Pub Date : 2024-07-11DOI: 10.2174/0124054615317351240620100017
Tabarek J. Qasim, A. Moosa, Zainab H. Mahdi
This study aims to investigate the effect of the addition of Nano MgO on the self-healing behavior of concrete. The Nano MgO wereadded to the concrete mixtures at ratios of (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6) % by weight of cement, respectively. Then, the compressive strength, density, and water absorption were measured at ages (7, 14, and 28) days. The results showed that the best compressive strength, density, and lowest water absorption were obtained by mixing 0.4% MgO with the weight of cement. SEM and EDX were used to characterize the concrete samples. SEM examination of the concrete samples with 0.4% MgO by weight of cement showed a dense microstructure with no pores and the formation of CSH. Microcapsules containing cement with 0.4% Nano MgO were prepared using a fluidized bed coating process (Pelletization method). The microcapsules were then added to concrete with (7, 10, and 13) % of the cement's weight. Compressive strength, water absorption, density, flexural strength, and splitting tensile strength tests were performed to study concrete properties. According to the results, MgO microcapsules were used as a useful material for the self-healing cracking process. Fabrication of Microcapsules 1- Polystyrene was dissolved with toluene at a ratio of 1:10 using a magnetic stirrer for 30 minutes, 70 C°, at a speed of 80 rpm. 2- 100 gm of cement was mixed with 0.4 gm of Nano MgO using a hand mixer for 10 minutes. 3- To perform the pelletizing process (fluidized bed coating), the polyurethane material consisting of polystyrene with toluene was placed in the spray gun that was fixed in the device shown in Figure 1, and it was pumped at a pressure of 7-8 bar, and the air jet installed at the bottom of the device was operated to raise the mixture consisting of cement and nanomaterials that was pumped out. Using a fixed injection, pumping the polystyrene solution for 3 seconds to obtain the best powder coverage and forming microcapsules with a homogeneous powder core covered with polystyrene. 4- Extract the microcapsules collected at the top of the device. 5- Drying in a drying oven for two hours at a temperature of 60 C°. Casting and Curing of Test Specimens The superplasticizer has been added to the water and the mixture was mixed for 10 seconds, then the Nano MgO has been added and placed in a sonicator (Powersonic 410, Hwashin Technology Company, Korea) for 30 minutes. The mixture was then placed in a mixing bowl, and cement has been added gradually with continuous mixing using a homemade electrical mixer, sand was added to the mixture gradually, taking a mixing period of 4 minutes. Finally, microcapsules have been added gradually with continuous mixing for 2 minutes. The concrete mixture has been poured into three different types of molds into 9 samples for each test: cubic molds (50*50*50) mm3 for compressive strength test, cylindrical molds (150 mm length and 50mm diameter) for splitting tensile strength tests, and Prismatic molds (40*40*
{"title":"Evaluation of Microcapsules Filled with Nano Magnesium Oxide for Self-Healing Concrete","authors":"Tabarek J. Qasim, A. Moosa, Zainab H. Mahdi","doi":"10.2174/0124054615317351240620100017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124054615317351240620100017","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000This study aims to investigate the effect of the addition of Nano MgO on\u0000the self-healing behavior of concrete.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The Nano MgO wereadded to the concrete mixtures at ratios of (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6) %\u0000by weight of cement, respectively. Then, the compressive strength, density, and water absorption\u0000were measured at ages (7, 14, and 28) days.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The results showed that the best compressive strength, density, and lowest water absorption\u0000were obtained by mixing 0.4% MgO with the weight of cement. SEM and EDX were used to characterize\u0000the concrete samples. SEM examination of the concrete samples with 0.4% MgO by weight\u0000of cement showed a dense microstructure with no pores and the formation of CSH. Microcapsules\u0000containing cement with 0.4% Nano MgO were prepared using a fluidized bed coating process\u0000(Pelletization method). The microcapsules were then added to concrete with (7, 10, and 13) % of\u0000the cement's weight. Compressive strength, water absorption, density, flexural strength, and splitting\u0000tensile strength tests were performed to study concrete properties. According to the results, MgO\u0000microcapsules were used as a useful material for the self-healing cracking process.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Fabrication of Microcapsules\u00001- Polystyrene was dissolved with toluene at a ratio of 1:10 using a magnetic stirrer for 30 minutes, 70 C°, at a speed of 80 rpm.\u00002- 100 gm of cement was mixed with 0.4 gm of Nano MgO using a hand mixer for 10 minutes. \u00003- To perform the pelletizing process (fluidized bed coating), the polyurethane material consisting of polystyrene with toluene was placed in the spray gun that was fixed in the device shown in Figure 1, and it was pumped at a pressure of 7-8 bar, and the air jet installed at the bottom of the device was operated to raise the mixture consisting of cement and nanomaterials that was pumped out. Using a fixed injection, pumping the polystyrene solution for 3 seconds to obtain the best powder coverage and forming microcapsules with a homogeneous powder core covered with polystyrene.\u00004- Extract the microcapsules collected at the top of the device.\u00005- Drying in a drying oven for two hours at a temperature of 60 C°.\u0000\u0000Casting and Curing of Test Specimens\u0000The superplasticizer has been added to the water and the mixture was mixed for 10 seconds, then the Nano MgO has been added and placed in a sonicator (Powersonic 410, Hwashin Technology Company, Korea) for 30 minutes. The mixture was then placed in a mixing bowl, and cement has been added gradually with continuous mixing using a homemade electrical mixer, sand was added to the mixture gradually, taking a mixing period of 4 minutes. Finally, microcapsules have been added gradually with continuous mixing for 2 minutes. The concrete mixture has been poured into three different types of molds into 9 samples for each test: cubic molds (50*50*50) mm3 for compressive strength test, cylindrical molds (150 mm length and 50mm diameter) for splitting tensile strength tests, and Prismatic molds (40*40*","PeriodicalId":508862,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanomaterials","volume":"38 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141658449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-02DOI: 10.2174/0124054615306570240427050641
