseptic conditions. Therefore, this study verified the safety against microbial contamination during use based on Escherichia coli survival in split-dose GLP-1RA formulations. Unused liraglutide, exenatide, and lixisenatide were contaminated with E. coli stored at 25°C (room temperature) and cultured over time. E. coli gradually decreased immediately after suspension and E. coli did not survive after 60-90 min. The preservative of the split-dose GLP-1RAs formulation exhibited sufficient sterilizing power at 25°C, and it was inferred that room temperature is preferable for storage after use considering the formulation storage conditions, including injector failure and drug denaturation.","PeriodicalId":505837,"journal":{"name":"Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"38 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140253544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-10DOI: 10.36347/sajp.2024.v13i01.002
Sreerag J. Raj, Ms. Sheethal Kuriakose
Osteoarthritis (OA) is defined as a disorder that involves the movement of limbs characterized by cellular stress and a deterioration of the outer matrix that trigger malignant remodelling responses that include inflammatory mechanisms of natural immunity. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs are the first choice of treatment, since they reduce pain, improve functional ability. So, by comparing the effectiveness and safety of NSAID used in the treatment of OA can enhance the quality of life of patients. The goal of the study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of Aceclofenac and Etoricoxib in OA patients as well as to assess the quality of life (QOL) and medication adherence among subjects. It is an observational study conducted in the selected Orthopaedics clinics in T. Dasarahalli, Bengaluru District for a period of 6 months, based on various inclusion and exclusion criteria. Standardized questionnaire used in the study were Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index, Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey and Morisky Medication-Taking Adherence Scale. The collected data were entered in Microsoft Excel and appropriate descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was performed. On comparing Aceclofenac and Etoricoxib in terms of WOMAC score Etoricoxib (28.42) was found to be more effective than Aceclofenac (31.61) while comparing Etoricoxib 60 mg and 90mg, 90 mg (26.22) was found to be more effective. Regarding the safety of these drugs, Etoricoxib was found to be safer than Aceclofenac in terms of side effects. On associating the QOL scores in both the groups, it was found that the subjects belonging to the Aceclofenac group had the highest overall mean score 57.68. Investigation of medication adherence in the study population revealed that out of 68 subject’s majority of them had shown low adherence (n=38). Because of its enhanced safety profile, Etoricoxib is a better option than Aceclofenac for treating .....
骨关节炎（OA）被定义为一种涉及肢体运动的疾病，其特点是细胞压力和外基质恶化，引发恶性重塑反应，包括天然免疫的炎症机制。非甾体抗炎药（NSAID）是治疗的首选药物，因为它们能减轻疼痛、改善功能。因此，通过比较用于治疗 OA 的非甾体抗炎药的有效性和安全性，可以提高患者的生活质量。本研究旨在比较醋氯芬酸和依托考昔对 OA 患者的有效性和安全性，并评估受试者的生活质量（QOL）和服药依从性。这是一项观察性研究，根据各种纳入和排除标准，在班加罗尔地区 T. Dasarahalli 的选定骨科诊所进行，为期 6 个月。研究中使用的标准化问卷包括西安大略和麦克马斯特大学关节炎指数、医疗结果研究 36 项短式健康调查和莫里斯基服药依从性量表。收集到的数据被输入 Microsoft Excel，并进行了适当的描述性和推论性统计分析。在比较醋氯芬酸和依托考昔的WOMAC评分时，发现依托考昔（28.42）比醋氯芬酸（31.61）更有效，而在比较依托考昔60毫克和90毫克时，发现90毫克（26.22）更有效。在药物的安全性方面，就副作用而言，依托考昔比比醋氯芬酸更安全。在对两组受试者的 QOL 评分进行比较后发现，醋氯芬酸组受试者的总平均分最高，为 57.68 分。对研究对象用药依从性的调查显示，在 68 名受试者中，大多数人的用药依从性较低（38 人）。由于依托考昔的安全性更强，因此在治疗 ..... 时，依托考昔比醋氯芬酸更好。
{"title":"Comparative Study to Assess the Effectiveness and Safety of Etoricoxib & Aceclofenac in Osteoarthritis Patients","authors":"Sreerag J. Raj, Ms. Sheethal Kuriakose","doi":"10.36347/sajp.2024.v13i01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2024.v13i01.002","url":null,"abstract":"Osteoarthritis (OA) is defined as a disorder that involves the movement of limbs characterized by cellular stress and a deterioration of the outer matrix that trigger malignant remodelling responses that include inflammatory mechanisms of natural immunity. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) drugs are the first choice of treatment, since they reduce pain, improve functional ability. So, by comparing the effectiveness and safety of NSAID used in the treatment of OA can enhance the quality of life of patients. The goal of the study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of Aceclofenac and Etoricoxib in OA patients as well as to assess the quality of life (QOL) and medication adherence among subjects. It is an observational study conducted in the selected Orthopaedics clinics in T. Dasarahalli, Bengaluru District for a period of 6 months, based on various inclusion and exclusion criteria. Standardized questionnaire used in the study were Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index, Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey and Morisky Medication-Taking Adherence Scale. The collected data were entered in Microsoft Excel and appropriate descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was performed. On comparing Aceclofenac and Etoricoxib in terms of WOMAC score Etoricoxib (28.42) was found to be more effective than Aceclofenac (31.61) while comparing Etoricoxib 60 mg and 90mg, 90 mg (26.22) was found to be more effective. Regarding the safety of these drugs, Etoricoxib was found to be safer than Aceclofenac in terms of side effects. On associating the QOL scores in both the groups, it was found that the subjects belonging to the Aceclofenac group had the highest overall mean score 57.68. Investigation of medication adherence in the study population revealed that out of 68 subject’s majority of them had shown low adherence (n=38). Because of its enhanced safety profile, Etoricoxib is a better option than Aceclofenac for treating .....","PeriodicalId":505837,"journal":{"name":"Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"14 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139534317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-04DOI: 10.36347/sajp.2024.v13i01.001
