Background: Due to its debilitating nature, refractory chronic migraine (RCM) is primarily associated with a poor quality of life. However, controversy remains regarding the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin for treating RCM. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in patients with RCM. Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study conducted between April 2016 and March 2021, RCM patients who were resistant to conventional therapies and received BTX-A injections were followed for 7 and 14 days after the injection. The outcome variables included the frequency, duration, and severity of migraine episodes, the need for painkillers, adverse events, and the patient's perceived improvement. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: In total, 52 RCM patients with a mean age of 31.84 years participated, of whom 69.2% were female. The frequency of migraine episodes decreased from a baseline of 9.84 to 3.94 and 1.25 at 7 and 14 days after injection, respectively (P < 0.001). The duration of migraine episodes dropped from 3 hours at baseline to 1.74 and 1.17 hours at 7 and 14 days post-BTX-A injection, respectively (P < 0.001). The severity of migraines alleviated from 8.07 at baseline to 6.48 and 3.38 at the respective follow-up times (P < 0.001). The need for painkillers also decreased at follow-ups (P < 0.001). Males achieved better treatment outcomes regarding the frequency of migraine episodes and the need for medications compared to females following BTX-A treatment (P < 0.05). Frontotemporal and frontotemporal-occipital headache distributions showed fewer migraine episodes, shorter duration, less severity, and lower need for painkiller consumption compared to other migraine types (P < 0.05). The most common adverse event was localized pain (42.3%), followed by itching (25.0%). A considerable number of patients felt improvement. Conclusions: According to our findings, BTX-A is a safe and well-tolerated treatment for patients with RCM. Validation of these results requires adequately precise studies investigating the effect of BTX-A in detail.
{"title":"Response to Botulinum Toxin Type-A in Patients with Refractory Chronic Migraine","authors":"Hamidreza Hematti, Shahrzad Izadi, Amir Molaei","doi":"10.5812/jmb-143130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jmb-143130","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Due to its debilitating nature, refractory chronic migraine (RCM) is primarily associated with a poor quality of life. However, controversy remains regarding the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin for treating RCM. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in patients with RCM. Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study conducted between April 2016 and March 2021, RCM patients who were resistant to conventional therapies and received BTX-A injections were followed for 7 and 14 days after the injection. The outcome variables included the frequency, duration, and severity of migraine episodes, the need for painkillers, adverse events, and the patient's perceived improvement. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results: In total, 52 RCM patients with a mean age of 31.84 years participated, of whom 69.2% were female. The frequency of migraine episodes decreased from a baseline of 9.84 to 3.94 and 1.25 at 7 and 14 days after injection, respectively (P < 0.001). The duration of migraine episodes dropped from 3 hours at baseline to 1.74 and 1.17 hours at 7 and 14 days post-BTX-A injection, respectively (P < 0.001). The severity of migraines alleviated from 8.07 at baseline to 6.48 and 3.38 at the respective follow-up times (P < 0.001). The need for painkillers also decreased at follow-ups (P < 0.001). Males achieved better treatment outcomes regarding the frequency of migraine episodes and the need for medications compared to females following BTX-A treatment (P < 0.05). Frontotemporal and frontotemporal-occipital headache distributions showed fewer migraine episodes, shorter duration, less severity, and lower need for painkiller consumption compared to other migraine types (P < 0.05). The most common adverse event was localized pain (42.3%), followed by itching (25.0%). A considerable number of patients felt improvement. Conclusions: According to our findings, BTX-A is a safe and well-tolerated treatment for patients with RCM. Validation of these results requires adequately precise studies investigating the effect of BTX-A in detail.","PeriodicalId":517782,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiota","volume":"55 47","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141649815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Phytic acid is a prevalent anti-nutrient in human and animal diets, neutralized effectively by the enzyme phytase. This enzyme, extensively used in the food industry and livestock production, was the focus of our study to identify phytase-producing fungal species among contaminants in ultra-refined white cheeses. We evaluated the enzymatic activity of each isolate in phytase screening medium (PSM) and Luria bertani Broth (LB) media, determining optimal production conditions such as temperature and pH for the isolate with the highest activity. Initial screening from 110 mold isolates, representing 10 different species, identified 28 isolates across 6 species capable of producing phytase. These included Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium commune, Penicillium chrysogenum, Paecilomyces variotii, and Cladosporium cladosporioides, discernible by halo zones around their colonies. The highest activity levels were recorded for P. commune (133.76 U/mL) and P. variotii (216.7 U/mL) in PSM and LB media, respectively. Remarkably, this study is the first to document phytase production by P. variotii, showcasing the highest activity among the isolates and presenting a new opportunity for industrial phytase production. The enzyme isolated from P. variotii demonstrated stability and optimum activity at temperatures from 20°C to 70°C and pH 4.0 to 7.0, peaking at 50°C and pH 6.0. Its unique properties suggest significant potential for industrial applications, positioning it as a novel candidate for further exploration in industrial phytase production.