O. B. Daramola, N. Torimiro, Reama Chinedu George
Soil bacteria that synthesize varying metallic NPs are underreported, even though there is a promising mechanism in the bio-reduction of gold salts and the synthesis of gold nanoparticles by different bacterial species. This study aimed to explore the ancillary potential of some soil microbes obtained from a metal fabricating workshop for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) synthesis. To evaluate the usefulness of these soil microbes, 1mM chloroauric acid (HAuCl4.4H2O) was bio-reduced using the wet biomass of these bacterial cells and characterized with UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope [SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray Diffractometer (XRD). The study findings showed that the studied bacterial isolates synthesized AuNPs with absorbance peaks within the range of 500 and 600 nm. The FTIR analysis showed the involvement of O-H, N-H, and C=O stretch of alcohol, amine, and amide groups, respectively. The SEM images analyzed with Image J reported a mean area size between 17-184 nm. The EDX showed Klebsiella africana (C11), and Bacillus subtilis (A12) had the lowest (7.32%) and highest (51.26 %) weight percentages of AuNPs, respectively. Gold nanoparticles have been found most appropriate for several novel applications, and this work has provided further understanding of the capacity of naturally occurring bacteria to be non-selective in the bio-reduction of gold salts, hence expanding their potential uses.
本研究旨在探索从金属加工车间获得的一些土壤微生物在合成金纳米粒子（AuNPs）方面的辅助潜力。4H2O ）进行生物还原，并用紫外-可见分光光度计、傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能量色散 X 射线（EDX）和 X 射线衍射仪（XRD）对其进行表征。傅立叶变换红外光谱分析显示，醇、胺和酰胺基团分别参与了 O-H、N-H 和 C=O 伸展。用 Image J 分析的扫描电子显微镜图像显示，平均面积大小在 17-184 纳米之间。EDX 显示，非洲克雷伯氏菌（C11）和枯草芽孢杆菌（A12）的 AuNPs 重量百分比分别最低（7.32%）和最高（51.26%）。
{"title":"An Investigation into the Additional Potential of Iron-Reducing Bacteria Harnessed for Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis","authors":"O. B. Daramola, N. Torimiro, Reama Chinedu George","doi":"10.2174/0124054615306570240427050641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124054615306570240427050641","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Soil bacteria that synthesize varying metallic NPs are underreported, even\u0000though there is a promising mechanism in the bio-reduction of gold salts and the synthesis of gold\u0000nanoparticles by different bacterial species.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study aimed to explore the ancillary potential of some soil microbes obtained from\u0000a metal fabricating workshop for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) synthesis.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000To evaluate the usefulness of these soil microbes, 1mM chloroauric acid (HAuCl4.4H2O)\u0000was bio-reduced using the wet biomass of these bacterial cells and characterized with UV-Vis spectrophotometer,\u0000Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope [SEM), Energy\u0000Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-ray Diffractometer (XRD).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The study findings showed that the studied bacterial isolates synthesized AuNPs with absorbance\u0000peaks within the range of 500 and 600 nm. The FTIR analysis showed the involvement of\u0000O-H, N-H, and C=O stretch of alcohol, amine, and amide groups, respectively. The SEM images\u0000analyzed with Image J reported a mean area size between 17-184 nm. The EDX showed Klebsiella\u0000africana (C11), and Bacillus subtilis (A12) had the lowest (7.32%) and highest (51.26 %) weight\u0000percentages of AuNPs, respectively.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Gold nanoparticles have been found most appropriate for several novel applications,\u0000and this work has provided further understanding of the capacity of naturally occurring bacteria to\u0000be non-selective in the bio-reduction of gold salts, hence expanding their potential uses.\u0000","PeriodicalId":508862,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanomaterials","volume":"354 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141686838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-13DOI: 10.2174/0124054615288714240110072000
Mohanad Mohammed Ali, S. Hussein-Al-Ali, Mike Kh. Haddad
Abemaciclib (Abm) is a CDK inhibitor that specifically targets the CDK4/6 cell cycle pathway and has potential anticancer activity. Unfortunately, it has a low solubility and dissolution rate. Abemaciclib Unfortunately, it has low solubility and dissolution rate. The aim of this study is to enhance the solubility of ABM by loading it onto a chitosan (CS) polymer. Polymer nanoparticle (NP) and Abm-CSNPs nanocomposites were prepared. Minitab 18 software was used to design 18 run samples to study the effects of CS, tripolyphosphate, and pH as independent variables on the loading efficiency and particle size (dependent variable). The response surface methodology (RSM) was also used to determine how the variables affected the response. The graphical analysis used surface plots, main effects plots, contour plots, and interaction graphs. The study includes F values, P values, variance inflation factors (VIFs), adjusted sums of square (Adj SSs), adjusted mean squares (Adj MSs) and square error of the coefficient (SE Coef). The carriers and loaded samples were also examined using the results of tests, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the release of Abm from Abm-CSNPs nanocomposite was studied in vitro. The results revealed an ability to produce particle sizes ranging from (168-192) nm and loading efficiencies from (56.7-62.1). Abm-CSNPs nanocomposite may be used as an alternative drug delivery system for Abm to increase the release time of Abm to 1400 minutes.
