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Reasons, Effects, and Challenges of Loans: Input to Financial Literacy Enhancement 贷款的原因、影响和挑战:提高金融知识的投入
Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.34104/ijma.024.085098
Teachers shape society's future by educating next generation despite countless challenges, especially to finances. This study explored the reasons why teachers apply for loans, the effects of obtaining multiple loans on financial management practices, challenges associated with teachers' experiences in accessing and utilizing loans, and proposed input for financial literacy enhancement. Snowballing sampling technique was used in identifying 20 elementary school teachers as participants in the District of Cuartero. Inclusion and exclusion criteria was used as basis in identifying participants. This was a basic qualitative study with researcher-made interview guide as main research instrument in gathering data. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Among the reasons why teachers applied for loans were financial obligations, household and personal expenses, and filial obligations. They used borrowed amount to pay previous loans, start a business, pay for education and medical expenses, build houses and repay parents sacrifices. Obtaining multiple loans had negative and positive effects on individuals' financial management practices. Positive effects identified were the improvement in credit score and financial flexibility. Negative effects included low net pay and falling into the debt trap. Identified challenges in accessing and utilizing loans were complex terms and conditions, repaying loans, processing loans, low net pay, and stress over financial problems. Financial literacy denotes understanding and competence in managing money effectively. A financial literacy program was proposed as output by enhancing various financial concepts, facilitate implementation of effective debt management strategies, promote entrepreneurship and turn into sustainable businesses and build institutional financial literacy workshops.
尽管面临着无数挑战,尤其是财务方面的挑战,但教师通过教育下一代塑造了社会的未来。本研究探讨了教师申请贷款的原因、获得多项贷款对财务管理实践的影响、教师在获得和利用贷款方面遇到的挑战,并提出了提高财务素养的建议。研究采用 "滚雪球 "抽样法,在瓜特罗区确定了 20 名小学教师作为参与者。在确定参与者时使用了纳入和排除标准。这是一项基本的定性研究,以研究人员自制的访谈指南作为收集数据的主要研究工具。数据分析采用主题分析法。教师申请贷款的原因包括经济负担、家庭和个人支出以及孝道。他们用借来的钱偿还以前的贷款、创业、支付教育和医疗费用、建房和偿还父母的牺牲。获得多笔贷款对个人的财务管理做法有消极和积极影响。积极影响是提高了信用评分和财务灵活性。负面影响包括净工资低和陷入债务陷阱。在获取和利用贷款方面发现的挑战包括复杂的条款和条件、偿还贷款、处理贷款、净工资低以及财务问题带来的压力。金融扫盲指的是对有效理财的理解和能力。建议将金融扫盲计划作为一项产出,加强各种金融概念,促进实施有效的债务管理战略,促进创业并将其转化为可持续的企业,以及建立机构金融扫盲讲习班。
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引用次数: 0
Reasons, Effects, and Challenges of Loans: Input to Financial Literacy Enhancement 贷款的原因、影响和挑战:提高金融知识的投入
Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.34104/ijma.024.085098
Teachers shape society's future by educating next generation despite countless challenges, especially to finances. This study explored the reasons why teachers apply for loans, the effects of obtaining multiple loans on financial management practices, challenges associated with teachers' experiences in accessing and utilizing loans, and proposed input for financial literacy enhancement. Snowballing sampling technique was used in identifying 20 elementary school teachers as participants in the District of Cuartero. Inclusion and exclusion criteria was used as basis in identifying participants. This was a basic qualitative study with researcher-made interview guide as main research instrument in gathering data. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Among the reasons why teachers applied for loans were financial obligations, household and personal expenses, and filial obligations. They used borrowed amount to pay previous loans, start a business, pay for education and medical expenses, build houses and repay parents sacrifices. Obtaining multiple loans had negative and positive effects on individuals' financial management practices. Positive effects identified were the improvement in credit score and financial flexibility. Negative effects included low net pay and falling into the debt trap. Identified challenges in accessing and utilizing loans were complex terms and conditions, repaying loans, processing loans, low net pay, and stress over financial problems. Financial literacy denotes understanding and competence in managing money effectively. A financial literacy program was proposed as output by enhancing various financial concepts, facilitate implementation of effective debt management strategies, promote entrepreneurship and turn into sustainable businesses and build institutional financial literacy workshops.
