Pub Date : 2013-07-01Epub Date: 2013-04-29DOI: 10.1037/a0031822
Kuang-Chu Li, Sigmund Hsiao, Jay-Shake Li
Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is traditionally viewed as an instance of pavlovian conditioning. This interpretation rests on the lack of an instrumental contingency between the tastant and the gastric malaise in a standard procedure of CTA. To investigate a role for instrumental punishment in CTA, we present 2 tastants sequentially ("sucrose then NaCl" or "NaCl then sucrose") in a daily alternating and counterbalanced order to rats with an explicit positive contingency between the dosage of the lithium chloride (LiCl) administered and the amount of 1 tastant drunk on that trial. In the beginning of experiment, rats suppressed their intake of both tastants. With the increase of conditioning trials, rats gradually learned to resume the intake of noncontingent solution while selectively suppressing the intake of LiCl-contingent solution. This selective suppression in CTA is the first report indicating that rats are sensitive to the subtle cues related to the covariations between the magnitude of stimulus and the magnitude of responses in a punishment paradigm involving a long delay between the gustatory stimulus of tastant ingestion and the aversive effect of LiCl injection.
{"title":"Conditioned taste aversion as instrumental punishment.","authors":"Kuang-Chu Li, Sigmund Hsiao, Jay-Shake Li","doi":"10.1037/a0031822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031822","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is traditionally viewed as an instance of pavlovian conditioning. This interpretation rests on the lack of an instrumental contingency between the tastant and the gastric malaise in a standard procedure of CTA. To investigate a role for instrumental punishment in CTA, we present 2 tastants sequentially (\"sucrose then NaCl\" or \"NaCl then sucrose\") in a daily alternating and counterbalanced order to rats with an explicit positive contingency between the dosage of the lithium chloride (LiCl) administered and the amount of 1 tastant drunk on that trial. In the beginning of experiment, rats suppressed their intake of both tastants. With the increase of conditioning trials, rats gradually learned to resume the intake of noncontingent solution while selectively suppressing the intake of LiCl-contingent solution. This selective suppression in CTA is the first report indicating that rats are sensitive to the subtle cues related to the covariations between the magnitude of stimulus and the magnitude of responses in a punishment paradigm involving a long delay between the gustatory stimulus of tastant ingestion and the aversive effect of LiCl injection.</p>","PeriodicalId":51088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/a0031822","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31393986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-07-01Epub Date: 2013-05-13DOI: 10.1037/a0031986
Nathan M Holmes, R Frederick Westbrook
Three experiments used an ABA renewal paradigm to study deepening of response loss produced by extinction of reinstated or ABC renewed fear responses. In Experiment 1, rats were trained with two stimuli, S1 and S2, in context A and extinguished to S1 in context B and S2 in context C, shocked in B but not in C, and subjected to additional extinction of S1 in B and S2 in C. Rats froze less to S1 than S2 when subsequently tested in A. In Experiments 2 and 3, following training of S1 and S2 in A, one group received extinction of S1 in B and S2 in C followed by extinction of S1 in C and S2 in B. This group froze less to S1 in A or to S2 in a novel context, D, than a group always extinguished to S1 in B and S2 in C or a group extinguished to both S1 and S2 in B and C. These results show that additional extinction of a conditioned stimulus (conditional stimulus [CS]) exhibiting either reinstatement or ABC renewal renders that CS resistant to ABA renewal. They are consistent with theories that allow a role for context in extinction learning and that use error-correction mechanisms to update this learning.