{"title":"Preparation, Optimization, and In-Vitro Release Study of Abemaciclib-Loaded Chitosan Nanocarrier as a New Approach for Breast Cancer Treatment","authors":"Mohanad Mohammed Ali, S. Hussein-Al-Ali, Mike Kh. Haddad","doi":"10.2174/0124054615288714240110072000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124054615288714240110072000","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Abemaciclib (Abm) is a CDK inhibitor that specifically targets the CDK4/6 cell cycle\u0000pathway and has potential anticancer activity. Unfortunately, it has a low solubility and dissolution\u0000rate.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Abemaciclib Unfortunately, it has low solubility and dissolution rate.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The aim of this study is to enhance the solubility of ABM by loading it onto a chitosan (CS)\u0000polymer.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Polymer nanoparticle (NP) and Abm-CSNPs nanocomposites were prepared. Minitab 18\u0000software was used to design 18 run samples to study the effects of CS, tripolyphosphate, and pH as\u0000independent variables on the loading efficiency and particle size (dependent variable). The response\u0000surface methodology (RSM) was also used to determine how the variables affected the response.\u0000The graphical analysis used surface plots, main effects plots, contour plots, and interaction graphs.\u0000The study includes F values, P values, variance inflation factors (VIFs), adjusted sums of square\u0000(Adj SSs), adjusted mean squares (Adj MSs) and square error of the coefficient (SE Coef). The\u0000carriers and loaded samples were also examined using the results of tests, including Fourier transform\u0000infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the\u0000release of Abm from Abm-CSNPs nanocomposite was studied in vitro.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The results revealed an ability to produce particle sizes ranging from (168-192) nm and\u0000loading efficiencies from (56.7-62.1).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Abm-CSNPs nanocomposite may be used as an alternative drug delivery system for\u0000Abm to increase the release time of Abm to 1400 minutes.\u0000","PeriodicalId":508862,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanomaterials","volume":"128 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139841946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-13DOI: 10.2174/0124054615288714240110072000
Mohanad Mohammed Ali, S. Hussein-Al-Ali, Mike Kh. Haddad
Abemaciclib (Abm) is a CDK inhibitor that specifically targets the CDK4/6 cell cycle pathway and has potential anticancer activity. Unfortunately, it has a low solubility and dissolution rate. Abemaciclib Unfortunately, it has low solubility and dissolution rate. The aim of this study is to enhance the solubility of ABM by loading it onto a chitosan (CS) polymer. Polymer nanoparticle (NP) and Abm-CSNPs nanocomposites were prepared. Minitab 18 software was used to design 18 run samples to study the effects of CS, tripolyphosphate, and pH as independent variables on the loading efficiency and particle size (dependent variable). The response surface methodology (RSM) was also used to determine how the variables affected the response. The graphical analysis used surface plots, main effects plots, contour plots, and interaction graphs. The study includes F values, P values, variance inflation factors (VIFs), adjusted sums of square (Adj SSs), adjusted mean squares (Adj MSs) and square error of the coefficient (SE Coef). The carriers and loaded samples were also examined using the results of tests, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the release of Abm from Abm-CSNPs nanocomposite was studied in vitro. The results revealed an ability to produce particle sizes ranging from (168-192) nm and loading efficiencies from (56.7-62.1). Abm-CSNPs nanocomposite may be used as an alternative drug delivery system for Abm to increase the release time of Abm to 1400 minutes.
