{"title":"Data Analyses in Veterinary Research and Practice","authors":"Negin Esfandiary, M. Zandieh","doi":"10.61186/eltiamj.10.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61186/eltiamj.10.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":517731,"journal":{"name":"Eltiam","volume":"20 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140396431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increase in population and the need to supply foodstuffs have raised the importance of animal health and veterinary activities more than ever before in the country's food security and development. In this paper, which focuses on veterinary activities in the field of food-producing livestock, the concepts of need, supply, and demand are defined, and the methods of determining and prioritizing health needs in the livestock population of the country are presented. In the context of problems in setting priorities, there are also important points such as livestock population statistics, lack of human resources, rapid management changes, economic factors, management considerations, the traditional structure of animal husbandry, insufficient training of producers, and technical health officials of livestock farms, lack of inter-sectoral cooperation and necessary support. From the country's veterinary organization, the lack of sufficient information about diseases and animal health status in neighboring countries, especially Iraq and Afghanistan, and the weakness of border and interprovincial quarantine systems have been noted. Also, factors affecting the use of animal health services points such as access to services, feeling of need or demand, assurance of quality, price and cost of services and insurance coverage have been mentioned. On the other hand,
{"title":"Problem-solving and Futures Studies in Veterinary Programs and Services","authors":"Alireza Bahonar, Hamid Sharifi","doi":"10.61186/eltiamj.10.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61186/eltiamj.10.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"The increase in population and the need to supply foodstuffs have raised the importance of animal health and veterinary activities more than ever before in the country's food security and development. In this paper, which focuses on veterinary activities in the field of food-producing livestock, the concepts of need, supply, and demand are defined, and the methods of determining and prioritizing health needs in the livestock population of the country are presented. In the context of problems in setting priorities, there are also important points such as livestock population statistics, lack of human resources, rapid management changes, economic factors, management considerations, the traditional structure of animal husbandry, insufficient training of producers, and technical health officials of livestock farms, lack of inter-sectoral cooperation and necessary support. From the country's veterinary organization, the lack of sufficient information about diseases and animal health status in neighboring countries, especially Iraq and Afghanistan, and the weakness of border and interprovincial quarantine systems have been noted. Also, factors affecting the use of animal health services points such as access to services, feeling of need or demand, assurance of quality, price and cost of services and insurance coverage have been mentioned. On the other hand,","PeriodicalId":517731,"journal":{"name":"Eltiam","volume":"20 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140396434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Observational Studies in Veterinary Research and Practice","authors":"Alireza Bahonar, Marzieh Faezi, Zahra Boluki","doi":"10.61186/eltiamj.10.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61186/eltiamj.10.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":517731,"journal":{"name":"Eltiam","volume":"62 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140285268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interventional studies, especially in laboratory experimental researches, constitute a significant portion of the theses conducted in veterinary faculties across the country. The importance of these study designs in applied research and development underscores the necessity for students and researchers to be familiar with this design. This article begins with a brief history of this type of study. It then proceeds to introduce various types (laboratory, clinical trials, field trials, social trials, quasi-experimental studies), the different phases of this design (pharmacological and toxicity testing, initial testing for potential therapeutic and safety effects, clinical evaluation stage, post-marketing evaluation), and its various methods (parallel design, crossover design, sequential design, factorial design). This article also discusses the required sample size for conducting a study, criteria for entry and exit of study participants or animals, blinding and medical ethics. Given the importance of clinical trials, especially in terms of ethical considerations in research, the registration of this type of study after proposal development is also mentioned. This article refers to some examples of interventional studies published in Iran and worldwide so that students and researchers can use these designs as models. It is expected that the reader could critically read this type of articles and reports, published in scientific texts and play an effective role in conducting an experimental (interventional) study.