{"title":"Phytase-Producing Fungi from Processed Cheese: Isolation, Screening, and Optimization of Production Parameters","authors":"Mojtaba Heydari-Majd, Hamed Milani, Leila Monjazeb Marvdashti, Marzie Kamali","doi":"10.5812/jmb-148356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jmb-148356","url":null,"abstract":": Phytic acid is a prevalent anti-nutrient in human and animal diets, neutralized effectively by the enzyme phytase. This enzyme, extensively used in the food industry and livestock production, was the focus of our study to identify phytase-producing fungal species among contaminants in ultra-refined white cheeses. We evaluated the enzymatic activity of each isolate in phytase screening medium (PSM) and Luria bertani Broth (LB) media, determining optimal production conditions such as temperature and pH for the isolate with the highest activity. Initial screening from 110 mold isolates, representing 10 different species, identified 28 isolates across 6 species capable of producing phytase. These included Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium commune, Penicillium chrysogenum, Paecilomyces variotii, and Cladosporium cladosporioides, discernible by halo zones around their colonies. The highest activity levels were recorded for P. commune (133.76 U/mL) and P. variotii (216.7 U/mL) in PSM and LB media, respectively. Remarkably, this study is the first to document phytase production by P. variotii, showcasing the highest activity among the isolates and presenting a new opportunity for industrial phytase production. The enzyme isolated from P. variotii demonstrated stability and optimum activity at temperatures from 20°C to 70°C and pH 4.0 to 7.0, peaking at 50°C and pH 6.0. Its unique properties suggest significant potential for industrial applications, positioning it as a novel candidate for further exploration in industrial phytase production.","PeriodicalId":517782,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiota","volume":"108 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141124808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Recent studies have indicated that COVID-19 may be linked with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children. It has been observed that not only is there a potential risk of new-onset pediatric T1DM associated with COVID-19, but numerous cases also present with insulin resistance, necessitating prompt management. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 9-year-old girl with a history of T1DM who was admitted with hyperglycemia (blood sugar > 750 mg/dL) and subsequently diagnosed with COVID-19. The co-administration of metformin and intravenous insulin successfully resolved subcutaneous insulin resistance, allowing the patient to be discharged in good health. Conclusions: Insulin resistance is a recognized complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and metformin combined with intravenous insulin has proven effective in managing hyperglycemia and improving insulin resistance in this context. Further research is necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and develop optimal therapeutic strategies.
