{"title":"Exercise and Neural Plasticity","authors":"H. van Praag","doi":"10.3233/bpl-249000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/bpl-249000","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":512948,"journal":{"name":"Brain Plasticity","volume":"41 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140981447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Trevor L. Cline, F. Morfini, E. Tinney, Ethan Makarewycz, Katherine M Lloyd, Valur Olafsson, Clemens C.C. Bauer, Art F. Kramer, L. Raine, Laurel J. Gabard-Durnam, Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli, Charles H. Hillman
BACKGROUND: A single bout of aerobic exercise can provide acute benefits to cognition and emotion in children. Yet, little is known about how acute exercise may impact children’s underlying brain networks’ resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). OBJECTIVE: Using a data-driven multivariate pattern analysis, we investigated the effects of a single dose of exercise on acute rsFC changes in 9-to-13-year-olds. METHODS: On separate days in a crossover design, participants (N = 21) completed 20-mins of acute treadmill walking at 65–75% heart rate maximum (exercise condition) and seated reading (control condition), with pre- and post-fMRI scans. Multivariate pattern analysis was used to investigate rsFC change between conditions. RESULTS: Three clusters in the left lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) of the frontoparietal network (FPN) had significantly different rsFC after the exercise condition compared to the control condition. Post-hoc analyses revealed that from before to after acute exercise, activity of these FPN clusters became more correlated with bilateral lPFC and the left basal ganglia. Additionally, the left lPFC became more anti-correlated with the precuneus of the default mode network (DMN). An opposite pattern was observed from before to after seated reading. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that a single dose of exercise increases connectivity within the FPN, FPN integration with subcortical regions involved in movement and cognition, and segregation of FPN and DMN. Such patterns, often associated with healthier cognitive and emotional control, may underlie the transient mental benefits observed following acute exercise in youth.
{"title":"Resting-State Functional Connectivity Change in Frontoparietal and Default Mode Networks After Acute Exercise in Youth","authors":"Trevor L. Cline, F. Morfini, E. Tinney, Ethan Makarewycz, Katherine M Lloyd, Valur Olafsson, Clemens C.C. Bauer, Art F. Kramer, L. Raine, Laurel J. Gabard-Durnam, Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli, Charles H. Hillman","doi":"10.3233/bpl-240003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/bpl-240003","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: A single bout of aerobic exercise can provide acute benefits to cognition and emotion in children. Yet, little is known about how acute exercise may impact children’s underlying brain networks’ resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). OBJECTIVE: Using a data-driven multivariate pattern analysis, we investigated the effects of a single dose of exercise on acute rsFC changes in 9-to-13-year-olds. METHODS: On separate days in a crossover design, participants (N = 21) completed 20-mins of acute treadmill walking at 65–75% heart rate maximum (exercise condition) and seated reading (control condition), with pre- and post-fMRI scans. Multivariate pattern analysis was used to investigate rsFC change between conditions. RESULTS: Three clusters in the left lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) of the frontoparietal network (FPN) had significantly different rsFC after the exercise condition compared to the control condition. Post-hoc analyses revealed that from before to after acute exercise, activity of these FPN clusters became more correlated with bilateral lPFC and the left basal ganglia. Additionally, the left lPFC became more anti-correlated with the precuneus of the default mode network (DMN). An opposite pattern was observed from before to after seated reading. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that a single dose of exercise increases connectivity within the FPN, FPN integration with subcortical regions involved in movement and cognition, and segregation of FPN and DMN. Such patterns, often associated with healthier cognitive and emotional control, may underlie the transient mental benefits observed following acute exercise in youth.","PeriodicalId":512948,"journal":{"name":"Brain Plasticity","volume":"92 26","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140978350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giovanna Maria Caruso, Sarah Nicolas, P. Lucassen, J. Mul, Olivia F. O’Leary, Yvonne M. Nolan
In our ageing global population, the cognitive decline associated with dementia and neurodegenerative diseases represents a major healthcare problem. To date, there are no effective treatments for age-related cognitive impairment, thus preventative strategies are urgently required. Physical exercise is gaining traction as a non-pharmacological approach to promote brain health. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), a unique form of brain plasticity which is necessary for certain cognitive functions declines with age and is enhanced in response to exercise. Accumulating evidence from research in rodents suggests that physical exercise has beneficial effects on cognition through its proneurogenic capabilities. Given ethical and technical limitations in human studies, preclinical research in rodents is crucial for a better understanding of such exercise-induced brain and behavioural changes. In this review, exercise paradigms used in preclinical research are compared. We provide an overview of the effects of different exercise paradigms on age-related cognitive decline from middle-age until older-age. We discuss the relationship between the age-related decrease in AHN and the potential impact of exercise on mitigating this decline. We highlight the emerging literature on the impact of exercise on gut microbiota during ageing and consider the role of the gut-brain axis as a future possible strategy to optimize exercise-enhanced cognitive function. Finally, we propose a guideline for designing optimal exercise protocols in rodent studies, which would inform clinical research and contribute to developing preventative strategies for age-related cognitive decline.
