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Socio-demographic characteristics of patients with negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenia 精神分裂症阴性和阳性症状患者的社会人口特征
Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.26641/2307-0404.2024.1.301142
Yu.A.  Kushnir
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that leads to impaired social adaptation, interpersonal interaction, and disability. Negative symptoms are an integral part of schizophrenia. In the world psychiatric science and practice, there are still many questions about the typology of schizophrenia, the description of its clinical manifestations, first of all, the features of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychiatrists of different countries draw attention to the fact that these descriptions do not always coincide. Socio-demographic factors can be considered as factors affecting the prognosis of the course and outcome of schizophrenia. In this regard, a comprehensive approach to the study of socio-demographic characteristics of patients with schizophrenia involves the study of the influence of social factors on the formation and course of schizophrenia and determines the relevance of this study. The purpose of the study was to determine the features of socio-demographic characteristics of patients with schizophrenia in order to improve diagnosis and create psycho-corrective measures. 252 patients with negative symptoms of schizophrenia and 79 patients with positive symptoms of schizophrenia were examined. During the research, a comprehensive approach was used, consisting  in the use of clinical-psychopathological, clinical-anamnestic and statistical research methods. Socio-demographic features of patients with negative symptoms in schizophrenia were established, consisting in the predominance of women; patients aged 20-29 years; persons with special secondary education; divorced and single persons; patients busy with physical labor; average level of material wealth; very poor and poor living conditions. Socio-demographic characteristics of patients with positive symptoms in schizophrenia were outlined by the predominance of men; patients aged 30-49 years; persons with incomplete higher education and with higher education; divorced and single persons; patients with disabilities; with extremely low and low levels of material well-being and a satisfactory level of living conditions. The conducted research made it possible to draw conclusions that socio-demographic features of patients with negative and positive symptoms have their own specificity, which should be taken into account when diagnosing patients with schizophrenia.
精神分裂症是一种严重的精神障碍,会导致社会适应能力受损、人际交往障碍和残疾。阴性症状是精神分裂症的重要组成部分。在世界精神病科学和实践中,关于精神分裂症的分型、临床表现的描述,首先是精神分裂症阴性症状的特征,仍然存在许多问题。不同国家的精神病学家提请人们注意,这些描述并不总是一致的。社会人口因素可被视为影响精神分裂症病程和预后的因素。在这方面,研究精神分裂症患者社会人口学特征的综合方法涉及研究社会因素对精神分裂症形成和病程的影响,并决定了本研究的相关性。本研究的目的是确定精神分裂症患者的社会人口特征,以便改进诊断和制定心理矫正措施。研究对象包括 252 名精神分裂症阴性症状患者和 79 名精神分裂症阳性症状患者。在研究过程中采用了综合方法,包括临床-心理病理学、临床-精神分析和统计研究方法。确定了精神分裂症阴性症状患者的社会人口学特征,包括女性居多、患者年龄在 20-29 岁之间、受过中等特殊教育、离异和单身、忙于体力劳动、物质财富水平一般、生活条件极差和恶劣。精神分裂症阳性症状患者的社会人口学特征概括为:男性居多;患者年龄在 30-49 岁之间;未完成高等教育和受过高等教育者;离异和单身者;残疾患者;物质财富水平极低和较低,生活条件令人满意。研究得出的结论是,阴性症状和阳性症状患者的社会人口特征有其自身的特殊性,在诊断 精神分裂症患者时应加以考虑。
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引用次数: 0
Histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the rats brain after air shock wave impact 空气冲击波冲击后大鼠大脑的组织病理学和超微结构变化
Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.26641/2307-0404.2024.1.300497
S. V. Kozlov, Yu.V. Kozlova, N.S. Bondarenko, O. O. Bondarenko
The using of explosive substances and devices can lead to brain injuries, the diagnosis of which requires the determination of primary biomarkers. Therefore, the aim was to establish and study histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the rats brain after exposure to an air blast wave. The study was carried out on 18 male Wistar rats, which were randomly divided into two groups: sham (n=9) and experimental (n=9). The animals of the experimental group were anesthetized with halothane and gently fixed in a horizontal position on the abdomen with the front part of the rat's muzzle at a distance of 5 cm from the device opening and subjected to an excess pressure of 26-36 kPa. Animals of both groups were decapitated, brains were removed, fixed, histopathological and ultrastructural analyzes were conducted using standard methods. Intergroup differences were assessed by Mann-Whitney U-test. Light microscopy revealed primary lesions in the form of small focal, multifocal hemorrhages, cerebral vessel ruptures and microscopic ruptures of the brain substance. In almost all brain samples, there is a significant saturation of the venous vessels with the presence of erythrocyte stasis. Violation of the blood-brain barrier, the presence of edema of the perivascular space, and petechial hemorrhages in the neuropil were registered ultrastructurally. Based on the study results, a morphological algorithm for assessing primary histostructural intracranial brain injuries and their consequences after exposure to an air shock wave was proposed. The injuries were found to be caused by the direct traumatic effect of the air shock wave. In the acute post-traumatic period, histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the brain can manifest as changes in neurons and in the blood-brain barrier and be accompanied by perivascular multifocal small-focal hemorrhages, neuropil ruptures, edema of pericellular and perivascular spaces, which together can be considered as biomarkers of primary traumatic changes after exposure to an air shock wave.