{"title":"Extinction of reinstated or ABC renewed fear responses renders them resistant to subsequent ABA renewal.","authors":"Nathan M Holmes, R Frederick Westbrook","doi":"10.1037/a0031986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three experiments used an ABA renewal paradigm to study deepening of response loss produced by extinction of reinstated or ABC renewed fear responses. In Experiment 1, rats were trained with two stimuli, S1 and S2, in context A and extinguished to S1 in context B and S2 in context C, shocked in B but not in C, and subjected to additional extinction of S1 in B and S2 in C. Rats froze less to S1 than S2 when subsequently tested in A. In Experiments 2 and 3, following training of S1 and S2 in A, one group received extinction of S1 in B and S2 in C followed by extinction of S1 in C and S2 in B. This group froze less to S1 in A or to S2 in a novel context, D, than a group always extinguished to S1 in B and S2 in C or a group extinguished to both S1 and S2 in B and C. These results show that additional extinction of a conditioned stimulus (conditional stimulus [CS]) exhibiting either reinstatement or ABC renewal renders that CS resistant to ABA renewal. They are consistent with theories that allow a role for context in extinction learning and that use error-correction mechanisms to update this learning.</p>","PeriodicalId":51088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/a0031986","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31426407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miller and Shettleworth (2007) used an associative model of instrumental choice to explain a confusing pattern of results in the geometry learning literature. Dupuis and Dawson (in press) identified a structural flaw in the Miller-Shettleworth (MS) model and suggested replacing it with an operant perceptron model which can correctly reproduce some experimental results that the MS model does not. Here we demonstrate that the error in the MS model can be easily corrected without altering any of the model's predictions by making it stochastic rather than deterministic. In addition, we show that the raw outputs of the perceptron model cannot be interpreted as discriminative choices in an instrumental task without first being normalized. We show that this additional step renders the results of the perceptron model identical to those of the MS model in exactly those cases in which it has been claimed to correctly predict results that the latter cannot.
{"title":"Associative models of instrumental learning: a response to Dupuis and Dawson.","authors":"Noam Miller, Sara J Shettleworth","doi":"10.1037/a0033348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Miller and Shettleworth (2007) used an associative model of instrumental choice to explain a confusing pattern of results in the geometry learning literature. Dupuis and Dawson (in press) identified a structural flaw in the Miller-Shettleworth (MS) model and suggested replacing it with an operant perceptron model which can correctly reproduce some experimental results that the MS model does not. Here we demonstrate that the error in the MS model can be easily corrected without altering any of the model's predictions by making it stochastic rather than deterministic. In addition, we show that the raw outputs of the perceptron model cannot be interpreted as discriminative choices in an instrumental task without first being normalized. We show that this additional step renders the results of the perceptron model identical to those of the MS model in exactly those cases in which it has been claimed to correctly predict results that the latter cannot.</p>","PeriodicalId":51088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/a0033348","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31190606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-07-01Epub Date: 2013-05-13DOI: 10.1037/a0032254
Peter M Jones, Mark Haselgrove
Blocking of learning about a conditioned stimulus (the "blocked" cue) occurs when it is trained alongside an additional stimulus (the "blocking" cue) that has been previously presented with the outcome. A number of theories (e.g., N. J. Mackintosh. 1975a. A Theory of Attention: Variations in the Associability of Stimuli With Reinforcement. Psychological Review, 82, 276-298; J. M. Pearce & G. Hall. 1980. A Model for Pavlovian Learning: Variation in the Effectiveness of Conditioned But Not Unconditioned Stimuli. Psychological Review, 87, 532-552) account for this attenuation in learning by proposing that attention paid to the blocked cue is restricted. In three experiments, we examined the associability of both blocked and blocking cues. In Experiment 1, rats were trained with a blocking protocol before being given a test discrimination composed of two components; one of these components required the use of the previously blocked cue as a discriminative stimulus, and the other component was soluble by using the blocking cue. To our surprise, the component that depended on the blocked cue was more readily solved than the component dependent on the blocking cue. The results of Experiments 2 and 3 suggest that this is due to the quantity of exposure that each stimulus received during initial training. Implications for theories of blocking, and more widely associative learning, are discussed.