{"title":"Preparation, Optimization, and In-Vitro Release Study of Abemaciclib-Loaded Chitosan Nanocarrier as a New Approach for Breast Cancer Treatment","authors":"Mohanad Mohammed Ali, S. Hussein-Al-Ali, Mike Kh. Haddad","doi":"10.2174/0124054615288714240110072000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124054615288714240110072000","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Abemaciclib (Abm) is a CDK inhibitor that specifically targets the CDK4/6 cell cycle\u0000pathway and has potential anticancer activity. Unfortunately, it has a low solubility and dissolution\u0000rate.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Abemaciclib Unfortunately, it has low solubility and dissolution rate.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The aim of this study is to enhance the solubility of ABM by loading it onto a chitosan (CS)\u0000polymer.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Polymer nanoparticle (NP) and Abm-CSNPs nanocomposites were prepared. Minitab 18\u0000software was used to design 18 run samples to study the effects of CS, tripolyphosphate, and pH as\u0000independent variables on the loading efficiency and particle size (dependent variable). The response\u0000surface methodology (RSM) was also used to determine how the variables affected the response.\u0000The graphical analysis used surface plots, main effects plots, contour plots, and interaction graphs.\u0000The study includes F values, P values, variance inflation factors (VIFs), adjusted sums of square\u0000(Adj SSs), adjusted mean squares (Adj MSs) and square error of the coefficient (SE Coef). The\u0000carriers and loaded samples were also examined using the results of tests, including Fourier transform\u0000infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the\u0000release of Abm from Abm-CSNPs nanocomposite was studied in vitro.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The results revealed an ability to produce particle sizes ranging from (168-192) nm and\u0000loading efficiencies from (56.7-62.1).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Abm-CSNPs nanocomposite may be used as an alternative drug delivery system for\u0000Abm to increase the release time of Abm to 1400 minutes.\u0000","PeriodicalId":508862,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanomaterials","volume":"29 44","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139782173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-07DOI: 10.2174/0124054615288184240131074038
Jameson M. M. Pfeffer, Fatima Merza, Maja Lopandic, John F. Honek
Self-assembly of preformed nanoparticles into larger and more complex materials, termed nanoarchitectonics, is an area of great interest as the resulting higher-order architectures can exhibit advanced supramolecular properties important in sensor design, catalysis, and ferromagnetic properties. The aim of the current investigation is to explore the application of self-assembling protein networks to serve as molecular scaffolds for immobilization of enzyme catalysts. The use of 12 nm ferritin cage proteins to serve as components of these scaffolds would expand the application of these types of multifunctional proteins to the fabrication of advanced biomaterials. Humicola insolens cutinase was immobilized on a supramolecular protein scaffold using bioconjugation to biotinylate the enzyme of interest. The protein-based scaffold consisted of a ferritin- biotin-avidin system, and the interaction of biotin and avidin was used to suspend the enzyme molecules onto this network. Matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were employed to analyze the supramolecular cage protein scaffold at various stages of fabrication. The activities of these scaffold-bound enzymes towards chromogenic esters and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were analyzed and found to remain active towards both substrates following biotinylation and immobilization. Biotinylated Humicola insolens cutinase enzymes can be immobilized on nanodimensional protein networks composed of avidin and biotinylated horse spleen ferritin and exhibit catalytic activity toward a small substrate, p-nitrophenylbutyrate, as well as an industrial plastic. Selfassembling protein networks may provide new approaches for biomolecular immobilization.
将预制纳米颗粒自组装成更大更复杂的材料（称为纳米结构学）是一个备受关注的领域，因为由此产生的高阶结构可以表现出先进的超分子特性，这些特性在传感器设计、催化和铁磁特性方面非常重要。使用 12nm 铁蛋白笼蛋白作为这些支架的组成部分，将扩大这些类型的多功能蛋白质在制造先进生物材料方面的应用。基于蛋白质的支架由铁蛋白-生物素-阿维丁系统组成，生物素和阿维丁的相互作用被用来将酶分子悬浮在这个网络上。通过基质辅助激光解吸质谱法、扫描电子显微镜和能量色散 X 射线光谱法，分析了超分子笼蛋白支架在不同制造阶段的情况，并分析了这些与支架结合的酶对色原酯和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）的活性，发现在生物素化和固定化之后，酶对这两种底物仍具有活性。生物素化的Humicola insolens角质酶可以固定在由阿维丁和生物素化的马脾铁蛋白组成的纳米蛋白质网络上，并对小底物对硝基苯丁酸酯和一种工业塑料表现出催化活性。自组装蛋白质网络可为生物分子固定化提供新方法。
{"title":"Cutinase Immobilization on a Supramolecular Cage Protein Scaffold","authors":"Jameson M. M. Pfeffer, Fatima Merza, Maja Lopandic, John F. Honek","doi":"10.2174/0124054615288184240131074038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124054615288184240131074038","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Self-assembly of preformed nanoparticles into larger and more complex\u0000materials, termed nanoarchitectonics, is an area of great interest as the resulting higher-order architectures\u0000can exhibit advanced supramolecular properties important in sensor design, catalysis, and\u0000ferromagnetic properties.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The aim of the current investigation is to explore the application of self-assembling protein\u0000networks to serve as molecular scaffolds for immobilization of enzyme catalysts. The use of 12\u0000nm ferritin cage proteins to serve as components of these scaffolds would expand the application of\u0000these types of multifunctional proteins to the fabrication of advanced biomaterials.