Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.10
Monday Ikponmwosa Osarenmwinda, Chukwudi Uzowuihe
The prevalence of cancer in developing countries is on the increase, and is associated with a high mortality rate. The study aimed to evaluate medication adherence to oral antineoplastic therapy in a tertiary health facility, in Benin City. A cross-sectional study was carried out among cancer patients at the oncology unit of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, using semi-structured and standardized Morisky Green Test instruments. The analysis was descriptive and inferential, and the results were considered significant at p < 0.05. Medication adherence to oral antineoplastic drugs was 74.4%. The patients had a significant (p < 0.05) Morisky Green Test score of 25.6%. Respondents using Bevacizumab, Docetaxel and Oxaliplastin, were totally (100%) compliant with their medications. Major reasons for medication non-adherence with oral cancer chemotherapy were forgetfulness (18.9%) and carelessness about time to take medications (14.1%). Significant (p < 0.05) factors and attitudes associated with medication adherence were gender, number of medications per day, forgetting to take medications, not knowing how and when to take medications, checking name and dosage before taking medication, and storing medications in an appropriate place. Overall, the patients had above-average adherence to their oral antineoplastic therapy, but experienced difficulty in treatment with a positive Morisky green Test score.
{"title":"ASSESSMENT OF MEDICATION ADHERENCE TO ORAL ANTINEOPLASTIC DRUGS AMONG CANCER PATIENTS IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL IN SOUTH-SOUTH, NIGERIA","authors":"Monday Ikponmwosa Osarenmwinda, Chukwudi Uzowuihe","doi":"10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"The prevalence of cancer in developing countries is on the increase, and is associated with a high mortality rate. The study aimed to evaluate medication adherence to oral antineoplastic therapy in a tertiary health facility, in Benin City. A cross-sectional study was carried out among cancer patients at the oncology unit of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, using semi-structured and standardized Morisky Green Test instruments. The analysis was descriptive and inferential, and the results were considered significant at p < 0.05. Medication adherence to oral antineoplastic drugs was 74.4%. The patients had a significant (p < 0.05) Morisky Green Test score of 25.6%. Respondents using Bevacizumab, Docetaxel and Oxaliplastin, were totally (100%) compliant with their medications. Major reasons for medication non-adherence with oral cancer chemotherapy were forgetfulness (18.9%) and carelessness about time to take medications (14.1%). Significant (p < 0.05) factors and attitudes associated with medication adherence were gender, number of medications per day, forgetting to take medications, not knowing how and when to take medications, checking name and dosage before taking medication, and storing medications in an appropriate place. Overall, the patients had above-average adherence to their oral antineoplastic therapy, but experienced difficulty in treatment with a positive Morisky green Test score.","PeriodicalId":518852,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141801031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.11
L. U. Nwankwo, Benedict Bolakponumigha Iwetan, Jacinta Enoh APITIKORI-OWUMI, Emily Uyovwiesiri Emudainohwo, Japheth Ojehomon Ojeifo
One of the most common objections leveled against natural products is a lack of standardization, necessitating the exploration of various quality control approaches aimed at proving the safety and quality of crude medications. The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of Olax subscorpoidea leaves. The ethanol extract of Olax subscorpoidea leaves was obtained by the maceration process. Chemo-microscopy and physicochemical examination (moisture content, total ash value, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, extractive values) of the crude drug were performed using established procedures. The presence or absence of starch, mucilage, calcium oxalate, cellulose, and lignin was determined to deduce various microscopic traits with chemical reagents. The crude drugs qualitative phytochemical investigation disclosed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. Quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed that the plant extract had more alkaloids and saponins than the other phytoconstituents present. Chemomicroscopy of Olax subscorpoidea leaves indicated the presence of starch, mucilage, cellulose, calcium oxalate, and lignin. The physicochemical study of Olax subscorpoidea ethanol leaf extract indicated moisture content (8±0.03%) and total ash content (0.15±0.01%), respectively. The extractive value also revealed that polar solvents are most suited for extracting the crude drug. This study was able to provide useful information that aids pharmacognostic standardization, thereby building a scientific platform to buttress the quality of Olax subscorpoidea powdered leaf and its ethanol extract for ease of formulation and commercialization.