{"title":"Metformin-Insulin Combination Therapy Ameliorates Hyperglycemia in a COVID-19 Type-1 Diabetic Child with Insulin Resistance: A Case Report","authors":"Parisa Tajdini, Arezoo Akhlaghi Aski","doi":"10.5812/jmb-147125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jmb-147125","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Recent studies have indicated that COVID-19 may be linked with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children. It has been observed that not only is there a potential risk of new-onset pediatric T1DM associated with COVID-19, but numerous cases also present with insulin resistance, necessitating prompt management. Case Presentation: We report the case of a 9-year-old girl with a history of T1DM who was admitted with hyperglycemia (blood sugar > 750 mg/dL) and subsequently diagnosed with COVID-19. The co-administration of metformin and intravenous insulin successfully resolved subcutaneous insulin resistance, allowing the patient to be discharged in good health. Conclusions: Insulin resistance is a recognized complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and metformin combined with intravenous insulin has proven effective in managing hyperglycemia and improving insulin resistance in this context. Further research is necessary to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and develop optimal therapeutic strategies.","PeriodicalId":517782,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiota","volume":"114 48","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140986212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of microbes to survive and grow in the presence of antimicrobial drugs. Bacterial endophytes, which reside within plants, can promote plant growth and other essential activities. Endophytes have the potential to produce novel and unique products for use in modern medicine, agriculture, and industry. They may hold the key to combating drug-resistant strains by providing new antimicrobial compounds, potentially leading to the development of new medications. In this study, bacterial endophytes of Allium jesdianum were extracted and characterized. The antifungal effect of these endophytes on Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes was evaluated. Various parts of the plant were used to isolate ten bacterial endophytes to assess their antifungal properties. Universal eubacterial primers were used to amplify a 1500 bp region of the 16S rRNA gene. The resulting partial nucleotide sequences were compared with sequences available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and EzBioCloud Database. Subsequent comparisons determined their similarity. Each isolated endophyte was cultured with equal amounts of R. stolonifer, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and T. mentagrophytes. This study measured the level of antagonism by assessing the extent of potential interactions. Ten bacterial endophytes, primarily cocci and bacilli, were extracted from different parts of A. jesdianum. The isolates were identified as Staphylococcus warneri AJB1, Staphylococcus succinus AJB2, Pseudomonas thivervalensis AJB3, Bacillus subtilis AJB4, Acinetobacter lwoffii AJB5, and Pantoea brenneri AJB6. AJB1 and AJB3 showed no antagonistic activity. AJB2, AJB5, and AJB6 displayed antagonistic action against R. stolonifer. Only AJB4 showed strong antagonistic activity against Penicillium. Further research is necessary to determine whether these endophytes possess antibiotic activity and can be used for food preservation.
{"title":"Evaluation of Antifungal Effect of Allium jesdianum Bacterial Endophytes on Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes","authors":"Reza Ameri, Somayeh Shahrokh","doi":"10.5812/jmb-144397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jmb-144397","url":null,"abstract":": Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is the ability of microbes to survive and grow in the presence of antimicrobial drugs. Bacterial endophytes, which reside within plants, can promote plant growth and other essential activities. Endophytes have the potential to produce novel and unique products for use in modern medicine, agriculture, and industry. They may hold the key to combating drug-resistant strains by providing new antimicrobial compounds, potentially leading to the development of new medications. In this study, bacterial endophytes of Allium jesdianum were extracted and characterized. The antifungal effect of these endophytes on Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes was evaluated. Various parts of the plant were used to isolate ten bacterial endophytes to assess their antifungal properties. Universal eubacterial primers were used to amplify a 1500 bp region of the 16S rRNA gene. The resulting partial nucleotide sequences were compared with sequences available from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and EzBioCloud Database. Subsequent comparisons determined their similarity. Each isolated endophyte was cultured with equal amounts of R. stolonifer, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and T. mentagrophytes. This study measured the level of antagonism by assessing the extent of potential interactions. Ten bacterial endophytes, primarily cocci and bacilli, were extracted from different parts of A. jesdianum. The isolates were identified as Staphylococcus warneri AJB1, Staphylococcus succinus AJB2, Pseudomonas thivervalensis AJB3, Bacillus subtilis AJB4, Acinetobacter lwoffii AJB5, and Pantoea brenneri AJB6. AJB1 and AJB3 showed no antagonistic activity. AJB2, AJB5, and AJB6 displayed antagonistic action against R. stolonifer. Only AJB4 showed strong antagonistic activity against Penicillium. Further research is necessary to determine whether these endophytes possess antibiotic activity and can be used for food preservation.","PeriodicalId":517782,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiota","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140666932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Context: Active packaging (AP) is an innovative approach employed in the food industry with the objective of satisfying consumers' elevated expectations concerning the safety, nutritional value, and overall excellence of food products. Objectives: Various methods and technologies are used to control the release of active agents. Biodegradable polymers are, at present, a viable option for replacing non-biodegradable plastics in AP. Results: Nanotechnology has been used to improve the functionality and storage shelf life of food packaging systems. This integration uses metal nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and biomaterials to create smart packaging systems with antibacterial properties, indicator capabilities, and degradation. This aligns with the clean-label trend in the food industry, where consumers look for products with fewer ingredients and natural production methods. The use of AP technology extends product shelf-life by using absorption and diffusion systems for carbon dioxide, oxygen, and ethanol. Conclusions: This manuscript reviews the latest advancements in advanced packaging technologies for the food industry. This text presents a detailed analysis of cutting-edge innovations in AP techniques, including scavengers, diffusion systems, and antimicrobial packaging.