尽管面临着无数挑战,尤其是财务方面的挑战,但教师通过教育下一代塑造了社会的未来。本研究探讨了教师申请贷款的原因、获得多项贷款对财务管理实践的影响、教师在获得和利用贷款方面遇到的挑战,并提出了提高财务素养的建议。研究采用 "滚雪球 "抽样法,在瓜特罗区确定了 20 名小学教师作为参与者。在确定参与者时使用了纳入和排除标准。这是一项基本的定性研究,以研究人员自制的访谈指南作为收集数据的主要研究工具。数据分析采用主题分析法。教师申请贷款的原因包括经济负担、家庭和个人支出以及孝道。他们用借来的钱偿还以前的贷款、创业、支付教育和医疗费用、建房和偿还父母的牺牲。获得多笔贷款对个人的财务管理做法有消极和积极影响。积极影响是提高了信用评分和财务灵活性。负面影响包括净工资低和陷入债务陷阱。在获取和利用贷款方面发现的挑战包括复杂的条款和条件、偿还贷款、处理贷款、净工资低以及财务问题带来的压力。金融扫盲指的是对有效理财的理解和能力。建议将金融扫盲计划作为一项产出,加强各种金融概念,促进实施有效的债务管理战略,促进创业并将其转化为可持续的企业,以及建立机构金融扫盲讲习班。
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引用次数: 0
Review on the Implementation of the Consumer Act of the Philippines: Insights to Its Plausible Future 菲律宾消费者法》实施情况回顾:对《消费者法》似是而非的未来的见解
Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.34104/ijma.024.071084
As a developing Southeast Asian nation, the Philippines have experienced economic growth, leading to challenges in ensuring consumer protection. This study reviewed the level of implementation of Consumer Act of the Philippines (Act) and explored insights to its plausible future. This used both quantitative and qualitative components. This was conducted in Capiz. For the survey, respondents comprised of consumers buying in Roxas City supermarkets and grocery stores selling basic commodities. For Focus Group Discussion (FGD), business owner representative, Department of Trade and Industry implementers, and consumer organization members participated. For the challenges encountered in Act’s implementation, respondents believed that the law protects their rights, but they lacked awareness of how to enforce it with perceived weaknesses on Act’s effectiveness in enforcing penalties. For the level of implementation, respondents believed that the Act effectively ensured the quality and safety of consumer products in the market, reduced deceptive, unfair, and conscionable sales acts or practices, provided efficient resolution for valid warranty claims, protected against misleading or deceptive packaging techniques, holds businesses accountable for product and service imperfection, prevents misleading advertisements and fraudulent sales promotion practices, regulates service and repair enterprises, and ensures effective consumer complaints handling. Consumers perceived that Act's provision on penalties was inadequate, ineffective in addressing broader issues, inadequately implements provision on warranties, labeling, and fair packaging, no provision on claims for damages, with gaps in addressing issues on sales promotion, service, and consumer complaints handling. Participants highlighted the need to promote consumer education, clearer guidelines on acceptable sales practices, and areas for improvement in online marketplaces, consumer awareness, and enhanced enforcement capabilities. Overall, strengthened consumer advocacy, enforcement training, and education, provision of harsher penalties, collaboration with other stakeholders, enhanced screening measures on online shopping platforms, and streamlined online dispute resolutions.