当一个条件刺激(“被阻断的”线索)与一个先前与结果一起出现的额外刺激(“被阻断的”线索)一起训练时,就会发生对条件刺激学习的阻断。一些理论(例如,n.j.麦金托什,1975a)。注意理论:刺激与强化的关联性变化。心理评论,82,276-298;J. M. Pearce & G. Hall, 1980。巴甫洛夫学习的一个模型:条件刺激而非非条件刺激的有效性变化。《心理学评论》(Psychological Review, 87, 532-552)通过提出对被阻断线索的注意力受到限制来解释学习过程中的这种衰减。在三个实验中,我们检验了被阻断线索和被阻断线索的联想性。在实验1中,大鼠先接受阻断方案的训练,然后给予由两部分组成的测试识别;其中一个成分需要使用先前被阻断的线索作为判别刺激,而另一个成分可以通过使用阻断线索来解决。令我们惊讶的是,依赖于阻塞线索的组件比依赖于阻塞线索的组件更容易解决。实验2和3的结果表明,这是由于在初始训练中每个刺激接受的暴露量。讨论了阻滞理论和更广泛的联想学习的含义。
{"title":"Blocking and associability change.","authors":"Peter M Jones, Mark Haselgrove","doi":"10.1037/a0032254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032254","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Blocking of learning about a conditioned stimulus (the \"blocked\" cue) occurs when it is trained alongside an additional stimulus (the \"blocking\" cue) that has been previously presented with the outcome. A number of theories (e.g., N. J. Mackintosh. 1975a. A Theory of Attention: Variations in the Associability of Stimuli With Reinforcement. Psychological Review, 82, 276-298; J. M. Pearce & G. Hall. 1980. A Model for Pavlovian Learning: Variation in the Effectiveness of Conditioned But Not Unconditioned Stimuli. Psychological Review, 87, 532-552) account for this attenuation in learning by proposing that attention paid to the blocked cue is restricted. In three experiments, we examined the associability of both blocked and blocking cues. In Experiment 1, rats were trained with a blocking protocol before being given a test discrimination composed of two components; one of these components required the use of the previously blocked cue as a discriminative stimulus, and the other component was soluble by using the blocking cue. To our surprise, the component that depended on the blocked cue was more readily solved than the component dependent on the blocking cue. The results of Experiments 2 and 3 suggest that this is due to the quantity of exposure that each stimulus received during initial training. Implications for theories of blocking, and more widely associative learning, are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":51088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/a0032254","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31426406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-07-01Epub Date: 2013-04-29DOI: 10.1037/a0032525
Joe M Austen, Yutaka Kosaki, Anthony McGregor
In three experiments, rats were trained to locate a submerged platform in one of the base corners of a triangular arena above each of which was suspended one of two distinctive landmarks. In Experiment 1, it was established that these landmarks differed in their salience by the differential control they gained over behavior after training in compound with geometric cues. In Experiment 2, it was shown that locating the platform beneath the less salient landmark potentiated learning based on geometry compared with control rats for which landmarks provided ambiguous information about the location of the platform. The presence of the more salient landmark above the platform for another group of animals appeared to have no effect on learning based on geometry. Experiment 3 established that these landmark and geometry cues entered into within-compound associations during compound training. We argue that these within-compound associations can account for the potentiation seen in Experiment 2, as well as previous failures to demonstrate overshadowing of geometric cues. We also suggest that these within-compound associations need not be of different magnitudes, despite the different effects of each of the landmarks on learning based on geometry seen in Experiment 2. Instead, within-compound associations appear to mitigate the overshadowing effects that traditional theories of associative learning would predict.
{"title":"Within-compound associations explain potentiation and failure to overshadow learning based on geometry by discrete landmarks.","authors":"Joe M Austen, Yutaka Kosaki, Anthony McGregor","doi":"10.1037/a0032525","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032525","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In three experiments, rats were trained to locate a submerged platform in one of the base corners of a triangular arena above each of which was suspended one of two distinctive landmarks. In Experiment 1, it was established that these landmarks differed in their salience by the differential control they gained over behavior after training in compound with geometric cues. In Experiment 2, it was shown that locating the platform beneath the less salient landmark potentiated learning based on geometry compared with control rats for which landmarks provided ambiguous information about the location of the platform. The presence of the more salient landmark above the platform for another group of animals appeared to have no effect on learning based on geometry. Experiment 3 established that these landmark and geometry cues entered into within-compound associations during compound training. We argue that these within-compound associations can account for the potentiation seen in Experiment 2, as well as previous failures to demonstrate overshadowing of geometric cues. We also suggest that these within-compound associations need not be of different magnitudes, despite the different effects of each of the landmarks on learning based on geometry seen in Experiment 2. Instead, within-compound associations appear to mitigate the overshadowing effects that traditional theories of associative learning would predict.</p>","PeriodicalId":51088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/a0032525","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31485382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F Yeates, F W Jones, A J Wills, R P McLaren, I P L McLaren
This research explored the role that associative learning may play in human sequence learning. Two-choice serial reaction time tasks were performed under incidental conditions using 2 different sequences. In both cases, an experimental group was trained on 4 subsequences: LLL, LRL, RLR, and RRR for Group "Same" and LLR, LRR, RLL, and RRL for Group "Different," with left and right counterbalanced across participants. To control for sequential effects, we assayed sequence learning by comparing their performance with that of a control group, which had been trained on a pseudorandom ordering, during a test phase in which both experimental and control groups experienced the same subsequences. Participants in both groups showed sequence learning, but the group trained on "different" learned more and more rapidly. This result is the opposite that predicted by the augmented simple recurrent network used by F. W. Jones and I. P. L. McLaren (2009, Human sequence learning under incidental and intentional conditions, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, Vol. 35, pp. 538-553), but can be modeled using a reparameterized version of this network that also includes a more realistic representation of the stimulus array, suggesting that the latter may be a better model of human sequence learning under incidental conditions.
