Claire M Kamp Dush, Wendy D Manning, Miranda N Berrigan, Rachel R Hardeman
In the United States, COVID-19 unfolded alongside profound racial trauma. Drawing on a population representative sample of 20-60 year-olds who were married or cohabiting, the National Couples' Health and Time Study (N =3,642), we examine two specific sources of stress: COVID-19 and racial trauma. We leverage the fully powered samples of respondents with racial/ethnic and sexual minority identities and find that COVID-19 and racial trauma stress were higher among individuals who were not White or heterosexual most likely due to racism, xenophobia, and cis-heterosexism at the individual and structural levels. Both COVID-19 and racial trauma stress were associated with poorer mental health outcomes even after accounting for a rich set of potential mechanistic indicators, including discrimination and social climate. We argue that the inclusion of assessments of stress are critical for understanding health and well-being among individuals impacted by systemic and interpersonal discrimination.
{"title":"Stress and Mental Health: A Focus on COVID-19 and Racial Trauma Stress.","authors":"Claire M Kamp Dush, Wendy D Manning, Miranda N Berrigan, Rachel R Hardeman","doi":"10.7758/rsf.2022.8.8.06","DOIUrl":"10.7758/rsf.2022.8.8.06","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the United States, COVID-19 unfolded alongside profound racial trauma. Drawing on a population representative sample of 20-60 year-olds who were married or cohabiting, the National Couples' Health and Time Study (<i>N</i> =3,642), we examine two specific sources of stress: COVID-19 and racial trauma. We leverage the fully powered samples of respondents with racial/ethnic and sexual minority identities and find that COVID-19 and racial trauma stress were higher among individuals who were not White or heterosexual most likely due to racism, xenophobia, and cis-heterosexism at the individual and structural levels. Both COVID-19 and racial trauma stress were associated with poorer mental health outcomes even after accounting for a rich set of potential mechanistic indicators, including discrimination and social climate. We argue that the inclusion of assessments of stress are critical for understanding health and well-being among individuals impacted by systemic and interpersonal discrimination.</p>","PeriodicalId":51709,"journal":{"name":"Rsf-The Russell Sage Journal of the Social Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10077922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9326055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Education policy and the role of schools are a neglected part of the welfare state. Yet schools may be important sites for understanding how policy, work, and families intersect in immigrant households. Drawing on thirty interviews from seventeen households, this article highlights the experiences of families with young children during a time of increased national hostility toward immigrants. Given that immigrant families are often excluded from more traditional forms of social insurance, findings reveal the central role of fathers both inside and outside the home. Parental involvement, defined as parents' interactions with their children's education both inside and outside the home, was structured by English-dominant schooling environments. In Phoenix, parental involvement was uniquely shaped by a punitive immigration context at father's work and in children's schools. We discuss the implications of our findings on the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage and advance policy recommendations to support foreign- and U.S.-born children's educational success.
{"title":"A Qualitative Examination of Work, Families, and Schools in Low-Income Latinx Communities During Strict Immigration Enforcement.","authors":"David E Rangel, Elizabeth Peck","doi":"10.7758/rsf.2022.8.5.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7758/rsf.2022.8.5.09","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Education policy and the role of schools are a neglected part of the welfare state. Yet schools may be important sites for understanding how policy, work, and families intersect in immigrant households. Drawing on thirty interviews from seventeen households, this article highlights the experiences of families with young children during a time of increased national hostility toward immigrants. Given that immigrant families are often excluded from more traditional forms of social insurance, findings reveal the central role of fathers both inside and outside the home. Parental involvement, defined as parents' interactions with their children's education both inside and outside the home, was structured by English-dominant schooling environments. In Phoenix, parental involvement was uniquely shaped by a punitive immigration context at father's work and in children's schools. We discuss the implications of our findings on the intergenerational transmission of disadvantage and advance policy recommendations to support foreign- and U.S.-born children's educational success.</p>","PeriodicalId":51709,"journal":{"name":"Rsf-The Russell Sage Journal of the Social Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8a/e1/nihms-1857656.PMC9835101.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10273154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01Epub Date: 2022-05-12DOI: 10.7758/rsf.2022.8.3.04
Taryn W Morrissey, Scott W Allard, Elizabeth Pelletier
This study links county-level early care and education (ECE) program, economic, and demographic data to child-level data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort of 2010-2011 to examine geographic variation in ECE program participation and provision. We find that public ECE programs, particularly Head Start, occupy a larger role in nonmetropolitan communities than in metropolitan areas. By contrast, children in rural counties are less likely to attend private center-based ECE, and nonprofit childcare program expenditures in rural areas lag. We also find rural-metropolitan differences in school readiness diminish when geographic characteristics are controlled. Results suggest that county-level context and state-level policy features shape children's early experiences, and that public ECE investments are key in narrowing disparities in ECE attendance and in children's outcomes.
