Pub Date : 2024-04-12DOI: 10.11648/j.sd.20241201.13
Zifei Wang, Kangji Shi, Peng Gao, Lei Yang, Yongchen Song
The problems of low gas production rate and low gas production restrict the commercial production of natural gas hydrate. The combined production of hydrate reservoirs and underlying shallow gas reservoirs is expected to make up for this shortcoming. Most natural gas hydrates in the formation exhibit vertical heterogeneous distribution characteristics; There is still little research on the mechanism of its impact on the characteristics of co harvesting. This work focuses on the interaction between vertical heterogeneous hydrate reservoirs and shallow gas layers, and analyzes the mechanism of the impact of depressurization pathway on the characteristics of combined production. The results indicate that before the pressure in the shallow gas layer is equal to the pressure in the hydrate layer, the change in pressure reduction method cannot significantly affect the characteristics of pressure changes in the shallow gas layer; In addition, there is a significant hysteresis effect in the pressure evolution of shallow gas layers compared to hydrate layers. Not limited to this, the presence of shallow gas layers will also weaken the impact of pressure reduction paths on the gas production characteristics of combined production, which makes the gas production characteristics at this time more inclined towards the gas production characteristics under direct pressure reduction. In summary, in order to effectively increase the temperature of shallow gas and enhance hydrate decomposition, it is necessary to flexibly adjust the pressure reduction indicators of the pressure reduction path in different mining stages. The results can lay the foundation for clarifying the mechanism of interlayer interference in multiple gas source reservoirs.
{"title":"Analysis of the Production Characteristics of Heterogeneous Reservoirs Assisted by Shallow Gas by Depressurization Path","authors":"Zifei Wang, Kangji Shi, Peng Gao, Lei Yang, Yongchen Song","doi":"10.11648/j.sd.20241201.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sd.20241201.13","url":null,"abstract":"The problems of low gas production rate and low gas production restrict the commercial production of natural gas hydrate. The combined production of hydrate reservoirs and underlying shallow gas reservoirs is expected to make up for this shortcoming. Most natural gas hydrates in the formation exhibit vertical heterogeneous distribution characteristics; There is still little research on the mechanism of its impact on the characteristics of co harvesting. This work focuses on the interaction between vertical heterogeneous hydrate reservoirs and shallow gas layers, and analyzes the mechanism of the impact of depressurization pathway on the characteristics of combined production. The results indicate that before the pressure in the shallow gas layer is equal to the pressure in the hydrate layer, the change in pressure reduction method cannot significantly affect the characteristics of pressure changes in the shallow gas layer; In addition, there is a significant hysteresis effect in the pressure evolution of shallow gas layers compared to hydrate layers. Not limited to this, the presence of shallow gas layers will also weaken the impact of pressure reduction paths on the gas production characteristics of combined production, which makes the gas production characteristics at this time more inclined towards the gas production characteristics under direct pressure reduction. In summary, in order to effectively increase the temperature of shallow gas and enhance hydrate decomposition, it is necessary to flexibly adjust the pressure reduction indicators of the pressure reduction path in different mining stages. The results can lay the foundation for clarifying the mechanism of interlayer interference in multiple gas source reservoirs.","PeriodicalId":506595,"journal":{"name":"Science Discovery","volume":"13 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140711993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-12DOI: 10.11648/j.sd.20241202.11
Yongqiang Xia, Peng Gao, Zhibo Jiang, Qi Fan, Rupeng Wei, Qingping Li, Lunxiang Zhang, Tao Yu, Lei Yang, Yongchen Song
There is an international consensus to reduce the pace of global warming caused by greenhouse gases, such as CO2.The geological storage of CO2 plays a crucial role in reducing the atmospheric CO2 concentration, and hydrate-based CO2 storage is an important geological storage technology applied to seabed sediments, which has attracted increasing attention due to its advantages of high safety and large storage capacity. In this study, a large-scale numerical simulator applicable to CO2 hydrate storage is developed, which considers the two-phase flow process including hydrate formation and realizes the coupling of the thermal-fluidic-chemical three fields, and further investigates the transport and transformation behavior of CO2 in the reservoir with anisotropic permeability during the injection period and at the cessation of injection. The results show that the formation of CO2 hydrate can easily generate local high-pressure zones and local high-temperature zones inside the reservoir; the CO2 hydrate cap formed above the wellhead can limit the vertical transport distance of CO2 and ensure the safe storage of CO2. In addition, this study also analyzed the efficiency of CO2 hydrate storage in different permeability anisotropic reservoirs and found that high Khv reservoirs are more conducive to CO2 conversion in the long term. This study can provide scientific value for the hydrate-based CO2 storage in the ocean and a theoretical basis for the transport behavior of CO2 in submarine reservoirs.
