Pub Date : 2024-06-11DOI: 10.1177/09717218241246372
DI Gao, DAHUAI YU
In June 2023, the Nishan Dialogue on Digital Civilisation of the World Internet Conference was held in China. At this conference, China proposed for the first time, in the era of artificial intelligence (AI), to build a digital world of exchange, mutual appreciation and tolerance, hoping to gather the wisdom of the internet community and seek the governance of digital civilisation. In recent years, with the rapid development and wide recognition of AI technology, how to solve the AI ethical issues generally faced by the international community has become the focus of attention. By analysing the current status of AI ethics and governance in the United States and the European Union, and comparing it with China’s development in recent years, this article further advances the exploration of Chinese solutions to the global ethical governance of AI. On this basis, it responds positively to the call of the United Nations and international organisations to explore solutions to the four main realities of: (a) phenomenon of alienation of labour competition brought about by AI technology; (b) infringement of the subject’s personal privacy and impact on the ethics of responsibility for awareness and undermining of social fairness; (c) justice to seek a path of avoidance for collaborative governance from government supervision, public constraints, technology; and (d) sound mechanisms, which can actively promote global AI ethics.
{"title":"Challenges and Cracks: Ethical Issues in the Development of Artificial Intelligence","authors":"DI Gao, DAHUAI YU","doi":"10.1177/09717218241246372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09717218241246372","url":null,"abstract":"In June 2023, the Nishan Dialogue on Digital Civilisation of the World Internet Conference was held in China. At this conference, China proposed for the first time, in the era of artificial intelligence (AI), to build a digital world of exchange, mutual appreciation and tolerance, hoping to gather the wisdom of the internet community and seek the governance of digital civilisation. In recent years, with the rapid development and wide recognition of AI technology, how to solve the AI ethical issues generally faced by the international community has become the focus of attention. By analysing the current status of AI ethics and governance in the United States and the European Union, and comparing it with China’s development in recent years, this article further advances the exploration of Chinese solutions to the global ethical governance of AI. On this basis, it responds positively to the call of the United Nations and international organisations to explore solutions to the four main realities of: (a) phenomenon of alienation of labour competition brought about by AI technology; (b) infringement of the subject’s personal privacy and impact on the ethics of responsibility for awareness and undermining of social fairness; (c) justice to seek a path of avoidance for collaborative governance from government supervision, public constraints, technology; and (d) sound mechanisms, which can actively promote global AI ethics.","PeriodicalId":512485,"journal":{"name":"Science, Technology and Society","volume":"02 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141359072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study examines the response of the Quad countries (Australia, India, Japan and the United States) to People’s Republic of China (PRC)’s predatory acquisition of foreign technologies. This article looks at PRC’s science and technology (S&T) policy and its relation to the grand strategy of attaining global superpower status. The meteoric rise of the PRC in the last four decades has amazed many. Innovation and technological advancement and their alignment with government policies are important factors in this rise. The study notes that PRC’s S&T policy involves, among others, acquiring foreign technologies through illicit means that include stealing through espionage and sophisticated cyberattacks and forcing overseas companies operating in China to share intellectual property rights with local partners. Alarmed by PRC’s predatory strategy, the Quad countries have taken steps to regulate, and in some cases prohibit, the PRC’s targeted foreign investments and coercive and opportunistic takeovers. The article argues that the Quad countries need to coordinate their efforts to effectively counter PRC’s illicit acquisition of their technologies.