{"title":"Ageing, Cognitive Decline, and Effects of Physical Exercise: Complexities, and Considerations from Animal Models","authors":"Giovanna Maria Caruso, Sarah Nicolas, P. Lucassen, J. Mul, Olivia F. O’Leary, Yvonne M. Nolan","doi":"10.3233/bpl-230157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/bpl-230157","url":null,"abstract":"In our ageing global population, the cognitive decline associated with dementia and neurodegenerative diseases represents a major healthcare problem. To date, there are no effective treatments for age-related cognitive impairment, thus preventative strategies are urgently required. Physical exercise is gaining traction as a non-pharmacological approach to promote brain health. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), a unique form of brain plasticity which is necessary for certain cognitive functions declines with age and is enhanced in response to exercise. Accumulating evidence from research in rodents suggests that physical exercise has beneficial effects on cognition through its proneurogenic capabilities. Given ethical and technical limitations in human studies, preclinical research in rodents is crucial for a better understanding of such exercise-induced brain and behavioural changes. In this review, exercise paradigms used in preclinical research are compared. We provide an overview of the effects of different exercise paradigms on age-related cognitive decline from middle-age until older-age. We discuss the relationship between the age-related decrease in AHN and the potential impact of exercise on mitigating this decline. We highlight the emerging literature on the impact of exercise on gut microbiota during ageing and consider the role of the gut-brain axis as a future possible strategy to optimize exercise-enhanced cognitive function. Finally, we propose a guideline for designing optimal exercise protocols in rodent studies, which would inform clinical research and contribute to developing preventative strategies for age-related cognitive decline.","PeriodicalId":512948,"journal":{"name":"Brain Plasticity","volume":" 70","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140991625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aleksi M. Huuha, C. S. Norevik, Jeff S Coombes, Ragnhild N. Røsbjørgen, Rodrigo Miguel-dos-Santos, José Bianco N. Moreira, Asgeir Kobro‐Flatmoen, Nathan Scrimgeour, Atefe R. Tari
Background: Microglia and inflammation play a significant role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Physical exercise and peripheral signals can influence microglial activity in the brain. Modulating the inflammatory response in the brain may provide therapeutic approaches for AD. Objective: To assess the effects of intravenously administered blood plasma from exercise-trained donor rats on cognitive function, microglia, and cytokine levels in an AD rat model at two different pathological stages; an early pre-plaque stage and a later stage closer to the emergence of extracellular plaques. Methods: Male transgenic McGill-R-Thy1-APP rats aged 2 and 5 months received 14 injections over 6 weeks: 1) plasma from exercise-trained rats (ExPlas), 2) plasma from sedentary rats (SedPlas), or 3) saline. Cognitive function was evaluated in a novel object recognition task. Microglia count and morphology were analyzed in cornu ammonis, dentate gyrus, entorhinal cortex, and subiculum. Amyloid plaque number and size were assessed in the rats with the later treatment start. A multiplex assay was used to measure 23 cytokines in cornu ammonis. Results: In rats treated from 2 months of age, ExPlas and SedPlas increased number and length of microglial branches in cornu ammonis and dentate gyrus compared to saline. Only ExPlas-treated rats exhibited similar changes in subiculum, while entorhinal cortex showed no differences across treatments. Microglia count remained unaffected. In rats treated from 5 months of age, there were no significant differences in microglia count or morphology or the number or size of amyloid