作为一个东南亚发展中国家,菲律宾经历了经济增长,从而在确保消费者保护方面面临挑战。本研究回顾了《菲律宾消费者法案》(以下简称《法案》)的实施情况,并对其未来的发展前景进行了深入探讨。研究采用了定量和定性两种方法。研究在卡皮兹省进行。调查对象包括在罗萨斯市超市和杂货店购买基本商品的消费者。参加焦点小组讨论(FGD)的有企业主代表、贸易和工业部执行人员以及消费者组织成员。关于该法实施过程中遇到的挑战,受访者认为该法保护了他们的权利,但他们缺乏如何执 行该法的意识,认为该法在执行处罚方面存在不足。在执行力度方面,受访者认为《消法》有效地保障了市场上消费品的质量和安全,减少 了欺骗性、不公平和昧良心的销售行为或做法,为有效的保修索赔提供了有效的解决方案, 防止了误导性或欺骗性的包装技术,追究了企业对产品和服务不完善的责任,防止了误导性 广告和欺诈性促销行为,规范了服务和维修企业,确保了消费者投诉的有效处理。消费者认为,该法关于处罚的规定不够充分,不能有效解决更广泛的问题,没有充分执行关于保证、标签和公平包装的规定,没有关于损害赔偿的规定,在解决促销、服务和消费者投诉处理问题方面存在差距。与会者强调,有必要促进消费者教育,就可接受的销售行为制定更明确的准则,并在网上市场、消费者意识和加强执法能力方面加以改进。总之,要加强消费者宣传、执法培训和教育,提供更严厉的处罚,与其他利益相关方合作,加强网上购物平台的筛查措施,简化网上争议解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Measuring Student Performance in Mathematics in the Modern World Course Using Bloom’s and Solo Taxonomies 使用布鲁姆分类法和梭罗分类法衡量学生在现代世界数学课程中的表现
Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI: 10.34104/ijmms.024.078084
The quality of learning could be determined by observing students’ performance through the use of SOLO (Structure of the Observed Learning Outcome) and Bloom's taxonomies, which are few of the educational frameworks that can be used to examine the level of students' mathematical skills and performance. The descriptive method utilizing documentary analysis and testing methods were used as instruments involving 1239 students from the different programs, where the attainment levels were computed based on the index of mastery. The results showed that majority of the learning outcomes in the Bloom's taxonomy are not well distributed since mostly are under application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation levels only, while in the SOLO thinking levels are also not well distributed where mostly targets the multi-structural and the relational levels. Meanwhile, mapping the items in the major examinations showed that most of the items target comprehension, application, and analysis in the Bloom's taxonomy, while multi-structural and relational levels in the SOLO taxonomy. Furthermore, data revealed that the students are not able to attain the expected level of thinking using the assessment instrument since it cannot provide evidence of performance/attainment in the other thinking levels such as knowledge, synthesis, evaluation, uni-structural, and extended abstract. Overall, Bloom's and Solo Taxonomies are crucial tools for evaluating how well students are doing in mathematics in the modern world course. It gives teachers a framework for creating tests and lessons aligned with specific objectives for learning and aids for a deeper comprehension of mathematical ideas.
通过使用 SOLO(观察学习结果结构)和布卢姆分类法观察学生的表现,可以确定学习质量。研究采用了描述性方法,利用文献分析和测试方法作为工具,涉及来自不同课程的 1239 名学生,并根据掌握程度指数计算了成绩水平。结果表明,布卢姆分类法中的大部分学习成果分布不均,因为它们大多只属于应用、分析、综合和评价层面,而在 SOLO 思维层面中,它们的分布也不均,大多针对多元结构和关系层面。同时,对主要考试项目的映射表明,大多数项目针对的是布鲁姆分类法中的理解、应用和分析,而 SOLO 分类法中的多结构和关系层次。此外,数据还显示,由于该评估工具无法提供其他思维层次(如知识、综合、评价、单结构和扩展抽象)的表现/成就证据,因此学生无法通过该评估工具达到预期的思维水平。总之,布鲁姆分类法和梭罗分类法是评估学生在现代数学课程中表现的重要工具。它为教师提供了一个框架,使他们能够根据具体的学习目标设计测试和课程,帮助学生更深入地理解数学思想。
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引用次数: 0
A Method Based on Process Mining for Breast Cancer Diagnosis with Whale Optimization Algorithm and Support Vector Machine 基于鲸鱼优化算法和支持向量机的乳腺癌诊断过程挖掘方法
Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.34104/ajeit.024.070078
ABSTRACT Breast cancer is the second most common cancer among women and the second leading cause of death in the world. According to the statistics of the National Cancer Center, one out of every eight women in the United States is diagnosed with breast cancer. This cancer is the most common malignancy among Iranian women and the main focus of attention in Iran. The data shows that in recent years, the prevalence of the disease has been growing. All tumors are not cancerous and may be benign or malignant. Benign tumors grow abnormally but are rarely fatal. However, some benign breast masses can also increase the risk of breast cancer. The process mining is one of the methods used to diagnose or predict cancers. This method is one of the most popular approaches to breast cancer diagnosis. Process mining approaches can help doctors in better detection of breast cancer by reducing the number of false positive and negative results. The whale optimization algorithm is one of the new meta-heuristic algorithms and imitates the behavior of whale hunting. This algorithm starts with a set of random solutions, in each iteration the search agents update their position according to each of the search agents randomly or with the best solution obtained so far. In this research, using the whale algorithm method, a method to reduce cancer diagnosis error in a number of patients with 9 types of contamination has been investigated and presented. Therefore, in this research, with the help of MATLAB software and using the advantages of whale algorithm optimization, this number of diseases has been categorized, as a result of which the diagnosis error is reduced.