背景：主动包装（AP）是食品行业采用的一种创新方法，目的是满足消费者对食品安全、营养价值和整体质量的更高期望。目标：控制活性剂释放的方法和技术多种多样。目前，生物可降解聚合物是替代 AP 中不可降解塑料的可行选择。结果：纳米技术已被用于改善食品包装系统的功能和储存保质期。这种整合使用金属纳米颗粒、纳米乳液和生物材料来创建具有抗菌特性、指示能力和降解能力的智能包装系统。这与食品行业的清洁标签趋势相一致，即消费者追求成分更少、生产方法更天然的产品。通过二氧化碳、氧气和乙醇的吸收和扩散系统，AP 技术的使用延长了产品的保质期。结论：本手稿回顾了食品工业先进包装技术的最新进展。文中详细分析了AP技术的前沿创新，包括清除剂、扩散系统和抗菌包装。
{"title":"Function and Application of Some Active and Antimicrobial Packaging in the Food Industry: A Review","authors":"Mir-Michael Mousavi, Mansour Mahmoudpour","doi":"10.5812/jmb-144616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jmb-144616","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Active packaging (AP) is an innovative approach employed in the food industry with the objective of satisfying consumers' elevated expectations concerning the safety, nutritional value, and overall excellence of food products. Objectives: Various methods and technologies are used to control the release of active agents. Biodegradable polymers are, at present, a viable option for replacing non-biodegradable plastics in AP. Results: Nanotechnology has been used to improve the functionality and storage shelf life of food packaging systems. This integration uses metal nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and biomaterials to create smart packaging systems with antibacterial properties, indicator capabilities, and degradation. This aligns with the clean-label trend in the food industry, where consumers look for products with fewer ingredients and natural production methods. The use of AP technology extends product shelf-life by using absorption and diffusion systems for carbon dioxide, oxygen, and ethanol. Conclusions: This manuscript reviews the latest advancements in advanced packaging technologies for the food industry. This text presents a detailed analysis of cutting-edge innovations in AP techniques, including scavengers, diffusion systems, and antimicrobial packaging.","PeriodicalId":517782,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiota","volume":"46 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140733801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The 21st Century Microbiology Profession and Professionals' Challenges in African Countries","authors":"Faisal Muhammad","doi":"10.5812/jmb-145808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jmb-145808","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":517782,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiota","volume":"57 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140733751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sina Andalib, Mehrnoosh Nikpour, Mehrdad Hamidi, Rafi Javadi, Hamed Mohammadpour
: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is among the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders leading to dementia in the elderly. The accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and the formation of tau protein tangles are primary contributors to AD, which induce oxidative stress. Fullerene C60, a nanoscale carbon allotrope with a diameter of 0.7 nanometers, stands out due to its structure rich in double bonds, making these nanoparticles effective radical scavengers. This property nominates them for potential use in treating neurodegenerative diseases like AD. In this study, unmodified pristine fullerene (C60), a highly hydrophobic molecule, was dispersed in water and administered intraperitoneally (1 mL, BID) to rats after inducing an AD-like condition with scopolamine hydrobromide (2mg/kg, i.p.). The aim was to assess the impact of fullerene (C60) treatment on cognitive behavior and spatial memory in rats, compared to the standard treatment with memantine HCL, using the Morris water maze method. The fullerene aqueous suspension (FAS) was prepared using a solvent exchange method involving a toluene/water mixture and ultrasonication. The concentration of fullerene particles in water was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to be 21 µg/mL. The Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) technique measured the average size and zeta potential of the nanoparticles as 119.14 ± 3.38 nm and -12.22 ± 5.98 mV, respectively. Treatment with FAS significantly improved memory impairment in rats compared to memantine HCL (10 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment. All rats survived until the end of the study, indicating no acute toxicity from FAS administration. These results may offer new insights into combating AD by introducing fullerene C60 as a promising nanoparticle with beneficial effects on behavioral patterns.