二氧化碳的地质封存对降低大气中二氧化碳浓度起着至关重要的作用，而基于水合物的二氧化碳封存是一种应用于海底沉积物的重要地质封存技术，因其安全性高、封存容量大等优点而受到越来越多的关注。本研究开发了适用于 CO2 水合物封存的大型数值模拟器，考虑了包括水合物形成在内的两相流动过程，实现了热-流体-化学三场耦合，并进一步研究了各向异性渗透率储层中 CO2 在注入期间和停止注入时的输运和转化行为。结果表明，CO2 水合物的形成容易在储层内部产生局部高压区和局部高温区；井口上方形成的 CO2 水合物盖可以限制 CO2 的垂直运移距离，确保 CO2 的安全封存。此外，本研究还分析了不同渗透率各向异性储层的 CO2 水合物封存效率，发现高 Khv 储层更有利于 CO2 的长期转化。这项研究可为海洋中基于水合物的二氧化碳封存提供科学价值，并为二氧化碳在海底储层中的输运行为提供理论依据。
{"title":"Study on the Transport and Transformation Law of CO<sub>2</sub> Marine Storage in Reservoirs with Various Permeability Anisotropy","authors":"Yongqiang Xia, Peng Gao, Zhibo Jiang, Qi Fan, Rupeng Wei, Qingping Li, Lunxiang Zhang, Tao Yu, Lei Yang, Yongchen Song","doi":"10.11648/j.sd.20241202.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sd.20241202.11","url":null,"abstract":"There is an international consensus to reduce the pace of global warming caused by greenhouse gases, such as CO<sub>2</sub>.The geological storage of CO<sub>2</sub> plays a crucial role in reducing the atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, and hydrate-based CO<sub>2</sub> storage is an important geological storage technology applied to seabed sediments, which has attracted increasing attention due to its advantages of high safety and large storage capacity. In this study, a large-scale numerical simulator applicable to CO<sub>2</sub> hydrate storage is developed, which considers the two-phase flow process including hydrate formation and realizes the coupling of the thermal-fluidic-chemical three fields, and further investigates the transport and transformation behavior of CO<sub>2</sub> in the reservoir with anisotropic permeability during the injection period and at the cessation of injection. The results show that the formation of CO<sub>2</sub> hydrate can easily generate local high-pressure zones and local high-temperature zones inside the reservoir; the CO<sub>2</sub> hydrate cap formed above the wellhead can limit the vertical transport distance of CO<sub>2</sub> and ensure the safe storage of CO<sub>2</sub>. In addition, this study also analyzed the efficiency of CO<sub>2</sub> hydrate storage in different permeability anisotropic reservoirs and found that high <I>K</I><sub>hv</sub> reservoirs are more conducive to CO<sub>2</sub> conversion in the long term. This study can provide scientific value for the hydrate-based CO<sub>2</sub> storage in the ocean and a theoretical basis for the transport behavior of CO<sub>2</sub> in submarine reservoirs.","PeriodicalId":506595,"journal":{"name":"Science Discovery","volume":"126 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140708839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-12DOI: 10.11648/j.sd.20241202.12
Yuze Han, Yu Feng, Yang Ge, Qingping Li, Lei Yang, Lunxiang Zhang, Yongchen Song
With the massive emission of greenhouse gases, global warming has become an important challenge for human beings at present. Storing carbon dioxide in the form of solid hydrates in the ocean is an effective strategy to mitigate climate warming. Clay in the ocean may have an effect on hydrate formation and CO2 storage. In this study, montmorillonite and kaolinite were selected as clay minerals, and the effects of clay particles on CO2 hydrate formation in suspensions with different mass fractions were experimentally analyzed. The results showed that the clay particles were able to promote hydrate nucleation and shorten the induction time, but the final amount of hydrate was reduced, which was related to the bound water. CO2 hydrate storage in clay minerals with different water contents was investigated. The amount of CO2 storage in montmorillonite minerals first decreased and then increased with the increase of water content, while the amount of storage in kaolinite minerals increased. The reason was that the amount of bound water on the surfaces of montmorillonite and kaolinite was different, and the stronger bound water was difficult to form hydrates. The results revealed the effect of clay particles on CO2 hydrate formation and provided some experimental support for the CO2 storage by hydrate method in the ocean.