本研究探讨了联想学习在人类序列学习中可能发挥的作用。双选择连续反应时间任务在偶然条件下使用2种不同的序列进行。在这两种情况下,实验组都接受了4个子序列的训练:“相同”组的LLL、LRR、RLR和RRR,“不同”组的LLR、LRR、RLL和RRL,参与者的左右平衡。为了控制序列效应,我们通过将他们的表现与在伪随机顺序上训练的对照组的表现进行比较来分析序列学习,在测试阶段,实验组和对照组都经历了相同的子序列。两组的参与者都表现出了顺序学习,但接受“不同”训练的那组学得越来越快。这一结果与F. W. Jones和I. P. L. McLaren(2009,《偶然和故意条件下的人类序列学习》,《实验心理学杂志》)使用的增强简单循环网络预测的结果相反:动物行为过程,第35卷,第538-553页),但可以使用该网络的重新参数化版本进行建模,该网络还包括刺激阵列的更现实的表示,这表明后者可能是在偶然条件下人类序列学习的更好模型。
{"title":"Modeling human sequence learning under incidental conditions.","authors":"F Yeates, F W Jones, A J Wills, R P McLaren, I P L McLaren","doi":"10.1037/a0031922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031922","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This research explored the role that associative learning may play in human sequence learning. Two-choice serial reaction time tasks were performed under incidental conditions using 2 different sequences. In both cases, an experimental group was trained on 4 subsequences: LLL, LRL, RLR, and RRR for Group \"Same\" and LLR, LRR, RLL, and RRL for Group \"Different,\" with left and right counterbalanced across participants. To control for sequential effects, we assayed sequence learning by comparing their performance with that of a control group, which had been trained on a pseudorandom ordering, during a test phase in which both experimental and control groups experienced the same subsequences. Participants in both groups showed sequence learning, but the group trained on \"different\" learned more and more rapidly. This result is the opposite that predicted by the augmented simple recurrent network used by F. W. Jones and I. P. L. McLaren (2009, Human sequence learning under incidental and intentional conditions, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, Vol. 35, pp. 538-553), but can be modeled using a reparameterized version of this network that also includes a more realistic representation of the stimulus array, suggesting that the latter may be a better model of human sequence learning under incidental conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":51088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/a0031922","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31358623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hiu Tin Leung, A S Killcross, R Frederick Westbrook
The Hall-Rodriguez (G. Hall & G. Rodriguez, 2010, Associative and nonassociative processes in latent inhibition: An elaboration of the Pearce-Hall model, in R. E. Lubow & I. Weiner, Eds., Latent inhibition: Data, theories, and applications to schizophrenia, pp. 114-136, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press) theory of latent inhibition predicts that it will be deepened when a preexposed target stimulus is given additional preexposures in compound with (a) a novel stimulus or (b) another preexposed stimulus, and (c) that deepening will be greater when the compound contains a novel rather than another preexposed stimulus. A series of experiments studied these predictions using a fear conditioning procedure with rats. In each experiment, rats were preexposed to 3 stimuli, 1 (A) taken from 1 modality (visual or auditory) and the remaining 2 (X and Y) taken from another modality (auditory or visual). Then A was compounded with X, and Y was compounded with a novel stimulus (B) taken from the same modality as A. A previous series of experiments (H. T. Leung, A. S. Killcross, & R. F. Westbrook, 2011, Additional exposures to a compound of two preexposed stimuli deepen latent inhibition, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, Vol. 37, pp. 394-406) compared A with Y, finding that A was more latently inhibited than Y, the opposite of what was predicted. The present experiments confirmed that A was more latently inhibited than Y, showed that this was due to A entering the compound more latently inhibited than Y, and finally, that a comparison of X and Y confirmed the 3 predictions made by the theory.