{"title":"Access to Early Care and Education in Rural Communities: Implications for Children's School Readiness.","authors":"Taryn W Morrissey, Scott W Allard, Elizabeth Pelletier","doi":"10.7758/rsf.2022.8.3.04","DOIUrl":"10.7758/rsf.2022.8.3.04","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study links county-level early care and education (ECE) program, economic, and demographic data to child-level data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort of 2010-2011 to examine geographic variation in ECE program participation and provision. We find that public ECE programs, particularly Head Start, occupy a larger role in nonmetropolitan communities than in metropolitan areas. By contrast, children in rural counties are less likely to attend private center-based ECE, and nonprofit childcare program expenditures in rural areas lag. We also find rural-metropolitan differences in school readiness diminish when geographic characteristics are controlled. Results suggest that county-level context and state-level policy features shape children's early experiences, and that public ECE investments are key in narrowing disparities in ECE attendance and in children's outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":51709,"journal":{"name":"Rsf-The Russell Sage Journal of the Social Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d3/86/nihms-1868649.PMC10575474.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41240805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wealth ownership is a critical component of economic well-being, and wealth in early adulthood provides important clues about the trajectories along which individuals move throughout their lives. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we find an association between growing up rural and adult wealth that varies across the components of wealth. We also find that growing up rural has unique implications for young adult wealth ownership that differ from growing up in other geographic regions, particularly in urban areas. Our results highlight an important outcome that is conditioned by growing up rural and underscores the importance of context for understanding how families save and accumulate wealth.
{"title":"Rural Kids and Wealth.","authors":"Lisa A Keister, James W Moody, Tom Wolff","doi":"10.7758/rsf.2022.8.4.07","DOIUrl":"10.7758/rsf.2022.8.4.07","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wealth ownership is a critical component of economic well-being, and wealth in early adulthood provides important clues about the trajectories along which individuals move throughout their lives. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we find an association between growing up rural and adult wealth that varies across the components of wealth. We also find that growing up rural has unique implications for young adult wealth ownership that differ from growing up in other geographic regions, particularly in urban areas. Our results highlight an important outcome that is conditioned by growing up rural and underscores the importance of context for understanding how families save and accumulate wealth.</p>","PeriodicalId":51709,"journal":{"name":"Rsf-The Russell Sage Journal of the Social Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d5/24/nihms-1852007.PMC10241468.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9974260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Early-life conditions are associated with mortality in men, but not studied to the same extent in women. We add new evidence by studying a cohort of women born between 1916 and 1931 and followed for mortality between 1986 and 2013. Our sample from Iowa includes a significant number of rural women, from both farms and small towns. The long-term effects of growing up in a rural area were mixed: farmers' daughters lived longer than women growing up off-farm in rural areas. Daughters of farm laborers and skilled or semi-skilled trades workers fared worst, when considering early-life socioeconomic status. We also find evidence that migrating to small-town Iowa was associated with lower life expectancy after age fifty-five. Considering social class and farm-nonfarm status is important for understanding the health of rural America.