{"title":"PRELIMINARY PHARMACOGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF LEAF OF OLAX SUBSCORPOIDEA OLIV (OLACACEAE)","authors":"L. U. Nwankwo, Benedict Bolakponumigha Iwetan, Jacinta Enoh APITIKORI-OWUMI, Emily Uyovwiesiri Emudainohwo, Japheth Ojehomon Ojeifo","doi":"10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.11","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most common objections leveled against natural products is a lack of standardization, necessitating the exploration of various quality control approaches aimed at proving the safety and quality of crude medications. The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of Olax subscorpoidea leaves. The ethanol extract of Olax subscorpoidea leaves was obtained by the maceration process. Chemo-microscopy and physicochemical examination (moisture content, total ash value, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, extractive values) of the crude drug were performed using established procedures. The presence or absence of starch, mucilage, calcium oxalate, cellulose, and lignin was determined to deduce various microscopic traits with chemical reagents. The crude drugs qualitative phytochemical investigation disclosed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. Quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed that the plant extract had more alkaloids and saponins than the other phytoconstituents present. Chemomicroscopy of Olax subscorpoidea leaves indicated the presence of starch, mucilage, cellulose, calcium oxalate, and lignin. The physicochemical study of Olax subscorpoidea ethanol leaf extract indicated moisture content (8±0.03%) and total ash content (0.15±0.01%), respectively. The extractive value also revealed that polar solvents are most suited for extracting the crude drug. This study was able to provide useful information that aids pharmacognostic standardization, thereby building a scientific platform to buttress the quality of Olax subscorpoidea powdered leaf and its ethanol extract for ease of formulation and commercialization.","PeriodicalId":518852,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141799969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.9
T. Abere, Amarachi Chukwuma Offor, Onohwekaroma Abere, Favour Ireoluwa Eniayekan, Wilson Obadu Ishima
The use of some traditional creams in Nigeria is associated with negative outcomes. In order to tackle this problem, we conducted a study on the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory characteristics of Acalypha wilkesiana leaves, which were utilized in the creation of a herbal cream. Standard methods were employed to conduct analytical procedures for the analysis of the phytochemical and chromatographic content of A. wilkesiana leaves. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of the unrefined ethanol extract was assessed using the egg albumin technique, throughout a dosage range of 15.6 to 500 mg/ml. The effectiveness of the herbal cream and the raw ethanol extract of A. wilkesiana in killing specific bacteria were evaluated. A comprehensive evaluation was carried out to determine the physicochemical characteristics of the herbal cream formulation using appropriate methodologies. The phytochemical examination of A. wilkesiana which gave a yield of 12.6 % indicated the existence of alkaloids, tannins, and saponins. The anti-inflammatory properties of the crude extract derived from A. wilkesiana had a comparable effect to that of aspirin, a commonly prescribed medicine at doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg. The herbal cream (25.5 ± 0.22) and crude extract (19.5 ± 0.01) had the greatest antibacterial effectiveness against Candida albicans at 200 mg/ml. The physicochemical examination of the cream that was created: pH (5.6 ± 0.64); consistency (5 mm); viscosity (22 x 106 cps); spreadability (36 g.cm/sec); Extrudability (510 gm) showed similarities to the commercially available Gentamycin cream. The herbal cream containing A. wilkesiana has demonstrated substantial promise and could function as a practical alternative to traditional creams for treating skin infections.
