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Understanding Demographic Factors Influencing Open Burning Incidents in Kentucky 了解影响肯塔基州露天焚烧事件的人口因素

Pollutants

Pub Date : 2024-05-15 DOI: 10.3390/pollutants4020017

Major Ballard, B. Gyawali, Shikha Acharya, M. Gebremedhin, George Antonious, Jeffrey Scott Blakeman

Open burning poses a significant threat to human health and the environment by releasing hazardous chemicals and exacerbating plastic pollution. Urgent action is required to address its pervasive impact and the substantial release of gaseous pollutants. Limited research has explored the demographic aspect of open burning behavior, with none specifically conducted in Kentucky. An analysis of open burning complaints reported to the Kentucky Division for Air Quality in 2015, 2019, and 2021 revealed no significant differences in reported incidents by month and county. Binary logistic regression analyses identified the urban vs rural divide as significant predictors of open burning incidents, while violations were influenced by both urban and rural factors and average household income. Unemployment rates and the percentage of individuals with less than a high school diploma did not significantly predict open burning violations. Targeted interventions at the state and local level, focusing on rural areas and economically disadvantaged communities, can effectively address and mitigate open burning issues.

露天焚烧会释放有害化学物质，加剧塑料污染，对人类健康和环境构成严重威胁。我们需要采取紧急行动，解决露天焚烧的普遍影响和大量释放气体污染物的问题。对露天焚烧行为的人口方面进行的研究有限，其中没有专门针对肯塔基州的研究。对 2015 年、2019 年和 2021 年向肯塔基州空气质量处报告的露天焚烧投诉进行分析后发现，各月和各县报告的事件没有明显差异。二元逻辑回归分析发现，城市与农村的差异是露天焚烧事件的重要预测因素，而违规行为则受到城市和农村因素以及平均家庭收入的影响。失业率和高中以下文凭人口比例对露天焚烧违法行为的预测作用不大。在州和地方层面采取有针对性的干预措施，重点关注农村地区和经济条件较差的社区，可以有效地解决和缓解露天焚烧问题。

引用次数: 0

Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities as Indicator of the Water Quality of a Suburban Stream in the Littoral Region of Cameroon 底栖大型无脊椎动物群落作为喀麦隆滨海地区一条郊区河流的水质指标

Pollutants

Pub Date : 2024-05-07 DOI: 10.3390/pollutants4020016

Nectaire Lié Nyamsi Tchatcho, P. A. Nana, E. Koji, S. Tchakonté, Yolande Elsa Lando Zangue, Prospère Jeunemi Keu, G. Bricheux, T. Sime-Ngando

As bioindicators, benthic macroinvertebrates are often used to assess stream quality. Based on standard hydrobiological study techniques, the physicochemical and biological health status of the Missolé stream was assessed. Waters of the Missolé stream were found to be slightly acidic (pH: 6.23–6.26) and well-oxygenated (O2: 69.80–76.80%), with low values of temperature (T°: 23.60–24° C), turbidity (49.40–88.40 FTU) and mineralized ions (NH4+: 0–1.19 mg/L; NO2-: 0–1.61 mg/L; NO3-: 0.02–6.80 mg/L). Concerning aquatic invertebrate communities, a total of 489 individuals, grouped in two classes, eight orders and 35 families, all belonging to the phylum Arthropoda, were collected and identified. The class of Insecta was the most diversified, with seven orders and 32 families, while that of Crustacea had only one order and three families. Overall, Insecta accounted for 52.35% of the total abundance, and Decapod Crustacea was 47.65%. The three predominant families were Palaemonidae, Dytiscidae and Atyidae. Shannon and Weaver (H’) and Piélou’s evenness (J) indices were high at all stations and showed a slight decrease from upstream to downstream. In the same vein, the Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (HBI) classified the water quality of the Missolé stream as medium. Overall, this suburban aquatic ecosystem offers moderately favorable living conditions for aquatic biota.