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Humicola insolens cutinase was immobilized on a supramolecular protein scaffold using\u0000bioconjugation to biotinylate the enzyme of interest. The protein-based scaffold consisted of a ferritin-\u0000biotin-avidin system, and the interaction of biotin and avidin was used to suspend the enzyme\u0000molecules onto this network. Matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry, scanning electron\u0000microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were employed to analyze the supramolecular\u0000cage protein scaffold at various stages of fabrication.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The activities of these scaffold-bound enzymes towards chromogenic esters and polyethylene\u0000terephthalate (PET) were analyzed and found to remain active towards both substrates following\u0000biotinylation and immobilization.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Biotinylated Humicola insolens cutinase enzymes can be immobilized on nanodimensional\u0000protein networks composed of avidin and biotinylated horse spleen ferritin and exhibit catalytic\u0000activity toward a small substrate, p-nitrophenylbutyrate, as well as an industrial plastic. Selfassembling\u0000protein networks may provide new approaches for biomolecular immobilization.\u0000","PeriodicalId":508862,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanomaterials","volume":"79 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139855447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-07DOI: 10.2174/0124054615288184240131074038
Jameson M. M. Pfeffer, Fatima Merza, Maja Lopandic, John F. Honek
Self-assembly of preformed nanoparticles into larger and more complex materials, termed nanoarchitectonics, is an area of great interest as the resulting higher-order architectures can exhibit advanced supramolecular properties important in sensor design, catalysis, and ferromagnetic properties. The aim of the current investigation is to explore the application of self-assembling protein networks to serve as molecular scaffolds for immobilization of enzyme catalysts. The use of 12 nm ferritin cage proteins to serve as components of these scaffolds would expand the application of these types of multifunctional proteins to the fabrication of advanced biomaterials. Humicola insolens cutinase was immobilized on a supramolecular protein scaffold using bioconjugation to biotinylate the enzyme of interest. The protein-based scaffold consisted of a ferritin- biotin-avidin system, and the interaction of biotin and avidin was used to suspend the enzyme molecules onto this network. Matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were employed to analyze the supramolecular cage protein scaffold at various stages of fabrication. The activities of these scaffold-bound enzymes towards chromogenic esters and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were analyzed and found to remain active towards both substrates following biotinylation and immobilization. Biotinylated Humicola insolens cutinase enzymes can be immobilized on nanodimensional protein networks composed of avidin and biotinylated horse spleen ferritin and exhibit catalytic activity toward a small substrate, p-nitrophenylbutyrate, as well as an industrial plastic. Selfassembling protein networks may provide new approaches for biomolecular immobilization.
将预制纳米颗粒自组装成更大更复杂的材料（称为纳米结构学）是一个备受关注的领域，因为由此产生的高阶结构可以表现出先进的超分子特性，这些特性在传感器设计、催化和铁磁特性方面非常重要。使用 12nm 铁蛋白笼蛋白作为这些支架的组成部分，将扩大这些类型的多功能蛋白质在制造先进生物材料方面的应用。基于蛋白质的支架由铁蛋白-生物素-阿维丁系统组成，生物素和阿维丁的相互作用被用来将酶分子悬浮在这个网络上。通过基质辅助激光解吸质谱法、扫描电子显微镜和能量色散 X 射线光谱法，分析了超分子笼蛋白支架在不同制造阶段的情况，并分析了这些与支架结合的酶对色原酯和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）的活性，发现在生物素化和固定化之后，酶对这两种底物仍具有活性。生物素化的Humicola insolens角质酶可以固定在由阿维丁和生物素化的马脾铁蛋白组成的纳米蛋白质网络上，并对小底物对硝基苯丁酸酯和一种工业塑料表现出催化活性。自组装蛋白质网络可为生物分子固定化提供新方法。
{"title":"Cutinase Immobilization on a Supramolecular Cage Protein Scaffold","authors":"Jameson M. M. Pfeffer, Fatima Merza, Maja Lopandic, John F. Honek","doi":"10.2174/0124054615288184240131074038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124054615288184240131074038","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Self-assembly of preformed nanoparticles into larger and more complex\u0000materials, termed nanoarchitectonics, is an area of great interest as the resulting higher-order architectures\u0000can exhibit advanced supramolecular properties important in sensor design, catalysis, and\u0000ferromagnetic properties.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The aim of the current investigation is to explore the application of self-assembling protein\u0000networks to serve as molecular scaffolds for immobilization of enzyme catalysts. The use of 12\u0000nm ferritin cage proteins to serve as components of these scaffolds would expand the application of\u0000these types of multifunctional proteins to the fabrication of advanced biomaterials.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Humicola insolens cutinase was immobilized on a supramolecular protein scaffold using\u0000bioconjugation to biotinylate the enzyme of interest. The protein-based scaffold consisted of a ferritin-\u0000biotin-avidin system, and the interaction of biotin and avidin was used to suspend the enzyme\u0000molecules onto this network. Matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry, scanning electron\u0000microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were employed to analyze the supramolecular\u0000cage protein scaffold at various stages of fabrication.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The activities of these scaffold-bound enzymes towards chromogenic esters and polyethylene\u0000terephthalate (PET) were analyzed and found to remain active towards both substrates following\u0000biotinylation and immobilization.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Biotinylated Humicola insolens cutinase enzymes can be immobilized on nanodimensional\u0000protein networks composed of avidin and biotinylated horse spleen ferritin and exhibit catalytic\u0000activity toward a small substrate, p-nitrophenylbutyrate, as well as an industrial plastic. Selfassembling\u0000protein networks may provide new approaches for biomolecular immobilization.\u0000","PeriodicalId":508862,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanomaterials","volume":"15 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139795395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-02DOI: 10.2174/0124054615280118240125065504