{"title":"Life-Course Transitions in Rural Residence and Old-Age Mortality in Iowa, 1930-2014.","authors":"Evan Roberts, Wendy Rahn, Deann Lazovich","doi":"10.7758/rsf.2022.8.4.05","DOIUrl":"10.7758/rsf.2022.8.4.05","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Early-life conditions are associated with mortality in men, but not studied to the same extent in women. We add new evidence by studying a cohort of women born between 1916 and 1931 and followed for mortality between 1986 and 2013. Our sample from Iowa includes a significant number of rural women, from both farms and small towns. The long-term effects of growing up in a rural area were mixed: farmers' daughters lived longer than women growing up off-farm in rural areas. Daughters of farm laborers and skilled or semi-skilled trades workers fared worst, when considering early-life socioeconomic status. We also find evidence that migrating to small-town Iowa was associated with lower life expectancy after age fifty-five. Considering social class and farm-nonfarm status is important for understanding the health of rural America.</p>","PeriodicalId":51709,"journal":{"name":"Rsf-The Russell Sage Journal of the Social Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/02/40/nihms-1844457.PMC10237173.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9939347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brittany Friedman, Alexes Harris, Beth M Huebner, Karin D Martin, Becky Pettit, Sarah K S Shannon, Bryan L Sykes
Monetary sanctions are an integral and increasingly debated feature of the American criminal legal system. Emerging research, including that featured in this volume, offers important insight into the law governing monetary sanctions, how they are levied, and how their imposition affects inequality. Monetary sanctions are assessed for a wide range of contacts with the criminal legal system ranging from felony convictions to alleged traffic violations with important variability in law and practice across states. These differences allow for the identification of features of law, policy, and practice that differentially shape access to justice and equality before the law. Common practices undermine individuals' rights and fuel inequality in the effects of unpaid monetary sanctions. These observations lead us to offer a number of specific recommendations to improve the administration of justice, mitigate some of the most harmful effects of monetary sanctions, and advance future research.
{"title":"What Is Wrong with Monetary Sanctions? Directions for Policy, Practice, and Research.","authors":"Brittany Friedman, Alexes Harris, Beth M Huebner, Karin D Martin, Becky Pettit, Sarah K S Shannon, Bryan L Sykes","doi":"10.7758/rsf.2022.8.1.10","DOIUrl":"10.7758/rsf.2022.8.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Monetary sanctions are an integral and increasingly debated feature of the American criminal legal system. Emerging research, including that featured in this volume, offers important insight into the law governing monetary sanctions, how they are levied, and how their imposition affects inequality. Monetary sanctions are assessed for a wide range of contacts with the criminal legal system ranging from felony convictions to alleged traffic violations with important variability in law and practice across states. These differences allow for the identification of features of law, policy, and practice that differentially shape access to justice and equality before the law. Common practices undermine individuals' rights and fuel inequality in the effects of unpaid monetary sanctions. These observations lead us to offer a number of specific recommendations to improve the administration of justice, mitigate some of the most harmful effects of monetary sanctions, and advance future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":51709,"journal":{"name":"Rsf-The Russell Sage Journal of the Social Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/55/d8/nihms-1873019.PMC10281253.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10068360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Studying the System of Monetary Sanctions.","authors":"Alexes Harris, Mary Pattillo, Bryan L Sykes","doi":"10.7758/rsf.2022.8.1.01","DOIUrl":"10.7758/rsf.2022.8.1.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51709,"journal":{"name":"Rsf-The Russell Sage Journal of the Social Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/13/e5/nihms-1873010.PMC10586489.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49685956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, we explore the experiences of people who carry monetary sanction (or penal) debt across eight U.S. states. Using 519 interviews with people sentenced to fines and fees, we analyze the mental and emotional aspects of their experiences. Situating our analysis within research on the social determinants of health and the stress universe, we suggest that monetary sanctions create an overwhelmingly palpable sense of fear, frustration, anxiety, and despair. We theorize the ways in which monetary sanctions function as both acute and chronic health stressors for people who are unable to pay off their debts, highlight the mechanisms linking penal debt with mental and emotional burdens, and generalize our findings using national data from the U.S. Federal Reserve. We find that the system of monetary sanctions generates a great deal of stress and strain that becomes an internalized punishment affecting many realms of people's lives.