{"title":"Guarding Against China’s Predatory Acquisition of Foreign Technologies: A Quad Perspective","authors":"Gaurav Tyagi, Laxman Kumar Behera, Ankur Yadav, Naresh Kumar Verma","doi":"10.1177/09717218241238605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09717218241238605","url":null,"abstract":"The study examines the response of the Quad countries (Australia, India, Japan and the United States) to People’s Republic of China (PRC)’s predatory acquisition of foreign technologies. This article looks at PRC’s science and technology (S&T) policy and its relation to the grand strategy of attaining global superpower status. The meteoric rise of the PRC in the last four decades has amazed many. Innovation and technological advancement and their alignment with government policies are important factors in this rise. The study notes that PRC’s S&T policy involves, among others, acquiring foreign technologies through illicit means that include stealing through espionage and sophisticated cyberattacks and forcing overseas companies operating in China to share intellectual property rights with local partners. Alarmed by PRC’s predatory strategy, the Quad countries have taken steps to regulate, and in some cases prohibit, the PRC’s targeted foreign investments and coercive and opportunistic takeovers. The article argues that the Quad countries need to coordinate their efforts to effectively counter PRC’s illicit acquisition of their technologies.","PeriodicalId":512485,"journal":{"name":"Science, Technology and Society","volume":"31 29","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141270541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-23DOI: 10.1177/09717218241238257
Jaeho Jung, Kangwon Lee, Jaejin Kim, Jeongsun Yun
Recently, the defense budget, which includes the cost of purchasing weapons, has continuously and significantly increased in South Korea. This increase, which is entirely financed by the government, has raised the issue of the socioeconomic impacts of spending on the defense industry in areas, such as production, added value and job creation. In this regard, it is necessary to more accurately measure the impact of spending on the defense industry on domestic industry, but the Bank of Korea’s industry inducement coefficient, which measures industrial spillovers, is quite limited in measuring the industry inducement impact caused by weapon production. Therefore, this study explores how to estimate the industry inducement coefficient of the production of a specific weapon by utilising the current Bank of Korea input–output table, which is focused on private industry, and applies this methodology to the estimation of the input–output coefficient of the production of a specific weapon. As a result of the analysis, the input–output coefficient of a specific weapon was estimated to be approximately 1.18 times higher than that of the products of similar industries in the private sector in terms of production, 1.03 times higher in terms of value-added and 1.03 times higher in terms of employment. This suggests that the effect of fostering domestic industry through weapon production is somewhat greater than that of private industry and proves the efficacy of government investment in this sector.
{"title":"A Case Study on Input–Output Analysis in the Defense Industry","authors":"Jaeho Jung, Kangwon Lee, Jaejin Kim, Jeongsun Yun","doi":"10.1177/09717218241238257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09717218241238257","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the defense budget, which includes the cost of purchasing weapons, has continuously and significantly increased in South Korea. This increase, which is entirely financed by the government, has raised the issue of the socioeconomic impacts of spending on the defense industry in areas, such as production, added value and job creation. In this regard, it is necessary to more accurately measure the impact of spending on the defense industry on domestic industry, but the Bank of Korea’s industry inducement coefficient, which measures industrial spillovers, is quite limited in measuring the industry inducement impact caused by weapon production. Therefore, this study explores how to estimate the industry inducement coefficient of the production of a specific weapon by utilising the current Bank of Korea input–output table, which is focused on private industry, and applies this methodology to the estimation of the input–output coefficient of the production of a specific weapon. As a result of the analysis, the input–output coefficient of a specific weapon was estimated to be approximately 1.18 times higher than that of the products of similar industries in the private sector in terms of production, 1.03 times higher in terms of value-added and 1.03 times higher in terms of employment. This suggests that the effect of fostering domestic industry through weapon production is somewhat greater than that of private industry and proves the efficacy of government investment in this sector.","PeriodicalId":512485,"journal":{"name":"Science, Technology and Society","volume":"19 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141105111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-14DOI: 10.1177/09717218241232857
Yi Su, Yuehan Yan, Chuanbin Liu
Knowledge innovation is the driving force and guarantee of regional development. Inspired by population ecology, this article uses symbiosis theory to explore the symbiotic relationship of subjects in the regional knowledge innovation ecosystem. The nonlinear Lotka–Volterra model is constructed with the main subjects to measure the knowledge innovation ability of knowledge innovation subjects. The symbiotic relationships among the knowledge innovation subjects in each region are identified. Taking Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou as examples, a sensitivity analysis of the initial value and coopetition relationship is conducted. The results show that the initial value change has no significant effect on the development of knowledge innovation subjects. The interaction relationships among subjects directly affect the symbiotic evolution trend. The study extends the application scope of the symbiosis theory and develops a theoretical framework for the development of subjects in regional knowledge innovation ecosystem. It offers regions a reference to use Lotka–Volterra model adjusting the knowledge innovation structure in various regions.