霍尔-罗德里格斯(G. Hall & G. Rodriguez, 2010,潜伏抑制中的联想和非联想过程:对皮尔斯-霍尔模型的阐述,见R. E. Lubow & I. Weiner,主编。,《潜在抑制:数据、理论和对精神分裂症的应用》,114-136页,剑桥,英国:剑桥大学出版社)潜在抑制理论预测,当预先暴露的目标刺激与(a)新刺激或(b)另一个预先暴露的刺激混合在一起时,潜在抑制会加深,(c)当该化合物含有新刺激而不是另一个预先暴露的刺激时,这种加深会更大。一系列实验通过对老鼠的恐惧条件反射来研究这些预测。在每个实验中,大鼠预先暴露于3种刺激,1 (A)来自一种模态(视觉或听觉),其余2 (X和Y)来自另一种模态(听觉或视觉)。然后,A与X复合,Y与与A相同模态的新刺激(B)复合。之前的一系列实验(h.t. Leung, a.s. Killcross, & r.f. Westbrook, 2011,额外暴露于两种预先暴露的刺激的化合物会加深潜在抑制,实验心理学杂志:动物行为过程,第37卷,第394-406页)将A与Y进行比较,发现A比Y更具潜在抑制,与预测相反。本实验证实了A比Y受到更大的潜在抑制,表明这是由于A进入化合物比Y受到更大的潜在抑制,最后通过X和Y的比较证实了理论的3个预测。
{"title":"A further assessment of the Hall-Rodriguez theory of latent inhibition.","authors":"Hiu Tin Leung, A S Killcross, R Frederick Westbrook","doi":"10.1037/a0031724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031724","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Hall-Rodriguez (G. Hall & G. Rodriguez, 2010, Associative and nonassociative processes in latent inhibition: An elaboration of the Pearce-Hall model, in R. E. Lubow & I. Weiner, Eds., Latent inhibition: Data, theories, and applications to schizophrenia, pp. 114-136, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press) theory of latent inhibition predicts that it will be deepened when a preexposed target stimulus is given additional preexposures in compound with (a) a novel stimulus or (b) another preexposed stimulus, and (c) that deepening will be greater when the compound contains a novel rather than another preexposed stimulus. A series of experiments studied these predictions using a fear conditioning procedure with rats. In each experiment, rats were preexposed to 3 stimuli, 1 (A) taken from 1 modality (visual or auditory) and the remaining 2 (X and Y) taken from another modality (auditory or visual). Then A was compounded with X, and Y was compounded with a novel stimulus (B) taken from the same modality as A. A previous series of experiments (H. T. Leung, A. S. Killcross, & R. F. Westbrook, 2011, Additional exposures to a compound of two preexposed stimuli deepen latent inhibition, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, Vol. 37, pp. 394-406) compared A with Y, finding that A was more latently inhibited than Y, the opposite of what was predicted. The present experiments confirmed that A was more latently inhibited than Y, showed that this was due to A entering the compound more latently inhibited than Y, and finally, that a comparison of X and Y confirmed the 3 predictions made by the theory.</p>","PeriodicalId":51088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/a0031724","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31358622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To determine what factors are important for minimizing interference effects in spatial memory, Clark's Nutcrackers, Nucifraga columbiana were tested for their spatial memory for two serial lists of locations per day. In this experiment two unique landmark sets were either different between List 1 and List 2 or the same. We found that Nutcrackers were most susceptible to interference when the landmark sets were the same. This study suggests that repeatedly testing animal memory in the same room, with the same cues, can hamper recall due to interference.