在尼日利亚，使用某些传统药膏会产生不良后果。为了解决这个问题，我们对 Acalypha wilkesiana 叶子的抗菌和消炎特性进行了研究，并将其用于制作草药面霜。我们采用了标准方法，对 Acalypha wilkesiana 叶子的植物化学成分和色谱含量进行了分析。在 15.6 至 500 毫克/毫升的剂量范围内，使用鸡蛋白蛋白技术评估了未精制乙醇提取物的抗炎功效。还评估了草药乳膏和 A. wilkesiana 未提炼乙醇提取物在杀死特定细菌方面的功效。采用适当的方法对草药乳膏配方的理化特性进行了综合评估。对 A. wilkesiana 进行的植物化学检查表明，其中含有生物碱、鞣质和皂苷，产量为 12.6%。从 A. wilkesiana 提取的粗提取物的抗炎特性与阿司匹林（一种常用处方药，剂量分别为 125、250 和 500 毫克/千克）的效果相当。草药膏（25.5 ± 0.22）和粗提取物（19.5 ± 0.01）在 200 毫克/毫升的剂量下对白色念珠菌的抗菌效果最好。乳膏的理化检查结果显示：pH 值（5.6 ± 0.64）；稠度（5 毫米）；粘度（22 x 106 cps）；涂抹性（36 克厘米/秒）；可挤压性（510 克）与市售的庆大霉素乳膏相似。含有 A. wilkesiana 的草药乳膏已显示出巨大的前景，可作为治疗皮肤感染的传统乳膏的实用替代品。
{"title":"ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF THE LEAVES OF ACALYPHA WILKESIANA MUELL. ARG. (EUPHORBIACEAE) FORMULATED AS HERBAL CREAM","authors":"T. Abere, Amarachi Chukwuma Offor, Onohwekaroma Abere, Favour Ireoluwa Eniayekan, Wilson Obadu Ishima","doi":"10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.9","url":null,"abstract":"The use of some traditional creams in Nigeria is associated with negative outcomes. In order to tackle this problem, we conducted a study on the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory characteristics of Acalypha wilkesiana leaves, which were utilized in the creation of a herbal cream. Standard methods were employed to conduct analytical procedures for the analysis of the phytochemical and chromatographic content of A. wilkesiana leaves. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of the unrefined ethanol extract was assessed using the egg albumin technique, throughout a dosage range of 15.6 to 500 mg/ml. The effectiveness of the herbal cream and the raw ethanol extract of A. wilkesiana in killing specific bacteria were evaluated. A comprehensive evaluation was carried out to determine the physicochemical characteristics of the herbal cream formulation using appropriate methodologies. The phytochemical examination of A. wilkesiana which gave a yield of 12.6 % indicated the existence of alkaloids, tannins, and saponins. The anti-inflammatory properties of the crude extract derived from A. wilkesiana had a comparable effect to that of aspirin, a commonly prescribed medicine at doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg. The herbal cream (25.5 ± 0.22) and crude extract (19.5 ± 0.01) had the greatest antibacterial effectiveness against Candida albicans at 200 mg/ml. The physicochemical examination of the cream that was created: pH (5.6 ± 0.64); consistency (5 mm); viscosity (22 x 106 cps); spreadability (36 g.cm/sec); Extrudability (510 gm) showed similarities to the commercially available Gentamycin cream. The herbal cream containing A. wilkesiana has demonstrated substantial promise and could function as a practical alternative to traditional creams for treating skin infections.","PeriodicalId":518852,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141831441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-16DOI: 10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.8
C. Agbo, M. I. Ngwu, U. Anyaji, Chinenye Ubahakwe, Godswill Nnanna Asogwa, P. Akpa, P. Nnamani, K. Ofokansi, A. Attama
Solid lipids used in formulation of novel drug delivery systems in most developing countries are sourced from abroad and are quite expensive. Wax from honeycombs is readily available, and is even disposed as waste, but can be utilized as a solid lipid for the formulation of different lipid-based drug delivery systems. This study aims to formulate and compare the features of the solid lipid nanoparticle (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carrier (NLCs) delivery systems of quinine hydrochloride made with local beeswax (that is beeswax from locally sources honeycomb waste) and other solid lipids sourced from abroad. Local beeswax was first purified by hot bath method. Solidified reverse micellar solutions (SRMS) were prepared by fusion method using Phospholipon®90H and either local beeswax, Softisan®154, foreign beeswax, or stearic acid, separately. SLNs and NLCs of quinine made with SRMS of each of these solid lipids were formulated using hot homogenization method. These SLNs and NLCs were characterized. The average particle size of SLNs and NLCs made with local beeswax was 93.60 ± 4.44 nm and 112.80 ± 3.89 nm, respectively, and was not significantly (p > 0.05) different from the sizes of formulations made from other solid lipids (SLNs: 96.64 to 118.9 ± 4.13 nm and NLCs: 99.68 ± 6.75 to 117.30 ± 4.60 nm). The particles were monodispersed having PDI ranging from 0.281±0.054 to 0.308±0.055. Encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity were generally poor, especially among the SLN formulations. However, SLNs made with local beeswax and stearic acid were able to encapsulate quinine, whereas foreign beeswax and Softisan®154 had zero encapsulation. This study reveals that the features of the SLNs and NLCs made with local beeswax where highly comparable with those formulated with the imported solid lipids. Therefore, local beeswax can serve as a suitable affordable and available alternative to other imported solid lipids for formulating different lipid drug delivery systems.