{"title":"Monetary Sanctions as Chronic and Acute Health Stressors: The Emotional Strain of People Who Owe Court Fines and Fees.","authors":"Alexes Harris, Tyler Smith","doi":"10.7758/rsf.2022.8.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7758/rsf.2022.8.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this article, we explore the experiences of people who carry monetary sanction (or penal) debt across eight U.S. states. Using 519 interviews with people sentenced to fines and fees, we analyze the mental and emotional aspects of their experiences. Situating our analysis within research on the social determinants of health and the stress universe, we suggest that monetary sanctions create an overwhelmingly palpable sense of fear, frustration, anxiety, and despair. We theorize the ways in which monetary sanctions function as both acute and chronic health stressors for people who are unable to pay off their debts, highlight the mechanisms linking penal debt with mental and emotional burdens, and generalize our findings using national data from the U.S. Federal Reserve. We find that the system of monetary sanctions generates a great deal of stress and strain that becomes an internalized punishment affecting many realms of people's lives.</p>","PeriodicalId":51709,"journal":{"name":"Rsf-The Russell Sage Journal of the Social Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c7/e1/nihms-1873016.PMC10586471.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49685957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jointly financed by the federal government and the states, Medicaid represents the second largest form of public-sector investment in children. Research documents direct positive effects of Medicaid on children's well-being, but little is known about the effects of Medicaid expansions on the wealth of families with children. Using state variation in Medicaid access during the prenatal and infant period, linked to longitudinal data from the children of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79, we ask whether state-level Medicaid generosity is associated with family wealth among families with children and whether these effects vary by parental education and race-ethnicity. We find that greater state-level Medicaid access is associated with a larger total amount held in savings and retirement accounts, as well as in mortgages. These effects are largely driven by non-Hispanic white families, and those with more highly educated mothers.
医疗补助计划》由联邦政府和各州共同出资,是公共部门对儿童投资的第二大形式。研究表明,《医疗补助计划》对儿童的福祉有直接的积极影响,但人们对《医疗补助计划》的扩大对有子女家庭的财富影响知之甚少。我们利用各州在产前和婴儿期获得医疗补助方面的差异,并与全国青年纵向调查(National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79)的儿童纵向数据相联系,询问各州的医疗补助慷慨程度是否与有子女家庭的家庭财富相关,以及这些影响是否因父母的教育程度和种族族裔而异。我们发现,州级医疗补助的普及程度越高,储蓄和退休账户以及抵押贷款的总额就越大。这些影响主要由非西班牙裔白人家庭和母亲受教育程度较高的家庭产生。
{"title":"The Effects of State-Level Medicaid Coverage on Family Wealth.","authors":"Margot Jackson, Chinyere Agbai, Emily Rauscher","doi":"10.7758/rsf.2021.7.3.10","DOIUrl":"10.7758/rsf.2021.7.3.10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Jointly financed by the federal government and the states, Medicaid represents the second largest form of public-sector investment in children. Research documents direct positive effects of Medicaid on children's well-being, but little is known about the effects of Medicaid expansions on the wealth of families with children. Using state variation in Medicaid access during the prenatal and infant period, linked to longitudinal data from the children of National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79, we ask whether state-level Medicaid generosity is associated with family wealth among families with children and whether these effects vary by parental education and race-ethnicity. We find that greater state-level Medicaid access is associated with a larger total amount held in savings and retirement accounts, as well as in mortgages. These effects are largely driven by non-Hispanic white families, and those with more highly educated mothers.</p>","PeriodicalId":51709,"journal":{"name":"Rsf-The Russell Sage Journal of the Social Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/77/c9/nihms-1854808.PMC10284574.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10087309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Childhood Wealth Inequality in the United States: Implications for Social Stratification and Well-Being.","authors":"Christina Gibson-Davis, Heather D Hill","doi":"10.7758/rsf.2021.7.3.01","DOIUrl":"10.7758/rsf.2021.7.3.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51709,"journal":{"name":"Rsf-The Russell Sage Journal of the Social Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8559115/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39852064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}