摘要 乳腺癌是女性第二大常见癌症,也是世界第二大死亡原因。根据美国国家癌症中心的统计数据,美国每八名妇女中就有一名被诊断出患有乳腺癌。这种癌症是伊朗妇女最常见的恶性肿瘤,也是伊朗关注的焦点。数据显示,近年来,这种疾病的发病率一直在上升。所有肿瘤都不会癌变,可能是良性肿瘤,也可能是恶性肿瘤。良性肿瘤生长异常,但很少致命。然而,一些良性乳腺肿块也会增加患乳腺癌的风险。过程挖掘是用于诊断或预测癌症的方法之一。这种方法是最流行的乳腺癌诊断方法之一。过程挖掘方法可以减少假阳性和假阴性结果的数量,从而帮助医生更好地检测乳腺癌。鲸鱼优化算法是一种新的元启发式算法,模仿鲸鱼狩猎的行为。该算法从一组随机解开始,在每次迭代中,搜索代理根据每个搜索代理的随机解或迄今获得的最佳解更新其位置。在这项研究中,利用鲸鱼算法方法,研究并提出了一种减少癌症诊断误差的方法,该方法适用于 9 种污染的患者。因此,在这项研究中,借助 MATLAB 软件并利用鲸鱼算法优化的优势,对这一数量的疾病进行了分类,从而减少了诊断误差。
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引用次数: 0
Significance of Librarians’ Work Experience and ICT Skills on Effective Utilization of Information Resources 图书馆员的工作经验和信息与传播技术技能对有效利用信息资源的意义
Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.34104/ijma.024.07011
This study determined the Significance of Librarians' Work Experience and ICT Skills in the Effective Utilization of Information Resources at Federal University Otuoke. Two objectives, research questions, and null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The study covered academics. An ex-post facto research design was used for the study. The population of the study was ten academic librarians. A census sampling technique was used for the study and a sample size of 10 academic librarians was used. The data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation for research questions 1-2 and a t-test was used to test null hypotheses 1-2. All the null hypotheses were tested at 05 levels of significance. The findings indicated that librarians' characteristics influenced the utilization of electronic information resources. The study concluded that Librarians' work experience and ICT skills are determinants for the influence of effective Utilization of information resources. Librarians' work experience and ICT skills in utilizing information resources are crucial for acquiring current, timely, relevant, and up-to-date electronic information resources for academic activities. Based on the findings, the study recommended that the librarians' work experience and ICT skills be open to Utilizing information resources. Every librarian should be able and interested in using information resources regardless of their status.