作为生物指标，底栖大型无脊椎动物通常被用来评估溪流质量。根据标准的水生物研究技术，对米索莱溪流的物理化学和生物健康状况进行了评估。研究发现，米索莱溪流的水体呈弱酸性（pH 值：6.23-6.26），氧气充足（O2：69.80-76.80%），温度（T°：23.60-24°C）、浑浊度（49.40-88.40 FTU）和矿化离子（NH4+：0-1.19 mg/L；NO2-：0-1.61 mg/L；NO3-：0.02-6.80 mg/L）值较低。关于水生无脊椎动物群落，共收集并鉴定了 489 个个体，分为两类、八目和 35 科，均属于节肢动物门。昆虫纲的种类最多，有 7 目 32 科，而甲壳纲只有 1 目 3 科。总体而言，昆虫类占总丰度的 52.35%，十足甲壳纲占 47.65%。最主要的三个科分别是八目鳗科（Palaemonidae）、蚤科（Dytiscidae）和螨科（Atyidae）。各站的香农和韦弗（H'）指数和皮埃卢均匀度（J）指数都很高，而且从上游到下游略有下降。同样，希尔森霍夫（Hilsenhoff）生物指数（HBI）将米索莱溪流的水质列为中等。总体而言，这个郊区水生生态系统为水生生物群提供了中等偏上的生存条件。

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引用次数: 0

Effective Removal of Microplastic Particles from Wastewater Using Hydrophobic Bio-Substrates 利用疏水性生物基质有效去除废水中的微塑料颗粒

Pollutants

Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.3390/pollutants4020015

K. Bhagwat, D. Rodrigue, L. Romero-Zerón

The rapid increase in soil and water pollution is primarily attributed to anthropogenic factors, notably the mismanagement of post-consumer plastics on a global scale. This exploratory research design evaluated the effectiveness of natural hydrophobic cattail (Typha Latifolia) fibres (CFs) as bio-adsorbents of microplastic particles (MPPs) from wastewater. The study investigates how the composition of the adsorption environment affects the adsorption rate. Straightforward batch adsorption tests were conducted to evaluate the “spontaneous” sorption of MPPs onto CFs. Five MPP materials (PVC, PP, LDPE, HDPE, and Nylon 6) were evaluated. Industrial wastewater (PW) and Type II Distilled Water (DW) were employed as adsorption environments. The batch test results show that CFs are effective in removing five MPP materials from DW and PW. However, a higher removal percentage of MPPs was observed in PW, ranging from 89% to 100% for PVC, PP, LDPE, and HDPE, while the adsorption of Nylon 6 increased to 29.9%, a removal increase of 50%. These findings indicate that hydrophobic interactions drive the “spontaneous and instantaneous” adsorption process and that adjusting the adsorption environment can effectively enhance the MPP removal rate. This research highlights the significant role that bio-substrates can play in mitigating environmental pollution, serving as efficient, sustainable, non-toxic, biodegradable, low-cost, and reliable adsorbents for the removal of MPPs from wastewaters.

土壤和水污染的快速增长主要归咎于人为因素，特别是全球范围内对消费后塑料的不当管理。本探索性研究设计评估了天然疏水性香蒲（Typha Latifolia）纤维（CFs）作为生物吸附剂对废水中微塑料颗粒（MPPs）的吸附效果。该研究探讨了吸附环境的组成如何影响吸附率。研究人员进行了简单的批量吸附试验，以评估 MPPs 在 CFs 上的 "自发 "吸附情况。对五种 MPP 材料（PVC、PP、LDPE、HDPE 和尼龙 6）进行了评估。吸附环境为工业废水（PW）和二类蒸馏水（DW）。批量试验结果表明，CF 能有效去除 DW 和 PW 中的五种 MPP 材料。然而，在 PW 中观察到的 MPPs 去除率更高，PVC、PP、LDPE 和 HDPE 的去除率从 89% 到 100% 不等，而尼龙 6 的吸附率增加到 29.9%，去除率增加了 50%。这些研究结果表明，疏水相互作用推动了 "自发和瞬时 "吸附过程，调整吸附环境可有效提高 MPP 去除率。这项研究凸显了生物基质在减轻环境污染方面的重要作用，可作为高效、可持续、无毒、可生物降解、低成本和可靠的吸附剂，用于去除废水中的 MPPs。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental and Modeled Assessment of Interventions to Reduce PM_2.5 in a Residence during a Wildfire Event. 对野火事件中降低住宅 PM2.5 的干预措施进行实验和模型评估。