随着温室气体的大量排放，全球变暖已成为人类当前面临的重要挑战。在海洋中以固体水合物的形式储存二氧化碳是减缓气候变暖的有效策略。海洋中的粘土可能会对水合物的形成和二氧化碳的储存产生影响。本研究选取蒙脱石和高岭石作为粘土矿物，实验分析了不同质量分数的粘土颗粒对悬浮液中二氧化碳水合物形成的影响。结果表明，粘土颗粒能促进水合物成核并缩短诱导时间，但最终的水合物量减少，这与结合水有关。研究了不同含水量的粘土矿物中的 CO2 水合物储量。随着含水量的增加，蒙脱石矿物中的 CO2 储量先减少后增加，而高岭石矿物中的储量则增加了。原因是蒙脱石和高岭石表面的结合水量不同，结合水较强的矿物难以形成水合物。研究结果揭示了粘土颗粒对二氧化碳水合物形成的影响，为在海洋中通过水合物方法封存二氧化碳提供了一些实验支持。
{"title":"Study on the Effect of Clay Minerals on CO<sub>2</sub> Hydrate Formation","authors":"Yuze Han, Yu Feng, Yang Ge, Qingping Li, Lei Yang, Lunxiang Zhang, Yongchen Song","doi":"10.11648/j.sd.20241202.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sd.20241202.12","url":null,"abstract":"With the massive emission of greenhouse gases, global warming has become an important challenge for human beings at present. Storing carbon dioxide in the form of solid hydrates in the ocean is an effective strategy to mitigate climate warming. Clay in the ocean may have an effect on hydrate formation and CO<sub>2</sub> storage. In this study, montmorillonite and kaolinite were selected as clay minerals, and the effects of clay particles on CO<sub>2</sub> hydrate formation in suspensions with different mass fractions were experimentally analyzed. The results showed that the clay particles were able to promote hydrate nucleation and shorten the induction time, but the final amount of hydrate was reduced, which was related to the bound water. CO<sub>2</sub> hydrate storage in clay minerals with different water contents was investigated. The amount of CO<sub>2</sub> storage in montmorillonite minerals first decreased and then increased with the increase of water content, while the amount of storage in kaolinite minerals increased. The reason was that the amount of bound water on the surfaces of montmorillonite and kaolinite was different, and the stronger bound water was difficult to form hydrates. The results revealed the effect of clay particles on CO<sub>2</sub> hydrate formation and provided some experimental support for the CO<sub>2</sub> storage by hydrate method in the ocean.","PeriodicalId":506595,"journal":{"name":"Science Discovery","volume":"20 48","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140711393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on the recommended curve of concrete compressive strength tested by shear and tensile composite method, this paper combined with concrete specimens of different strength grades, ages and batches produced by several test verification units, adopted the in vitro shear and tensile test method introduced by the regulations, and used basically the same test equipment to collect the single shear and tensile strength and the compressive strength of cube specimens under the same conditions. Each batch was divided into 15 or 30 specimens. Through the collected test data, the conversion strength of the single shear, pull-out and shear tensile composite methods were calculated respectively. The relative error of a single specimen was calculated based on the average strength of each batch of concrete. The error distribution types and errors of each company were systematically studied, and finally the relative error data of each company were summarized, and the probability distribution parameters of the error of the Shear and tensile synthesis method were understood through probability distribution analysis, and the relationship between the error of the shear and tensile synthesis method, the single shear method and the pull method, and the influence degree on the conversion strength of the shear and tensile synthesis method were shown by using three-dimensional coordinates. Using the test data of "shear and tensile synthesis method", "single shear method" and "pull-out method", the scatter plot is drawn, and the error size is compared to explore the direction of further improving the detection accuracy of "shear and tensile synthesis method".