{"title":"Symbiosis Evolution of Regional Knowledge Innovation Ecosystem: The Relevance of Lotka–Volterra Model","authors":"Yi Su, Yuehan Yan, Chuanbin Liu","doi":"10.1177/09717218241232857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09717218241232857","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge innovation is the driving force and guarantee of regional development. Inspired by population ecology, this article uses symbiosis theory to explore the symbiotic relationship of subjects in the regional knowledge innovation ecosystem. The nonlinear Lotka–Volterra model is constructed with the main subjects to measure the knowledge innovation ability of knowledge innovation subjects. The symbiotic relationships among the knowledge innovation subjects in each region are identified. Taking Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou as examples, a sensitivity analysis of the initial value and coopetition relationship is conducted. The results show that the initial value change has no significant effect on the development of knowledge innovation subjects. The interaction relationships among subjects directly affect the symbiotic evolution trend. The study extends the application scope of the symbiosis theory and develops a theoretical framework for the development of subjects in regional knowledge innovation ecosystem. It offers regions a reference to use Lotka–Volterra model adjusting the knowledge innovation structure in various regions.","PeriodicalId":512485,"journal":{"name":"Science, Technology and Society","volume":"21 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140244207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-04DOI: 10.1177/09717218231219636
Vikas Namadeva Prabhu, S. Jha, R. Krishnan
The study traces the emergence of science and technology ventures (STVs) in India through two systemic lenses—National Innovation System (NIS) perspective, which espouses a top-down, policy-driven approach to encourage STVs, and the ecosystem perspective, which highlights the role of independent organisations in nucleating STVs. Converging the NIS and ecosystem perspectives—at sectoral levels—is found to be germane for STV emergence. The sectoral systems of innovation (SSI) perspective is then advanced to emphasise how the integration of NIS and ecosystem approaches has enabled a thriving STV landscape in India. The case of biotech sector is discussed to illustrate the integration. Based on this analysis, the study advocates policy intervention at the sectoral level, and a thrust on firm-centric innovation as a complement to investments in fundamental research, to unleash a wave of STVs in the country.
{"title":"Science and Technology Ventures in India: Integrating NIS, SSI and Ecosystem Perspectives","authors":"Vikas Namadeva Prabhu, S. Jha, R. Krishnan","doi":"10.1177/09717218231219636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09717218231219636","url":null,"abstract":"The study traces the emergence of science and technology ventures (STVs) in India through two systemic lenses—National Innovation System (NIS) perspective, which espouses a top-down, policy-driven approach to encourage STVs, and the ecosystem perspective, which highlights the role of independent organisations in nucleating STVs. Converging the NIS and ecosystem perspectives—at sectoral levels—is found to be germane for STV emergence. The sectoral systems of innovation (SSI) perspective is then advanced to emphasise how the integration of NIS and ecosystem approaches has enabled a thriving STV landscape in India. The case of biotech sector is discussed to illustrate the integration. Based on this analysis, the study advocates policy intervention at the sectoral level, and a thrust on firm-centric innovation as a complement to investments in fundamental research, to unleash a wave of STVs in the country.","PeriodicalId":512485,"journal":{"name":"Science, Technology and Society","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139806878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-04DOI: 10.1177/09717218231219636
Vikas Namadeva Prabhu, S. Jha, R. Krishnan
The study traces the emergence of science and technology ventures (STVs) in India through two systemic lenses—National Innovation System (NIS) perspective, which espouses a top-down, policy-driven approach to encourage STVs, and the ecosystem perspective, which highlights the role of independent organisations in nucleating STVs. Converging the NIS and ecosystem perspectives—at sectoral levels—is found to be germane for STV emergence. The sectoral systems of innovation (SSI) perspective is then advanced to emphasise how the integration of NIS and ecosystem approaches has enabled a thriving STV landscape in India. The case of biotech sector is discussed to illustrate the integration. Based on this analysis, the study advocates policy intervention at the sectoral level, and a thrust on firm-centric innovation as a complement to investments in fundamental research, to unleash a wave of STVs in the country.