Ilknur Tunc, Goknur Arzu Akyuz
Nanosensors are one of the most recent technologies obtained from the nanoworld. They have enhanced properties with potential applications in a wide spectrum of sectors. They exhibit exceptional properties in temperature monitoring, hazardous gas and vapor detection, humidity detection, as well as pathogens, toxins, and chemical contaminant detection. Among various nanosensor applications, one of the most recent usages of nanosensor technology is in logistics and supply chain management (SCM). This study aims at investigating the potential of nanosensor technology from logistics & SCM perspective, and specifically questions how can this technology contribute to food supply chains. A systematic comprehensive literature review was conducted with the keywords: nanosensors & logistics, nanosensors & supply chain, nanosensors & smart packaging, and nanosensors & food logistics for the date range 2001-2022, covering a broad set of references. Findings revealed that nanosensors have significant potential in providing smart packaging, and improving traceability and visibility across all the logistics and SCM processes including end-to-end transportation and storage activities Hybrids of different types of nanosensors with the existing material identification systems provide new levels of traceability and visibility in SCM, enabling accurate tracking of a variety of parameters. The study has shown that the intersection of nanotechnology and logistics & SCM domains is still immature. This intersection is especially critical for food supply chains for meeting their special traceability requirements, and for serving food safety and organic food traceability across all stages of logistics.
{"title":"Nanosensors from Logistics and Supply Chain Perspective: A Literature\u0000Review","authors":"Ilknur Tunc, Goknur Arzu Akyuz","doi":"10.2174/0124054615280118240125065504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124054615280118240125065504","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Nanosensors are one of the most recent technologies obtained from the\u0000nanoworld. They have enhanced properties with potential applications in a wide spectrum of sectors.\u0000They exhibit exceptional properties in temperature monitoring, hazardous gas and vapor detection,\u0000humidity detection, as well as pathogens, toxins, and chemical contaminant detection. Among various nanosensor applications, one of the most recent usages of nanosensor technology is in logistics\u0000and supply chain management (SCM).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study aims at investigating the potential of nanosensor technology from logistics & SCM\u0000perspective, and specifically questions how can this technology contribute to food supply chains.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A systematic comprehensive literature review was conducted with the keywords: nanosensors & logistics, nanosensors & supply chain, nanosensors & smart packaging, and nanosensors &\u0000food logistics for the date range 2001-2022, covering a broad set of references. Findings revealed\u0000that nanosensors have significant potential in providing smart packaging, and improving traceability\u0000and visibility across all the logistics and SCM processes including end-to-end transportation and\u0000storage activities\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Hybrids of different types of nanosensors with the existing material identification systems\u0000provide new levels of traceability and visibility in SCM, enabling accurate tracking of a variety of\u0000parameters. The study has shown that the intersection of nanotechnology and logistics & SCM domains is still immature.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This intersection is especially critical for food supply chains for meeting their special\u0000traceability requirements, and for serving food safety and organic food traceability across all stages\u0000of logistics.\u0000","PeriodicalId":508862,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanomaterials","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139808948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-02DOI: 10.2174/0124054615280118240125065504
Ilknur Tunc, Goknur Arzu Akyuz
Nanosensors are one of the most recent technologies obtained from the nanoworld. They have enhanced properties with potential applications in a wide spectrum of sectors. They exhibit exceptional properties in temperature monitoring, hazardous gas and vapor detection, humidity detection, as well as pathogens, toxins, and chemical contaminant detection. Among various nanosensor applications, one of the most recent usages of nanosensor technology is in logistics and supply chain management (SCM). This study aims at investigating the potential of nanosensor technology from logistics & SCM perspective, and specifically questions how can this technology contribute to food supply chains. A systematic comprehensive literature review was conducted with the keywords: nanosensors & logistics, nanosensors & supply chain, nanosensors & smart packaging, and nanosensors & food logistics for the date range 2001-2022, covering a broad set of references. Findings revealed that nanosensors have significant potential in providing smart packaging, and improving traceability and visibility across all the logistics and SCM processes including end-to-end transportation and storage activities Hybrids of different types of nanosensors with the existing material identification systems provide new levels of traceability and visibility in SCM, enabling accurate tracking of a variety of parameters. The study has shown that the intersection of nanotechnology and logistics & SCM domains is still immature. This intersection is especially critical for food supply chains for meeting their special traceability requirements, and for serving food safety and organic food traceability across all stages of logistics.