{"title":"PREPARATION OF LIPID-BASED FORMULATIONS USING LOCAL BEESWAX SOURCED FROM HONEYCOMBS","authors":"C. Agbo, M. I. Ngwu, U. Anyaji, Chinenye Ubahakwe, Godswill Nnanna Asogwa, P. Akpa, P. Nnamani, K. Ofokansi, A. Attama","doi":"10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Solid lipids used in formulation of novel drug delivery systems in most developing countries are sourced from abroad and are quite expensive. Wax from honeycombs is readily available, and is even disposed as waste, but can be utilized as a solid lipid for the formulation of different lipid-based drug delivery systems. This study aims to formulate and compare the features of the solid lipid nanoparticle (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carrier (NLCs) delivery systems of quinine hydrochloride made with local beeswax (that is beeswax from locally sources honeycomb waste) and other solid lipids sourced from abroad. Local beeswax was first purified by hot bath method. Solidified reverse micellar solutions (SRMS) were prepared by fusion method using Phospholipon®90H and either local beeswax, Softisan®154, foreign beeswax, or stearic acid, separately. SLNs and NLCs of quinine made with SRMS of each of these solid lipids were formulated using hot homogenization method. These SLNs and NLCs were characterized. The average particle size of SLNs and NLCs made with local beeswax was 93.60 ± 4.44 nm and 112.80 ± 3.89 nm, respectively, and was not significantly (p > 0.05) different from the sizes of formulations made from other solid lipids (SLNs: 96.64 to 118.9 ± 4.13 nm and NLCs: 99.68 ± 6.75 to 117.30 ± 4.60 nm). The particles were monodispersed having PDI ranging from 0.281±0.054 to 0.308±0.055. Encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity were generally poor, especially among the SLN formulations. However, SLNs made with local beeswax and stearic acid were able to encapsulate quinine, whereas foreign beeswax and Softisan®154 had zero encapsulation. This study reveals that the features of the SLNs and NLCs made with local beeswax where highly comparable with those formulated with the imported solid lipids. Therefore, local beeswax can serve as a suitable affordable and available alternative to other imported solid lipids for formulating different lipid drug delivery systems.","PeriodicalId":518852,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141831707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-13DOI: 10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.6
Ahmad Rufai Junaid, Kabiru Ado, S. Garba
Pectin, a naturally occurring polysaccharide that has a wide range of industrial applications especially in the pharmaceutical industries, has in recent times gained a lot of attention by researchers with potential breakthrough as a therapeutic agent. The aim of this research was to extract, purify and characterize pectin obtained from the pulp of Parkia biglobosa and to evaluate its cytotoxic assay on HepG2 cancer cell line. Acidified water (using HNO3 and HCl) was used for the extraction at pH levels 1.5, 3 and 5. Chemical and spectroscopic characterizations were adopted for this rresearch,and it was observed that pectin was best extracted from the source at a pH level of 1.5. The oil holding capacity was 1.41 g/g, while the percentage solubility, ash content and moisture content were 70%, 2.87% and 15.72% respectively. The pectin extract was found to have an equivalent weight of 953.19 kgmol-1, whereas the AUA (anhydrouronic acid) content, methoxyl content, and DE (degree of esterification) were found to be 60.48%, 7.40%, and 69.50% respectively. The following functional groups: carboxyl, hydroxyl (3500 - 3300 cm-1 indicating -OH stretching vibration of carboxylic group), C-O-C stretching vibration, and an aromatic C-H vibration of methyl group, were found present. The percentage cytotoxicity values obtained at various concentrations (125 µg/cm3, 250 µg/cm3, 500 µg/cm3 and 1000 µg/cm3) of the pectin extract, were 4.60 %, 13.70 %, 16.8 % and 46.8 % respectively. This shows the cytotoxic activity of pectin extracted from the pulp of Parkia biglobosa on HepG2 cancer cells, and its potential of being an anticancer agent. The findings in this research have further placed Parkia biglobosa as a good source of commercial pectin for pharmaceutical application.