{"title":"Changing room cues reduces the effects of proactive interference in Clark's Nutcrackers, Nucifraga columbiana.","authors":"Jody L Lewis, Alan C Kamil, Kate E Webbink","doi":"10.1037/a0031979","DOIUrl":"10.1037/a0031979","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To determine what factors are important for minimizing interference effects in spatial memory, Clark's Nutcrackers, Nucifraga columbiana were tested for their spatial memory for two serial lists of locations per day. In this experiment two unique landmark sets were either different between List 1 and List 2 or the same. We found that Nutcrackers were most susceptible to interference when the landmark sets were the same. This study suggests that repeatedly testing animal memory in the same room, with the same cues, can hamper recall due to interference.</p>","PeriodicalId":51088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4972667/pdf/nihms802256.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31359583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-01Epub Date: 2013-02-18DOI: 10.1037/a0031199
Yutaka Kosaki, Joe M Austen, Anthony McGregor
The effects of stimulus salience and cue validity in the overshadowing of geometric features of an enclosed arena by discrete landmarks were investigated in rats using the water maze paradigm. Experiment 1 established that in a rhomboid-shaped arena, the acute corner was more salient than the obtuse corner. In Experiment 2, rats were trained to find a submerged platform either in one of the acute, or obtuse, corners. In addition to the information provided by corner angle, the platform was also signaled by the presence of a spherical landmark suspended above the platform for rats in the experimental group. The landmark was a more valid cue for predicting the location of the platform than the angle of the corner. This training resulted in overshadowing of learning about the angle of the corner by the presence of the landmark. The final experiment extended this result by showing that when the predictive validities of the angle and the landmark were matched in the experimental group, learning about geometry was still overshadowed by the presence of landmarks, but only in animals that were trained with the platform at an obtuse, but not acute, corner. These results uniquely demonstrate that learning about geometry can be overshadowed by discrete landmarks, and also that whether overshadowing is observed depends on the stimulus salience and the relative validity of the competing cues. These findings imply that learning based on geometric cues follows the same basic rules that apply to a wide range of other learning paradigms.
{"title":"Overshadowing of geometry learning by discrete landmarks in the water maze: effects of relative salience and relative validity of competing cues.","authors":"Yutaka Kosaki, Joe M Austen, Anthony McGregor","doi":"10.1037/a0031199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effects of stimulus salience and cue validity in the overshadowing of geometric features of an enclosed arena by discrete landmarks were investigated in rats using the water maze paradigm. Experiment 1 established that in a rhomboid-shaped arena, the acute corner was more salient than the obtuse corner. In Experiment 2, rats were trained to find a submerged platform either in one of the acute, or obtuse, corners. In addition to the information provided by corner angle, the platform was also signaled by the presence of a spherical landmark suspended above the platform for rats in the experimental group. The landmark was a more valid cue for predicting the location of the platform than the angle of the corner. This training resulted in overshadowing of learning about the angle of the corner by the presence of the landmark. The final experiment extended this result by showing that when the predictive validities of the angle and the landmark were matched in the experimental group, learning about geometry was still overshadowed by the presence of landmarks, but only in animals that were trained with the platform at an obtuse, but not acute, corner. These results uniquely demonstrate that learning about geometry can be overshadowed by discrete landmarks, and also that whether overshadowing is observed depends on the stimulus salience and the relative validity of the competing cues. These findings imply that learning based on geometric cues follows the same basic rules that apply to a wide range of other learning paradigms.</p>","PeriodicalId":51088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/a0031199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31248686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-04-01Epub Date: 2013-02-18DOI: 10.1037/a0031344
Emma Whitt, Jasper Robinson
Rodents' biased exploration of a novel object over a familiar object is taken as an indication of recognition memory. According to a general associative model of memory, the biased exploration is a consequence of reduced processing of the familiar object. A component of the reduction of stimulus processing is the result of the operation of Arena → Object associations that are best formed during widely spaced presentations of the stimulus. Results of extant experiments support this prediction but so, too, do accounts based on the effects of handling cues. We report an experiment in which handling cues are matched across stimulus-spacing treatments but that retain improved recognition memory with widely spaced stimulus presentation.
{"title":"Improved spontaneous object recognition following spaced preexposure trials: evidence for an associative account of recognition memory.","authors":"Emma Whitt, Jasper Robinson","doi":"10.1037/a0031344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rodents' biased exploration of a novel object over a familiar object is taken as an indication of recognition memory. According to a general associative model of memory, the biased exploration is a consequence of reduced processing of the familiar object. A component of the reduction of stimulus processing is the result of the operation of Arena → Object associations that are best formed during widely spaced presentations of the stimulus. Results of extant experiments support this prediction but so, too, do accounts based on the effects of handling cues. We report an experiment in which handling cues are matched across stimulus-spacing treatments but that retain improved recognition memory with widely spaced stimulus presentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":51088,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychology-Animal Learning and Cognition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2013-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/a0031344","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31248687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}