{"title":"Evaluation and Comparison of Fullerene (C60) Aqueous Suspension Administration Effects with Memantine HCL in Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease Considering Behavioral Patterns and Spatial Memory","authors":"Sina Andalib, Mehrnoosh Nikpour, Mehrdad Hamidi, Rafi Javadi, Hamed Mohammadpour","doi":"10.5812/jmb-143061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jmb-143061","url":null,"abstract":": Alzheimer's disease (AD) is among the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders leading to dementia in the elderly. The accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and the formation of tau protein tangles are primary contributors to AD, which induce oxidative stress. Fullerene C60, a nanoscale carbon allotrope with a diameter of 0.7 nanometers, stands out due to its structure rich in double bonds, making these nanoparticles effective radical scavengers. This property nominates them for potential use in treating neurodegenerative diseases like AD. In this study, unmodified pristine fullerene (C60), a highly hydrophobic molecule, was dispersed in water and administered intraperitoneally (1 mL, BID) to rats after inducing an AD-like condition with scopolamine hydrobromide (2mg/kg, i.p.). The aim was to assess the impact of fullerene (C60) treatment on cognitive behavior and spatial memory in rats, compared to the standard treatment with memantine HCL, using the Morris water maze method. The fullerene aqueous suspension (FAS) was prepared using a solvent exchange method involving a toluene/water mixture and ultrasonication. The concentration of fullerene particles in water was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to be 21 µg/mL. The Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) technique measured the average size and zeta potential of the nanoparticles as 119.14 ± 3.38 nm and -12.22 ± 5.98 mV, respectively. Treatment with FAS significantly improved memory impairment in rats compared to memantine HCL (10 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment. All rats survived until the end of the study, indicating no acute toxicity from FAS administration. These results may offer new insights into combating AD by introducing fullerene C60 as a promising nanoparticle with beneficial effects on behavioral patterns.","PeriodicalId":517782,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiota","volume":" 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140387787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: The human body provides an environment in which trillions of microorganisms called “microbiome” exist. The diversity, composition, and function of these organisms depend on their body sites. The gut microbiota, a dense microbial community in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is thought to contain 100 times more genes than the human genome. Therefore, there should be a significant bidirectional relationship between gut microbiota and the human body. Normal gut microbiota performs several functions, keeping our body in a balanced situation, including immune system training, well-digesting nutrients, modulating the gut barrier, and producing essential molecules, such as neurotransmitters, hormones, and vitamins. Diabetes mellitus, a growing crisis, has involved many individuals in different age groups all around the world and has been significantly affected by these GI inhabitants' dysbiosis. Since some determining factors causing changes in the profile of gut microbiota are prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics, there have been considered a novel strategy for balancing these microorganisms and yet preventing metabolic diseases, one of which is diabetes. Scrutinizing the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus, old methods of treating diabetes, such as acarbose, repaglinide, insulin pump therapy (IPT), and multiple daily injections (MDI) therapy, have been studied and optimized to be patient-based, resulting in a better yet effective treatment. In this review, key elements affecting the profile of gut microbiota, the etiology of diabetes, and the connection between human microbiota and diabetes, different indications of old and new strategies, and a few clinical types of research on changes occurring in diabetic patients in comparison to non-diabetic individuals have been elucidated.
{"title":"A Relationship Between Human Microbiota and Diabetes and Effective Strategies Influencing the Features of Gut Microbiota","authors":"Majid Eslami, Fateme Sadat Tabatabaee, Maryam Hemmati, Ferdos Abbasi, Ali Babaeizad, Bahman Yousefi","doi":"10.5812/jmb-143521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jmb-143521","url":null,"abstract":": The human body provides an environment in which trillions of microorganisms called “microbiome” exist. The diversity, composition, and function of these organisms depend on their body sites. The gut microbiota, a dense microbial community in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is thought to contain 100 times more genes than the human genome. Therefore, there should be a significant bidirectional relationship between gut microbiota and the human body. Normal gut microbiota performs several functions, keeping our body in a balanced situation, including immune system training, well-digesting nutrients, modulating the gut barrier, and producing essential molecules, such as neurotransmitters, hormones, and vitamins. Diabetes mellitus, a growing crisis, has involved many individuals in different age groups all around the world and has been significantly affected by these GI inhabitants' dysbiosis. Since some determining factors causing changes in the profile of gut microbiota are prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics, there have been considered a novel strategy for balancing these microorganisms and yet preventing