{"title":"EXTRACTION, PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PECTIN OBTAINED FROM THE PULP OF PARKIA BIGLOBOSA AND THE EVALUATION OF ITS CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY ON HEPG2 CANCER CELL LINE","authors":"Ahmad Rufai Junaid, Kabiru Ado, S. Garba","doi":"10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Pectin, a naturally occurring polysaccharide that has a wide range of industrial applications especially in the pharmaceutical industries, has in recent times gained a lot of attention by researchers with potential breakthrough as a therapeutic agent. The aim of this research was to extract, purify and characterize pectin obtained from the pulp of Parkia biglobosa and to evaluate its cytotoxic assay on HepG2 cancer cell line. Acidified water (using HNO3 and HCl) was used for the extraction at pH levels 1.5, 3 and 5. Chemical and spectroscopic characterizations were adopted for this rresearch,and it was observed that pectin was best extracted from the source at a pH level of 1.5. The oil holding capacity was 1.41 g/g, while the percentage solubility, ash content and moisture content were 70%, 2.87% and 15.72% respectively. The pectin extract was found to have an equivalent weight of 953.19 kgmol-1, whereas the AUA (anhydrouronic acid) content, methoxyl content, and DE (degree of esterification) were found to be 60.48%, 7.40%, and 69.50% respectively. The following functional groups: carboxyl, hydroxyl (3500 - 3300 cm-1 indicating -OH stretching vibration of carboxylic group), C-O-C stretching vibration, and an aromatic C-H vibration of methyl group, were found present. The percentage cytotoxicity values obtained at various concentrations (125 µg/cm3, 250 µg/cm3, 500 µg/cm3 and 1000 µg/cm3) of the pectin extract, were 4.60 %, 13.70 %, 16.8 % and 46.8 % respectively. This shows the cytotoxic activity of pectin extracted from the pulp of Parkia biglobosa on HepG2 cancer cells, and its potential of being an anticancer agent. The findings in this research have further placed Parkia biglobosa as a good source of commercial pectin for pharmaceutical application.","PeriodicalId":518852,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141651927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-13DOI: 10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.7
M. Akunne, G. Etim, C. Anosike
About 13% of all diseases worldwide are mental health disorders. A mental health condition known as depression is characterized by a low mood, diminished interest in or enjoyment from activities, low energy, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, trouble sleeping or eating, and difficulty concentrating. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence level of depression and the factors associated with depressive symptoms among the studied participants. It was a cross-sectional descriptive evaluation, carried out between October and December 2022, at Bishop Shanahan Hospital Nsukka, a renowned secondary health facility located at Nsukka Local Government in Enugu State. Data were collected using the Nine Symptom Checklist questionnaire for the assessment of depression. The cut-off points for mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression were indicated by total scores of 5, 10, 15 and 20 respectively. A section of the questionnaire was designed to collect the participants’ socio-demographics and their clinical characteristics. Ethical clearance was obtained from the hospital. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 was used for both descriptive and inferential statistics during the data analysis process. A significance threshold of p<0.05 was applied. The response rate was 99.6%. More males responded (50.4%). Most (64.7%) of the participants were minimally-mildly depressed. However, 0.4% were severely depressed. Marital status (P=0.02) and time on ART (P=0.016) were found to be closely associated with the level of depression. This study showed that most participants had no depressive symptoms. The respondents who were single and had been on ART medications for more than one year were more depressed than others. Though few participants were severely depressed, there’s a strong need to enforce the psychotherapy aspects of HIV management.