本研究确定了图书馆员的工作经验和信息与传播技术技能在奥图克联邦大学有效利用信息资源方面的意义。为指导研究,制定了两个目标、研究问题和零假设。研究涉及学术界。研究采用了事后研究设计。研究对象为十名学术图书馆员。研究采用了普查抽样技术,样本量为 10 名学术图书馆员。收集到的数据使用平均数和标准差对研究问题 1-2 进行分析,并使用 t 检验对零假设 1-2 进行检验。所有零假设均以 05 的显著性水平进行了检验。研究结果表明,图书馆员的特点影响了电子信息资源的利用。研究认为,图书馆员的工作经验和信息与传播技术技能是影响有效利用信息资源的决定因素。图书馆员在利用信息资源方面的工作经验和信息与传播技术技能对于为学术活动获取当前的、及时的、相关的和最新的电子信息资源至关重要。根据研究结果,研究建议图书馆员的工作经验和信息与传播技术技能对信息资源的利用持开放态度。每一位图书馆员,无论其地位如何,都应能够并有兴趣利用信息资源。
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引用次数: 0
Significance of Librarians’ Work Experience and ICT Skills on Effective Utilization of Information Resources 图书馆员的工作经验和信息与传播技术技能对有效利用信息资源的意义
Pub Date : 2024-02-09 DOI: 10.34104/ijma.024.07011
This study determined the Significance of Librarians' Work Experience and ICT Skills in the Effective Utilization of Information Resources at Federal University Otuoke. Two objectives, research questions, and null hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The study covered academics. An ex-post facto research design was used for the study. The population of the study was ten academic librarians. A census sampling technique was used for the study and a sample size of 10 academic librarians was used. The data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation for research questions 1-2 and a t-test was used to test null hypotheses 1-2. All the null hypotheses were tested at 05 levels of significance. The findings indicated that librarians' characteristics influenced the utilization of electronic information resources. The study concluded that Librarians' work experience and ICT skills are determinants for the influence of effective Utilization of information resources. Librarians' work experience and ICT skills in utilizing information resources are crucial for acquiring current, timely, relevant, and up-to-date electronic information resources for academic activities. Based on the findings, the study recommended that the librarians' work experience and ICT skills be open to Utilizing information resources. Every librarian should be able and interested in using information resources regardless of their status.
本研究确定了图书馆员的工作经验和信息与传播技术技能在奥图克联邦大学有效利用信息资源方面的意义。为指导研究,制定了两个目标、研究问题和零假设。研究涉及学术界。研究采用了事后研究设计。研究对象为十名学术图书馆员。研究采用了普查抽样技术,样本量为 10 名学术图书馆员。收集到的数据使用平均数和标准差对研究问题 1-2 进行分析,并使用 t 检验对零假设 1-2 进行检验。所有零假设均以 05 的显著性水平进行了检验。研究结果表明,图书馆员的特点影响了电子信息资源的利用。研究认为,图书馆员的工作经验和信息与传播技术技能是影响有效利用信息资源的决定因素。图书馆员在利用信息资源方面的工作经验和信息与传播技术技能对于为学术活动获取当前的、及时的、相关的和最新的电子信息资源至关重要。根据研究结果,研究建议图书馆员的工作经验和信息与传播技术技能对信息资源的利用持开放态度。每一位图书馆员,无论其地位如何,都应能够并有兴趣利用信息资源。
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引用次数: 0
Factors Identifying Users’ Behavioral Intention to Adopt E-government Public Services in Bangladesh 孟加拉国用户采用电子政务公共服务行为意向的识别因素
Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.34104/ijma.024.00106
The paper discusses about the behavioral intention of users to adopt e-government public services using the UTAUT model. E-government helps to create efficient delivery of services to mass people. Bangladesh government has a "Vision-2041" to become smart government as a result many e-government services are implemented, and initiated throughout the country. To be successful in this vision, the behavioral intention to adopt e-government services is necessary to identify. In this paper, primary data is collected to conduct the study. Fifteen questionnaires are formed to find the behavioral intention where the sample size is the portion of the population who uses e-government public services at least once in their life. SPSS software is used to analyze and validate hypotheses. The research finds that the factors of the UTAUT model that are adopted for conducting this research such as perceived performance expectancy, perceived effort expectancy, and perceived social influence have a positive relation toward the behavioral intention to adopt e-government services in Bangladesh.
本文利用UTAUT模型讨论了用户采用电子政务公共服务的行为意向。电子政务有助于为大众提供高效的服务。孟加拉国政府的 "愿景-2041 "是成为智能政府,因此在全国范围内实施和启动了许多电子政务服务。为了成功实现这一愿景,有必要确定采用电子政务服务的行为意向。本文通过收集原始数据来开展研究。为了解行为意向,我们制作了 15 份调查问卷,样本量为生活中至少使用过一次电子政务公共服务的人群。使用 SPSS 软件对假设进行分析和验证。研究发现,本研究采用的UTAUT模型中的因素,如感知绩效预期、感知努力预期和感知社会影响,与孟加拉国采用电子政务服务的行为意向有正相关关系。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Journal of Management and Accounting
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