Pollutants

Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-28 DOI: 10.3390/pollutants4010003

Chrissi Antonopoulos, H E Dillon, Elliott Gall

Increasingly large and frequent wildfires affect air quality even indoors by emitting and dispersing fine/ultrafine particulate matter known to pose health risks to residents. With this health threat, we are working to help the building science community develop simplified tools that may be used to estimate impacts to large numbers of homes based on high-level housing characteristics. In addition to reviewing literature sources, we performed an experiment to evaluate interventions to mitigate degraded indoor air quality. We instrumented one residence for one week during an extreme wildfire event in the Pacific Northwest. Outdoor ambient concentrations of PM_2.5 reached historic levels, sustained at over 200 μg/m³ for multiple days. Outdoor and indoor PM_2.5 were monitored, and data regarding building characteristics, infiltration, and mechanical system operation were gathered to be consistent with the type of information commonly known for residential energy models. Two conditions were studied: a high-capture minimum efficiency rated value (MERV 13) filter integrated into a central forced air (CFA) system, and a CFA with MERV 13 filtration operating with a portable air cleaner (PAC). With intermittent CFA operation and no PAC, indoor corrected concentrations of PM_2.5 reached 280 μg/m³, and indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios reached a mean of 0.55. The measured I/O ratio was reduced to a mean of 0.22 when both intermittent CFA and the PAC were in operation. Data gathered from the test home were used in a modeling exercise to assess expected I/O ratios from both interventions. The mean modeled I/O ratio for the CFA with an MERV 13 filter was 0.48, and 0.28 when the PAC was added. The model overpredicted the MERV 13 performance and underpredicted the CFA with an MERV 13 filter plus a PAC, though both conditions were predicted within 0.15 standard deviation. The results illustrate the ways that models can be used to estimate indoor PM_2.5 concentrations in residences during extreme wildfire smoke events.

规模越来越大、频率越来越高的野火甚至会影响室内的空气质量，因为野火会释放和散播细微/超细颗粒物，已知会对居民的健康造成危害。面对这一健康威胁，我们正努力帮助建筑科学界开发简化工具，用于根据高层住宅的特征估算对大量住宅的影响。除了查阅文献资料，我们还进行了一项实验，以评估缓解室内空气质量下降的干预措施。在西北太平洋地区的一次极端野火事件中，我们对一处住宅进行了为期一周的监测。室外环境中的 PM2.5 浓度达到了历史最高水平，连续多日超过 200 微克/立方米。对室外和室内的 PM2.5 进行了监测，并收集了有关建筑特征、渗透和机械系统运行的数据，使其与住宅能源模型中常见的信息类型保持一致。研究了两种情况：一种是在中央强制通风（CFA）系统中集成了一个高捕获最低效率额定值（MERV 13）过滤器，另一种是带有 MERV 13 过滤功能的中央强制通风系统与便携式空气净化器（PAC）一起运行。在中央强制通风系统间歇运行且无 PAC 的情况下，PM2.5 的室内修正浓度达到 280 μg/m3，室内/室外 (I/O) 比率的平均值为 0.55。当间歇性 CFA 和空调同时运行时，测得的 I/O 比率平均值降至 0.22。从测试家庭收集的数据被用于建模工作，以评估两种干预措施的预期 I/O 比率。使用 MERV 13 过滤器的 CFA 的平均模型输入/输出比为 0.48，而添加 PAC 时为 0.28。模型对 MERV 13 性能的预测过高，而对采用 MERV 13 过滤器加 PAC 的 CFA 的预测过低，尽管两种情况的预测都在 0.15 标准差之内。这些结果说明了在极端野火烟雾事件中，模型可用于估算住宅室内 PM2.5 浓度的方法。

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