{"title":"PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DEPRESSION AMONG HIV/AIDS CLIENTS IN A SECONDARY HEALTH FACILITY IN NIGERIA","authors":"M. Akunne, G. Etim, C. Anosike","doi":"10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.7","url":null,"abstract":"About 13% of all diseases worldwide are mental health disorders. A mental health condition known as depression is characterized by a low mood, diminished interest in or enjoyment from activities, low energy, feelings of guilt or low self-worth, trouble sleeping or eating, and difficulty concentrating. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence level of depression and the factors associated with depressive symptoms among the studied participants. It was a cross-sectional descriptive evaluation, carried out between October and December 2022, at Bishop Shanahan Hospital Nsukka, a renowned secondary health facility located at Nsukka Local Government in Enugu State. Data were collected using the Nine Symptom Checklist questionnaire for the assessment of depression. The cut-off points for mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression were indicated by total scores of 5, 10, 15 and 20 respectively. A section of the questionnaire was designed to collect the participants’ socio-demographics and their clinical characteristics. Ethical clearance was obtained from the hospital. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 was used for both descriptive and inferential statistics during the data analysis process. A significance threshold of p<0.05 was applied. The response rate was 99.6%. More males responded (50.4%). Most (64.7%) of the participants were minimally-mildly depressed. However, 0.4% were severely depressed. Marital status (P=0.02) and time on ART (P=0.016) were found to be closely associated with the level of depression. This study showed that most participants had no depressive symptoms. The respondents who were single and had been on ART medications for more than one year were more depressed than others. Though few participants were severely depressed, there’s a strong need to enforce the psychotherapy aspects of HIV management.","PeriodicalId":518852,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141652476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-11DOI: 10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.5
S. Enemuor, Blessing Ada Eze, C. Ezeh
Disinfectants are chemicals that can kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms and are widely used in hospitals and in households. This study was aimed at evaluating the antibacterial activity of six household disinfectants (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 and D6) used in Nsukka, Enugu Nigeria on four clinical bacterial isolates including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The test organisms used were obtained from Medical Diagnostic Laboratory of University of Nigeria, Medical Centre, Nsukka. Dilutions of each disinfectant were prepared. The antibacterial activities of various dilutions of the disinfectants against the test organisms were determined using well diffusion technique. Phenol coefficient of each disinfectant was determined using Rideal-Walker method. Dilutions of phenol (1:80, 1:90 and 1:100) and disinfectants (1:400, 1:450 and 1:500) were prepared. Test organisms (0.1 ml suspension) were inoculated into different dilutions of the disinfectants and phenol. At intervals of 5, 10 and 15 minutes, 0.1 ml was taken from each dilution and inoculated into nutrient broth (2 ml) and incubated for 48 h at 37 oC. All experiments were carried out in duplicates. D3 with active ingredients (chlorhexidine gluconate (0.3%) and cetrimide (3%)) showed the highest inhibition against all the test organisms. D4 with active ingredient (Dichloro-meta-xylenol) showed the least inhibition against all the test organisms followed by D6 with Lysol as active ingredient. The phenol coefficient of the disinfectants ranged from 0-5.5 for the test organisms. All the disinfectants exhibited antibacterial activity and the most active disinfectant contains chlorhexidine gluconate and cetrimide.