{"title":"Science and Technology Ventures in India: Integrating NIS, SSI and Ecosystem Perspectives","authors":"Vikas Namadeva Prabhu, S. Jha, R. Krishnan","doi":"10.1177/09717218231219636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09717218231219636","url":null,"abstract":"The study traces the emergence of science and technology ventures (STVs) in India through two systemic lenses—National Innovation System (NIS) perspective, which espouses a top-down, policy-driven approach to encourage STVs, and the ecosystem perspective, which highlights the role of independent organisations in nucleating STVs. Converging the NIS and ecosystem perspectives—at sectoral levels—is found to be germane for STV emergence. The sectoral systems of innovation (SSI) perspective is then advanced to emphasise how the integration of NIS and ecosystem approaches has enabled a thriving STV landscape in India. The case of biotech sector is discussed to illustrate the integration. Based on this analysis, the study advocates policy intervention at the sectoral level, and a thrust on firm-centric innovation as a complement to investments in fundamental research, to unleash a wave of STVs in the country.","PeriodicalId":512485,"journal":{"name":"Science, Technology and Society","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139866870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-31DOI: 10.1177/09717218231215379
Xinpei Zhang, Gaofeng Yi
China plays the dominant role of the ‘whole nation system’, improves start-ups and innovation ecosystems and creates development cornerstone for building an innovative and scientifically advanced country. China strengthens the supply of key innovative factors such as policies, talents and fund and consolidate foundation for building a national innovation ecosystem to provide institutional guarantee for start-up enterprises. Besides, a ‘four-chain integration’ innovative service system is built combining ‘innovation chain’, ‘industrial chain’, ‘capital chain’ and ‘service chain’ and creates an innovative microecology with start-up characteristics. Regional innovation policy is the catalyst for start-ups. China’s start-ups fully integrate into the national grand strategy and target planning of the region and city, strengthen synergy and interaction of national and regional resources and closely connect the core strategies and industries of the city or region to develop start-ups.
{"title":"Start-Ups and Innovation Ecosystem in China","authors":"Xinpei Zhang, Gaofeng Yi","doi":"10.1177/09717218231215379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09717218231215379","url":null,"abstract":"China plays the dominant role of the ‘whole nation system’, improves start-ups and innovation ecosystems and creates development cornerstone for building an innovative and scientifically advanced country. China strengthens the supply of key innovative factors such as policies, talents and fund and consolidate foundation for building a national innovation ecosystem to provide institutional guarantee for start-up enterprises. Besides, a ‘four-chain integration’ innovative service system is built combining ‘innovation chain’, ‘industrial chain’, ‘capital chain’ and ‘service chain’ and creates an innovative microecology with start-up characteristics. Regional innovation policy is the catalyst for start-ups. China’s start-ups fully integrate into the national grand strategy and target planning of the region and city, strengthen synergy and interaction of national and regional resources and closely connect the core strategies and industries of the city or region to develop start-ups.","PeriodicalId":512485,"journal":{"name":"Science, Technology and Society","volume":"509 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140480035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-09DOI: 10.1177/09717218231206585
Nelly Bekus, Zhomart Medeuov
This article contributes to the emerging scholarship on space programmes developed by nations across global semi-peripheries, and it uncovers the major factors and challenges shaping the outer space agenda both domestically and internationally. Drawing on the case of Kazakhstan, the article discusses how the development of the space industry has been accompanied by the government’s efforts to indigenise space techno-science, while public discourses promote a vision of space services as playing a key role in addressing some of society’s major problems. The article reflects on new challenges faced by emergent space nations like Kazakhstan in the context of the ongoing commercialisation of space services, which undermines the economic viability of investment in the national space infrastructure, such as satellites. The analysis of ongoing challenges and policy dilemmas reveals that space techno-science in the context of emerging space nations can be seen as an instrument serving to consolidate state sovereignty, as well as the ground where this sovereignty has been put to the test.
{"title":"Aspirations and Challenges of Space Techno-Science in Global Semi-Peripheries. A View from Kazakhstan","authors":"Nelly Bekus, Zhomart Medeuov","doi":"10.1177/09717218231206585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09717218231206585","url":null,"abstract":"This article contributes to the emerging scholarship on space programmes developed by nations across global semi-peripheries, and it uncovers the major factors and challenges shaping the outer space agenda both domestically and internationally. Drawing on the case of Kazakhstan, the article discusses how the development of the space industry has been accompanied by the government’s efforts to indigenise space techno-science, while public discourses promote a vision of space services as playing a key role in addressing some of society’s major problems. The article reflects on new challenges faced by emergent space nations like Kazakhstan in the context of the ongoing commercialisation of space services, which undermines the economic viability of investment in the national space infrastructure, such as satellites. The analysis of ongoing challenges and policy dilemmas reveals that space techno-science in the context of emerging space nations can be seen as an instrument serving to consolidate state sovereignty, as well as the ground where this sovereignty has been put to the test.","PeriodicalId":512485,"journal":{"name":"Science, Technology and Society","volume":"14 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139443243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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