{"title":"Verification Test and Research on Fitting Curve of Shear and Tensile Synthesis Method","authors":"Jianning Zhang, Guo Qing, Gu Sheng, Huanlin Li, Zhu Yuewu","doi":"10.11648/j.sd.20241202.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sd.20241202.13","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the recommended curve of concrete compressive strength tested by shear and tensile composite method, this paper combined with concrete specimens of different strength grades, ages and batches produced by several test verification units, adopted the in vitro shear and tensile test method introduced by the regulations, and used basically the same test equipment to collect the single shear and tensile strength and the compressive strength of cube specimens under the same conditions. Each batch was divided into 15 or 30 specimens. Through the collected test data, the conversion strength of the single shear, pull-out and shear tensile composite methods were calculated respectively. The relative error of a single specimen was calculated based on the average strength of each batch of concrete. The error distribution types and errors of each company were systematically studied, and finally the relative error data of each company were summarized, and the probability distribution parameters of the error of the Shear and tensile synthesis method were understood through probability distribution analysis, and the relationship between the error of the shear and tensile synthesis method, the single shear method and the pull method, and the influence degree on the conversion strength of the shear and tensile synthesis method were shown by using three-dimensional coordinates. Using the test data of \"shear and tensile synthesis method\", \"single shear method\" and \"pull-out method\", the scatter plot is drawn, and the error size is compared to explore the direction of further improving the detection accuracy of \"shear and tensile synthesis method\".","PeriodicalId":506595,"journal":{"name":"Science Discovery","volume":"123 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140708719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-13DOI: 10.11648/j.sd.20241201.12
Qingyuan Zhou, Chunhua Yang, Zhicheng Yu, Zhang Yi
Jizhong Depression is located in the middle and west of Bohai Basin. During the Tertiary period, the depression was in a relatively stable state, and the shape of the depression did not change much, but the internal ups and downs of the depression were still continuous. In the Tertiary period, it experienced three development stages: early division, middle communication and late contraction, and three different sedimentary facies appeared accordingly. At the same time, it also caused three shifts of sedimentary centers. In the medium-term communication stage, two large water invasion periods occurred, and in some areas, the sedimentary water medium changed from salty to light twice. Oil and gas in the depression are associated with formation water, and the formation history of formation water is closely related to the formation history of oil and gas reservoirs. They are both in a hydrodynamic system and exchange material components for a long time. The lower tertiary is the main oil-bearing interval in central Hebei, but it is affected by the late tectonic movement and its structural characteristics are complex. Therefore, the hydrochemistry and vertical distribution characteristics of tertiary strata are studied. By effectively studying the distribution characteristics of formation water, it is concluded that the salinity of formation water in the basin tends to increase from edge to center and from shallow to deep, mainly in alternate blocking zones and alternate stagnation zones. The water deposition environment is relatively stable and the general regularity is obvious, which is an effective means to study the migration and distribution of oil and gas.
{"title":"Analysis on Vertical Variation Characteristics of Eogene Formation Water in Jizhong Depression","authors":"Qingyuan Zhou, Chunhua Yang, Zhicheng Yu, Zhang Yi","doi":"10.11648/j.sd.20241201.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sd.20241201.12","url":null,"abstract":"Jizhong Depression is located in the middle and west of Bohai Basin. During the Tertiary period, the depression was in a relatively stable state, and the shape of the depression did not change much, but the internal ups and downs of the depression were still continuous. In the Tertiary period, it experienced three development stages: early division, middle communication and late contraction, and three different sedimentary facies appeared accordingly. At the same time, it also caused three shifts of sedimentary centers. In the medium-term communication stage, two large water invasion periods occurred, and in some areas, the sedimentary water medium changed from salty to light twice. Oil and gas in the depression are associated with formation water, and the formation history of formation water is closely related to the formation history of oil and gas reservoirs. They are both in a hydrodynamic system and exchange material components for a long time. The lower tertiary is the main oil-bearing interval in central Hebei, but it is affected by the late tectonic movement and its structural characteristics are complex. Therefore, the hydrochemistry and vertical distribution characteristics of tertiary strata are studied. By effectively studying the distribution characteristics of formation water, it is concluded that the salinity of formation water in the basin tends to increase from edge to center and from shallow to deep, mainly in alternate blocking zones and alternate stagnation zones. The water deposition environment is relatively stable and the general regularity is obvious, which is an effective means to study the migration and distribution of oil and gas.\u0000","PeriodicalId":506595,"journal":{"name":"Science Discovery","volume":"33 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140247747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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