plaques in any brain region. Compared to both other treatments in early pre-plaque stage rats, SedPlas increased TNF-α levels. ExPlas upregulated GM-CSF, IL-18, and VEGF, while SedPlas increased IL-10 compared to saline. In later-stage rats, ExPlas upregulated IL-17, and SedPlas upregulated TNF-α compared to saline. There were no effects of treatments on recognition memory. Conclusions: Intravenous injections of blood plasma from exercise-trained and sedentary donors differentially modulated microglial morphology and cytokine levels in the AD rat model at an early pre-plaque stage of pathology. Exercised plasma may reduce proinflammatory TNF-α signaling and promote microglial responses to early Aβ accumulation but the lack of treatment effects in the later-stage rats emphasizes the potential importance of treatment timing.
{"title":"Effects of Intravenously Administered Plasma from Exercise-Trained Donors on Microglia and Cytokines in a Transgenic Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease","authors":"Aleksi M. Huuha, C. S. Norevik, Jeff S Coombes, Ragnhild N. Røsbjørgen, Rodrigo Miguel-dos-Santos, José Bianco N. Moreira, Asgeir Kobro‐Flatmoen, Nathan Scrimgeour, Atefe R. Tari","doi":"10.3233/bpl-230154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/bpl-230154","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Microglia and inflammation play a significant role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Physical exercise and peripheral signals can influence microglial activity in the brain. Modulating the inflammatory response in the brain may provide therapeutic approaches for AD. Objective: To assess the effects of intravenously administered blood plasma from exercise-trained donor rats on cognitive function, microglia, and cytokine levels in an AD rat model at two different pathological stages; an early pre-plaque stage and a later stage closer to the emergence of extracellular plaques. Methods: Male transgenic McGill-R-Thy1-APP rats aged 2 and 5 months received 14 injections over 6 weeks: 1) plasma from exercise-trained rats (ExPlas), 2) plasma from sedentary rats (SedPlas), or 3) saline. Cognitive function was evaluated in a novel object recognition task. Microglia count and morphology were analyzed in cornu ammonis, dentate gyrus, entorhinal cortex, and subiculum. Amyloid plaque number and size were assessed in the rats with the later treatment start. A multiplex assay was used to measure 23 cytokines in cornu ammonis. Results: In rats treated from 2 months of age, ExPlas and SedPlas increased number and length of microglial branches in cornu ammonis and dentate gyrus compared to saline. Only ExPlas-treated rats exhibited similar changes in subiculum, while entorhinal cortex showed no differences across treatments. Microglia count remained unaffected. In rats treated from 5 months of age, there were no significant differences in microglia count or morphology or the number or size of amyloid plaques in any brain region. Compared to both other treatments in early pre-plaque stage rats, SedPlas increased TNF-α levels. ExPlas upregulated GM-CSF, IL-18, and VEGF, while SedPlas increased IL-10 compared to saline. In later-stage rats, ExPlas upregulated IL-17, and SedPlas upregulated TNF-α compared to saline. There were no effects of treatments on recognition memory. Conclusions: Intravenous injections of blood plasma from exercise-trained and sedentary donors differentially modulated microglial morphology and cytokine levels in the AD rat model at an early pre-plaque stage of pathology. Exercised plasma may reduce proinflammatory TNF-α signaling and promote microglial responses to early Aβ accumulation but the lack of treatment effects in the later-stage rats emphasizes the potential importance of treatment timing.","PeriodicalId":512948,"journal":{"name":"Brain Plasticity","volume":" 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140993696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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