{"title":"EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED DISINFECTANTS SOLD IN OGIGE MARKET IN NSUKKA, NIGERIA, ON SOME CLINICAL BACTERIAL ISOLATES","authors":"S. Enemuor, Blessing Ada Eze, C. Ezeh","doi":"10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59493/ajopred/2024.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Disinfectants are chemicals that can kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms and are widely used in hospitals and in households. This study was aimed at evaluating the antibacterial activity of six household disinfectants (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 and D6) used in Nsukka, Enugu Nigeria on four clinical bacterial isolates including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The test organisms used were obtained from Medical Diagnostic Laboratory of University of Nigeria, Medical Centre, Nsukka. Dilutions of each disinfectant were prepared. The antibacterial activities of various dilutions of the disinfectants against the test organisms were determined using well diffusion technique. Phenol coefficient of each disinfectant was determined using Rideal-Walker method. Dilutions of phenol (1:80, 1:90 and 1:100) and disinfectants (1:400, 1:450 and 1:500) were prepared. Test organisms (0.1 ml suspension) were inoculated into different dilutions of the disinfectants and phenol. At intervals of 5, 10 and 15 minutes, 0.1 ml was taken from each dilution and inoculated into nutrient broth (2 ml) and incubated for 48 h at 37 oC. All experiments were carried out in duplicates. D3 with active ingredients (chlorhexidine gluconate (0.3%) and cetrimide (3%)) showed the highest inhibition against all the test organisms. D4 with active ingredient (Dichloro-meta-xylenol) showed the least inhibition against all the test organisms followed by D6 with Lysol as active ingredient. The phenol coefficient of the disinfectants ranged from 0-5.5 for the test organisms. All the disinfectants exhibited antibacterial activity and the most active disinfectant contains chlorhexidine gluconate and cetrimide.","PeriodicalId":518852,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141655877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-20DOI: 10.59493/ajopred/2024.1.2
O. S. Ajala, Dolapo Omolade INNOCENT-UGWU, Peace Udodiri Okechukwu, Olayinka Hannah Dada
Curcuma longa is used traditionally in the treatment of diabetes and diabetic complications. Aldose Reductase (ALR2) inhibition is a plausible therapeutic strategy against diabetic complications. This work was aimed at evaluating Curcuma longa phytochemicals, in silico, for their ALR2 inhibitory potentials. Thirty-nine (39) phytoconstituents of Curcuma longa were subjected to a succession of in silico screenings comprising molecular docking, drug-likeness and safety profiling to identify ALR2 inhibitor leads, validating their binding interactions with molecular dynamics simulations at 50 ns simulation time. The in silico evaluations afforded two demethoxylated curcuminoids, bisdemethoxycurcumin and demethoxycurcumin, as potential ALR2 inhibitor leads forming stable ALR2 complexes, their relative potencies correlating to their degrees of demethoxylation. The two curcuminoids are herein recommended as leads for the discovery of ALR2 inhibitory antidiabetic complication drug leads.
{"title":"DEMETHOXYLATED CURCUMINOIDS AS ANTIDIABETIC COMPLICATION DRUG LEADS – IN SILICO STUDIES","authors":"O. S. Ajala, Dolapo Omolade INNOCENT-UGWU, Peace Udodiri Okechukwu, Olayinka Hannah Dada","doi":"10.59493/ajopred/2024.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59493/ajopred/2024.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Curcuma longa is used traditionally in the treatment of diabetes and diabetic complications. Aldose Reductase (ALR2) inhibition is a plausible therapeutic strategy against diabetic complications. This work was aimed at evaluating Curcuma longa phytochemicals, in silico, for their ALR2 inhibitory potentials. Thirty-nine (39) phytoconstituents of Curcuma longa were subjected to a succession of in silico screenings comprising molecular docking, drug-likeness and safety profiling to identify ALR2 inhibitor leads, validating their binding interactions with molecular dynamics simulations at 50 ns simulation time. The in silico evaluations afforded two demethoxylated curcuminoids, bisdemethoxycurcumin and demethoxycurcumin, as potential ALR2 inhibitor leads forming stable ALR2 complexes, their relative potencies correlating to their degrees of demethoxylation. The two curcuminoids are herein recommended as leads for the discovery of ALR2 inhibitory antidiabetic complication drug leads.","PeriodicalId":518852,"journal":{"name":"AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140531216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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