Carol Ann Johnson, Ms. Sheethal Kuriakose
Introduction: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints resulting in pain and disability. The prevalence of RA is estimated to be 1% to 2% globally and does not have any ethnic or racial differences. Elevated C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels in the blood indicate the presence of inflammation and can be used to detect and monitor the disease. Patients with RA tend to have a significant load in association with pain, disability and activity limitation which in turn affects the Health-Related Quality of Life. With a growing rate of RA globally there is a need to assess the safety and effectiveness of drugs and provide a suitable treatment to improve the quality of life of the patients. OBJECTIVES: The goal of the study was to compare the safety and effectiveness of Tofacitinib and Methotrexate in patients diagnosed with Rheumatoid Arthritis. The study also aimed to assess the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) of patients. Methodology: This was an observational study conducted in selected Orthopaedic clinics in T. Dasarahalli Bengaluru. All the subjects (n=40) meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were briefed about the purpose of the study and the informed consent was obtained. The subject’s demographic details and responses were collected. Standard questionnaires, 36-Item Short Form survey (SF-36) to assess the HRQOL and Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disease Index (HAQ-DI) to assess the effectiveness of the drugs were used in all patients. The collected data were entered in Microsoft Excel and appropriate descriptive and statistical analysis was performed. Results: A total of 40 samples were enrolled in the study based on Inclusion and Exclusion criteria. Out of which 50% of the participants were on Methotrexate (MTX) and the other 50% were on Tofacitinib. Majority of the subjects in the study were women (90%) and men (10%) with mean age 51 and 54 respectively. On comparing the effectiveness of both
导言：类风湿关节炎（RA）是一种自身免疫性疾病，会引起关节慢性炎症，导致疼痛和残疾。据估计，类风湿性关节炎在全球的发病率为 1%至 2%，没有任何种族或人种差异。血液中C-反应蛋白（CRP）水平升高表明存在炎症，可用于检测和监测疾病。红斑狼疮患者往往伴有明显的疼痛、残疾和活动受限，进而影响与健康相关的生活质量。随着全球风湿性关节炎发病率的不断上升，有必要对药物的安全性和有效性进行评估，并提供合适的治疗方法来改善患者的生活质量。研究目的本研究旨在比较托法替尼和甲氨蝶呤对类风湿关节炎患者的安全性和有效性。研究还旨在评估患者与健康相关的生活质量（HRQOL）。研究方法这是一项观察性研究，在班加罗尔 T. Dasarahalli 的选定骨科诊所进行。研究人员向所有符合纳入和排除标准的受试者（40 人）简要介绍了研究目的，并获得了知情同意。研究人员收集了受试者的详细人口信息和回答。所有患者均使用标准问卷、36 项简表调查（SF-36）评估 HRQOL，以及健康评估问卷-疾病指数（HAQ-DI）评估药物疗效。收集到的数据被输入 Microsoft Excel，并进行了适当的描述性和统计分析。结果根据纳入和排除标准，共有 40 个样本被纳入研究。其中 50%的参与者服用甲氨蝶呤（MTX），另外 50%服用托法替尼。大部分研究对象为女性（90%）和男性（10%），平均年龄分别为 51 岁和 54 岁。比较两种药物的疗效
{"title":"Comparative Study to Assess the Safety and Effectiveness of Methotrexate and Tofacitinib in Patients Diagnosed with Rheumatoid Arthritis","authors":"Carol Ann Johnson, Ms. Sheethal Kuriakose","doi":"10.36347/sajp.2024.v13i01.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36347/sajp.2024.v13i01.001","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints resulting in pain and disability. The prevalence of RA is estimated to be 1% to 2% globally and does not have any ethnic or racial differences. Elevated C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels in the blood indicate the presence of inflammation and can be used to detect and monitor the disease. Patients with RA tend to have a significant load in association with pain, disability and activity limitation which in turn affects the Health-Related Quality of Life. With a growing rate of RA globally there is a need to assess the safety and effectiveness of drugs and provide a suitable treatment to improve the quality of life of the patients. OBJECTIVES: The goal of the study was to compare the safety and effectiveness of Tofacitinib and Methotrexate in patients diagnosed with Rheumatoid Arthritis. The study also aimed to assess the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) of patients. Methodology: This was an observational study conducted in selected Orthopaedic clinics in T. Dasarahalli Bengaluru. All the subjects (n=40) meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were briefed about the purpose of the study and the informed consent was obtained. The subject’s demographic details and responses were collected. Standard questionnaires, 36-Item Short Form survey (SF-36) to assess the HRQOL and Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disease Index (HAQ-DI) to assess the effectiveness of the drugs were used in all patients. The collected data were entered in Microsoft Excel and appropriate descriptive and statistical analysis was performed. Results: A total of 40 samples were enrolled in the study based on Inclusion and Exclusion criteria. Out of which 50% of the participants were on Methotrexate (MTX) and the other 50% were on Tofacitinib. Majority of the subjects in the study were women (90%) and men (10%) with mean age 51 and 54 respectively. On comparing the effectiveness of both","PeriodicalId":505837,"journal":{"name":"Scholars Academic Journal of Pharmacy","volume":"12 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139536386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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