{"title":"Nanosensors from Logistics and Supply Chain Perspective: A Literature\u0000Review","authors":"Ilknur Tunc, Goknur Arzu Akyuz","doi":"10.2174/0124054615280118240125065504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124054615280118240125065504","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Nanosensors are one of the most recent technologies obtained from the\u0000nanoworld. They have enhanced properties with potential applications in a wide spectrum of sectors.\u0000They exhibit exceptional properties in temperature monitoring, hazardous gas and vapor detection,\u0000humidity detection, as well as pathogens, toxins, and chemical contaminant detection. Among various nanosensor applications, one of the most recent usages of nanosensor technology is in logistics\u0000and supply chain management (SCM).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study aims at investigating the potential of nanosensor technology from logistics & SCM\u0000perspective, and specifically questions how can this technology contribute to food supply chains.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A systematic comprehensive literature review was conducted with the keywords: nanosensors & logistics, nanosensors & supply chain, nanosensors & smart packaging, and nanosensors &\u0000food logistics for the date range 2001-2022, covering a broad set of references. Findings revealed\u0000that nanosensors have significant potential in providing smart packaging, and improving traceability\u0000and visibility across all the logistics and SCM processes including end-to-end transportation and\u0000storage activities\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Hybrids of different types of nanosensors with the existing material identification systems\u0000provide new levels of traceability and visibility in SCM, enabling accurate tracking of a variety of\u0000parameters. The study has shown that the intersection of nanotechnology and logistics & SCM domains is still immature.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This intersection is especially critical for food supply chains for meeting their special\u0000traceability requirements, and for serving food safety and organic food traceability across all stages\u0000of logistics.\u0000","PeriodicalId":508862,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanomaterials","volume":"45 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139868435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.2174/0124054615278272231128072351
Ammar Alsinai, D. A. Xavier, Annmaria Baby, Eddith Sarah Varghese, H. Ahmed
Carbon nanocones possess exceptional properties compared to other nanomaterials, such as nanotubes, graphene etc. Hence they can be used as an alternative to other nanostructures. This work helps in determining various properties of the nanocone structure through topological descriptors. In this paper, various degree based topological descriptors along with its entropy measures are evaluated for adjacently and non-adjacently configured pentagonal structure of carbon nanocones. Carbon nanoparticles are gaining much importance in the contemporary world. Among which carbon nanocones have wide range of acceptance in the field of nanotechnology due to its effective properties and applications. Nanocones, also known as nanohorns are carbon networks which are planar in structure and has majority of hexagonal faces along with some nonhexagonal faces, which are most commonly pentagons. Nanocones which include pentagons in their structure can be referred to as adjacently or non- adjacently configured pentagonal structure of nanocones. Various topological descriptors for few nanocone classes were derived by researchers earlier, but not for the class of nanocones in this paper. Through this work, we try to vanish the research gap in this field. : The degree based descriptors and corresponding graph entropies for the adjacently and non-adjacently configured pentagonal structure of nanocones were determined, which further can be applied in quantitative structure – activity – property relationship studies. The concept of graph entropy is to assign a probability function to the edges in the chemical graph using the topological descriptor and it helps to characterise the complexity of graphs. We have employed the degree counting method and edge partition based on the vertices and edges of the adjacently and non-adjacently configured pentagonal nanocone structures to obtain the edge partitions and then using the corresponding mathematical expression, the degree based descriptors and its corresponding entropies were determined. Result: The analytically closed formulas to compute the degree based topological descriptors and graph entropies for any generation of the class of nanocone structures were obtained. In this work, the degree based descriptors and the corresponding graph entropies for the adjacently and non-adjacently configured pentagonal structure of carbon nanocones are determined applying the degree counting method and edge partition based on the vertices and edges. Also a graphical comparative study was also done with the help of obtained results. end.
{"title":"Graph Entropy for Adjacently and Non-Adjacently Configured Pentagonal\u0000Structure of Carbon Nanocones","authors":"Ammar Alsinai, D. A. Xavier, Annmaria Baby, Eddith Sarah Varghese, H. Ahmed","doi":"10.2174/0124054615278272231128072351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124054615278272231128072351","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Carbon nanocones possess exceptional properties compared to other nanomaterials, such as nanotubes, graphene etc. Hence they can be used as an alternative to other nanostructures.\u0000This work helps in determining various properties of the nanocone structure through topological descriptors. In this paper, various degree based topological descriptors along with its entropy measures are evaluated for adjacently and non-adjacently configured pentagonal structure of carbon nanocones.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Carbon nanoparticles are gaining much importance in the contemporary world. Among which carbon nanocones have wide range of acceptance in the field of nanotechnology due to its effective properties and applications. Nanocones, also known as nanohorns are carbon networks which are planar in structure and has majority of hexagonal faces along with some nonhexagonal faces, which are most commonly pentagons. Nanocones which include pentagons in their structure can be referred to as adjacently or non- adjacently configured pentagonal structure of nanocones. Various topological descriptors for few nanocone classes were derived by researchers earlier, but not for the class of nanocones in this paper. Through this work, we try to vanish the research gap in this field.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000: The degree based descriptors and corresponding graph entropies for the adjacently and non-adjacently configured pentagonal structure of nanocones were determined, which further can be applied in quantitative structure – activity – property relationship studies. The concept of graph entropy is to assign a probability function to the edges in the chemical graph using the topological descriptor and it helps to characterise the complexity of graphs.