metabolic diseases, one of which is diabetes. Scrutinizing the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus, old methods of treating diabetes, such as acarbose, repaglinide, insulin pump therapy (IPT), and multiple daily injections (MDI) therapy, have been studied and optimized to be patient-based, resulting in a better yet effective treatment. In this review, key elements affecting the profile of gut microbiota, the etiology of diabetes, and the connection between human microbiota and diabetes, different indications of old and new strategies, and a few clinical types of research on changes occurring in diabetic patients in comparison to non-diabetic individuals have been elucidated.","PeriodicalId":517782,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiota","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140285267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Spasticity significantly contributes to the functional and postural impairments in children with cerebral palsy (CP), leading to limitations in daily independence, participation, and quality of life. Botulinum Toxin-A (BTX-A) is recognized as an effective treatment for improving outcomes related to spasticity in individuals with CP. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of BTX-A treatment on lower limb muscle function in children with spastic CP who were unable to complete physiotherapy sessions due to muscle spasms. Methods: This cross-sectional study reviewed the medical records of 24 children with CP (14 boys, 10 girls; average age: 4.50 ± 2.70 years) who had received BTX-A injections. We recorded demographic characteristics, types of muscle dysfunction, and the number of muscles involved. BTX-A injections were administered at a dosage of 5 units/kg across multiple sites. The severity of spasticity (measured using the Ashworth scale) and motor performance (assessed by the ability to walk and stand) were evaluated 30 days after the BTX-A injection. Satisfaction levels of surgeons, physiotherapists, and parents, along with final functional outcomes, were also gathered. Data analysis was performed using SPSS. Results: The most common movement disorders observed were equinus, knee flexion, and adduction. The median score on the Ashworth scale significantly decreased (P < 0.001) following BTX-A injection. There was a notable improvement in walking and standing performance (P < 0.05), particularly among boys aged 3 years or younger (P < 0.05). Most cases showed satisfactory outcomes 30 days after BTX-A injection. Significant enhancements in the functional outcomes of children with CP were noted after a 30-day follow-up, with no significant differences related to gender, age, or the muscles involved (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The findings suggest a substantial reduction in spasticity and enhancement of functional outcomes in children with cerebral palsy after BTX-A injections. This improvement was especially evident in boys and younger children with fewer muscles involved, accompanied by notably satisfactory outcomes.
{"title":"Effect of Botulinum Toxin Type-A on Improvement of Muscle Function of Lower Limb in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy","authors":"Hamidreza Hematti, Shahrzad Izadi, Amir Molaei","doi":"10.5812/jmb-143022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5812/jmb-143022","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Spasticity significantly contributes to the functional and postural impairments in children with cerebral palsy (CP), leading to limitations in daily independence, participation, and quality of life. Botulinum Toxin-A (BTX-A) is recognized as an effective treatment for improving outcomes related to spasticity in individuals with CP. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of BTX-A treatment on lower limb muscle function in children with spastic CP who were unable to complete physiotherapy sessions due to muscle spasms. Methods: This cross-sectional study reviewed the medical records of 24 children with CP (14 boys, 10 girls; average age: 4.50 ± 2.70 years) who had received BTX-A injections. We recorded demographic characteristics, types of muscle dysfunction, and the number of muscles involved. BTX-A injections were administered at a dosage of 5 units/kg across multiple sites. The severity of spasticity (measured using the Ashworth scale) and motor performance (assessed by the ability to walk and stand) were evaluated 30 days after the BTX-A injection. Satisfaction levels of surgeons, physiotherapists, and parents, along with final functional outcomes, were also gathered. Data analysis was performed using SPSS. Results: The most common movement disorders observed were equinus, knee flexion, and adduction. The median score on the Ashworth scale significantly decreased (P < 0.001) following BTX-A injection. There was a notable improvement in walking and standing performance (P < 0.05), particularly among boys aged 3 years or younger (P < 0.05). Most cases showed satisfactory outcomes 30 days after BTX-A injection. Significant enhancements in the functional outcomes of children with CP were noted after a 30-day follow-up, with no significant differences related to gender, age, or the muscles involved (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The findings suggest a substantial reduction in spasticity and enhancement of functional outcomes in children with cerebral palsy after BTX-A injections. This improvement was especially evident in boys and younger children with fewer muscles involved, accompanied by notably satisfactory outcomes.","PeriodicalId":517782,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Microbiota","volume":"27 33","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140449973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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