{"title":"Interventional (Experimental) Studies in Veterinary Research & Practice","authors":"Alireza Bahonar, Marzieh Faezi, Zahra Boluki","doi":"10.61186/eltiamj.10.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61186/eltiamj.10.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Interventional studies, especially in laboratory experimental researches, constitute a significant portion of the theses conducted in veterinary faculties across the country. The importance of these study designs in applied research and development underscores the necessity for students and researchers to be familiar with this design. This article begins with a brief history of this type of study. It then proceeds to introduce various types (laboratory, clinical trials, field trials, social trials, quasi-experimental studies), the different phases of this design (pharmacological and toxicity testing, initial testing for potential therapeutic and safety effects, clinical evaluation stage, post-marketing evaluation), and its various methods (parallel design, crossover design, sequential design, factorial design). This article also discusses the required sample size for conducting a study, criteria for entry and exit of study participants or animals, blinding and medical ethics. Given the importance of clinical trials, especially in terms of ethical considerations in research, the registration of this type of study after proposal development is also mentioned. This article refers to some examples of interventional studies published in Iran and worldwide so that students and researchers can use these designs as models. It is expected that the reader could critically read this type of articles and reports, published in scientific texts and play an effective role in conducting an experimental (interventional) study.","PeriodicalId":517731,"journal":{"name":"Eltiam","volume":"19 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140396310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Zandieh, Fateme Sheikhian, Hamid Sharifi, Hesameddin Akbarein
Screening tests are a special type of diagnostic tests that are performed in an apparently healthy population. The purpose of performing diagnostic tests is to correctly diagnose patients, distinguish affected animals from healthy animals, distinguish between cases and controls, and distinguish between normal and abnormal cases. Screening tests should be simple, cheap, rapid and valid. Diagnostic and screening tests are mainly used in the monitoring of diseases. Related terms to the evaluation of these tests, including sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, accuracy and precision, as well as concepts such as the golden standard, because they are often used interchangeably or misinterpreted, it is especially important to learn them. Also, due to the fact that gold standard tests are often more expensive and time-consuming, incomplete diagnostic tests are used, which can be calculated by calculating the sensitivity and specificity of the actual and apparent prevalence obtained by the diagnostic test. However, if the golden standard test is not available, other methods are used to evaluate the tests, including the Kappa index test. The interpretation results of these tests provide a comprehensive and evidence-based approach to clinicians and experts, which ultimately leads to more accurate, comprehensive, cheaper and faster monitoring. In this review article, with a complete and comprehensive review of the conventional concepts in the evaluation of diagnostic tests, along with the solution of practical examples, we will expand and provide a comprehensive presentation of these concepts. Also, the latest original studies that have been done in the field of evaluation of diagnostic tests will also be reviewed in this article.
{"title":"Evaluation of Diagnostic and Screening Test in Veterinary Medicine","authors":"M. Zandieh, Fateme Sheikhian, Hamid Sharifi, Hesameddin Akbarein","doi":"10.61186/eltiamj.10.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61186/eltiamj.10.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Screening tests are a special type of diagnostic tests that are performed in an apparently healthy population. The purpose of performing diagnostic tests is to correctly diagnose patients, distinguish affected animals from healthy animals, distinguish between cases and controls, and distinguish between normal and abnormal cases. Screening tests should be simple, cheap, rapid and valid. Diagnostic and screening tests are mainly used in the monitoring of diseases. Related terms to the evaluation of these tests, including sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, accuracy and precision, as well as concepts such as the golden standard, because they are often used interchangeably or misinterpreted, it is especially important to learn them. Also, due to the fact that gold standard tests are often more expensive and time-consuming, incomplete diagnostic tests are used, which can be calculated by calculating the sensitivity and specificity of the actual and apparent prevalence obtained by the diagnostic test. However, if the golden standard test is not available, other methods are used to evaluate the tests, including the Kappa index test. The interpretation results of these tests provide a comprehensive and evidence-based approach to clinicians and experts, which ultimately leads to more accurate, comprehensive, cheaper and faster monitoring. In this review article, with a complete and comprehensive review of the conventional concepts in the evaluation of diagnostic tests, along with the solution of practical examples, we will expand and provide a comprehensive presentation of these concepts. Also, the latest original studies that have been done in the field of evaluation of diagnostic tests will also be reviewed in this article.","PeriodicalId":517731,"journal":{"name":"Eltiam","volume":"18 23","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140396313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. A questionnaire must be designed for the interview. In designing the questionnaire, attention should be paid to the validity and reliability of the questions .
.必须为访谈设计一份问卷。在设计问卷时，应注意问题的有效性和可靠性 .
{"title":"An overview of sampling, sample size and data collection methods in veterinary research","authors":"Dariush Saadati, Samira Saadat jou, Ali Anusha","doi":"10.61186/eltiamj.10.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.61186/eltiamj.10.2.3","url":null,"abstract":". A questionnaire must be designed for the interview. In designing the questionnaire, attention should be paid to the validity and reliability of the questions .","PeriodicalId":517731,"journal":{"name":"Eltiam","volume":"7 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140285265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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