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000We have employed the degree counting method and edge partition based on the vertices and edges of the adjacently and non-adjacently configured pentagonal nanocone structures to obtain the edge partitions and then using the corresponding mathematical expression, the degree based descriptors and its corresponding entropies were determined.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Result: The analytically closed formulas to compute the degree based topological descriptors and graph entropies for any generation of the class of nanocone structures were obtained.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this work, the degree based descriptors and the corresponding graph entropies for the adjacently and non-adjacently configured pentagonal structure of carbon nanocones are determined applying the degree counting method and edge partition based on the vertices and edges. Also a graphical comparative study was also done with the help of obtained results.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000end.\u0000","PeriodicalId":508862,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanomaterials","volume":"418 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139877721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-01DOI: 10.2174/0124054615278272231128072351
Ammar Alsinai, D. A. Xavier, Annmaria Baby, Eddith Sarah Varghese, H. Ahmed
Carbon nanocones possess exceptional properties compared to other nanomaterials, such as nanotubes, graphene etc. Hence they can be used as an alternative to other nanostructures. This work helps in determining various properties of the nanocone structure through topological descriptors. In this paper, various degree based topological descriptors along with its entropy measures are evaluated for adjacently and non-adjacently configured pentagonal structure of carbon nanocones. Carbon nanoparticles are gaining much importance in the contemporary world. Among which carbon nanocones have wide range of acceptance in the field of nanotechnology due to its effective properties and applications. Nanocones, also known as nanohorns are carbon networks which are planar in structure and has majority of hexagonal faces along with some nonhexagonal faces, which are most commonly pentagons. Nanocones which include pentagons in their structure can be referred to as adjacently or non- adjacently configured pentagonal structure of nanocones. Various topological descriptors for few nanocone classes were derived by researchers earlier, but not for the class of nanocones in this paper. Through this work, we try to vanish the research gap in this field. : The degree based descriptors and corresponding graph entropies for the adjacently and non-adjacently configured pentagonal structure of nanocones were determined, which further can be applied in quantitative structure – activity – property relationship studies. The concept of graph entropy is to assign a probability function to the edges in the chemical graph using the topological descriptor and it helps to characterise the complexity of graphs. We have employed the degree counting method and edge partition based on the vertices and edges of the adjacently and non-adjacently configured pentagonal nanocone structures to obtain the edge partitions and then using the corresponding mathematical expression, the degree based descriptors and its corresponding entropies were determined. Result: The analytically closed formulas to compute the degree based topological descriptors and graph entropies for any generation of the class of nanocone structures were obtained. In this work, the degree based descriptors and the corresponding graph entropies for the adjacently and non-adjacently configured pentagonal structure of carbon nanocones are determined applying the degree counting method and edge partition based on the vertices and edges. Also a graphical comparative study was also done with the help of obtained results. end.
{"title":"Graph Entropy for Adjacently and Non-Adjacently Configured Pentagonal\u0000Structure of Carbon Nanocones","authors":"Ammar Alsinai, D. A. Xavier, Annmaria Baby, Eddith Sarah Varghese, H. Ahmed","doi":"10.2174/0124054615278272231128072351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0124054615278272231128072351","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Carbon nanocones possess exceptional properties compared to other nanomaterials, such as nanotubes, graphene etc. Hence they can be used as an alternative to other nanostructures.\u0000This work helps in determining various properties of the nanocone structure through topological descriptors. In this paper, various degree based topological descriptors along with its entropy measures are evaluated for adjacently and non-adjacently configured pentagonal structure of carbon nanocones.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Carbon nanoparticles are gaining much importance in the contemporary world. Among which carbon nanocones have wide range of acceptance in the field of nanotechnology due to its effective properties and applications. Nanocones, also known as nanohorns are carbon networks which are planar in structure and has majority of hexagonal faces along with some nonhexagonal faces, which are most commonly pentagons. Nanocones which include pentagons in their structure can be referred to as adjacently or non- adjacently configured pentagonal structure of nanocones. Various topological descriptors for few nanocone classes were derived by researchers earlier, but not for the class of nanocones in this paper. Through this work, we try to vanish the research gap in this field.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000: The degree based descriptors and corresponding graph entropies for the adjacently and non-adjacently configured pentagonal structure of nanocones were determined, which further can be applied in quantitative structure – activity – property relationship studies. The concept of graph entropy is to assign a probability function to the edges in the chemical graph using the topological descriptor and it helps to characterise the complexity of graphs.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000We have employed the degree counting method and edge partition based on the vertices and edges of the adjacently and non-adjacently configured pentagonal nanocone structures to obtain the edge partitions and then using the corresponding mathematical expression, the degree based descriptors and its corresponding entropies were determined.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Result: The analytically closed formulas to compute the degree based topological descriptors and graph entropies for any generation of the class of nanocone structures were obtained.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In this work, the degree based descriptors and the corresponding graph entropies for the adjacently and non-adjacently configured pentagonal structure of carbon nanocones are determined applying the degree counting method and edge partition based on the vertices and edges. Also a graphical comparative study was also done with the help of obtained results.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000end.\u0000","PeriodicalId":508862,"journal":{"name":"Current Nanomaterials","volume":"34 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139817828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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