使用爆炸性物质和装置会导致脑损伤,其诊断需要确定主要的生物标志物。因此,本研究旨在确定和研究大鼠在暴露于空气冲击波后大脑的组织病理学和超微结构变化。研究以 18 只雄性 Wistar 大鼠为对象,随机分为两组:假组(9 只)和实验组(9 只)。实验组动物使用氟烷麻醉,轻轻固定在腹部水平位置,大鼠口鼻前部距离装置开口 5 厘米,并承受 26-36 千帕的超压。两组大鼠均被斩首,取出大脑并固定,采用标准方法进行组织病理学和超微结构分析。组间差异通过曼-惠特尼 U 检验进行评估。光镜观察发现,原发性病变表现为小灶性、多灶性出血、脑血管破裂和脑实质的微小破裂。在几乎所有的脑样本中,静脉血管都明显饱和,存在红细胞淤积。超微结构显示,血脑屏障受到破坏,血管周围出现水肿,神经膜出现瘀斑出血。根据研究结果,提出了评估暴露于空气冲击波后颅内原发性组织结构脑损伤及其后果的形态学算法。研究发现,这些损伤是由空气冲击波的直接创伤效应造成的。在创伤后的急性期,大脑组织病理学和超微结构的变化可表现为神经元和血脑屏障的变化,并伴有血管周围多灶性小灶出血、神经膜破裂、细胞周围和血管周围间隙水肿,这些可被视为暴露于空气冲击波后原发性创伤变化的生物标志物。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative toxicological-hygienic assessment, structural-morphological, physicochemical characteristics, and virucidal properties of new nanopowder materials TiO2 and TiO2@Ag 新型纳米粉体材料 TiO2 和 TiO2@Ag 的毒理学-卫生学评估、结构形态、理化特性和杀病毒性能比较
Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.26641/2307-0404.2024.1.301212
O. Yavorovsky, V. M. Riabovol, T. O. Zinchenko, M. Zahornyi, A. Ragulya, N. I. Tyschenko, O. Povnitsa, L. Artiukh, S. Zahorodnia, D. Ostapiv
 In order to address safety concerns related to the acquisition and utilization of TiO2 and TiO2@Ag nanomaterials, as well as to investigate their disinfectant and biological effects, the structural-morphological, morpho­metry, toxicological, cytotoxic, and virucidal properties of these specified nanomaterials have been studied through experiments conducted on laboratory animals and in vitro. It has been demonstrated that the TiO2@Ag nanocomposite exhibited distinct physicochemical characteristics: it consisted of TiO2 nanoparticles ranging in size from 13 nm to 20 nm and Ag nanoparticles ranging from 35 nm to 40 nm with 4.0 wt% of silver localized on the surface of titanium dioxide. The purity of the modification of synthesized nano-TiO2 and nano-TiO2@Ag has been confirmed. Acute intraperitoneal administration of nanopowders revealed LD50 values of 4783.30 mg/kg for nano-TiO2 and 724.44 mg/kg for nano-TiO2@Ag. A slight accumulation was observed upon repeated (28-fold) intragastric administration of nano-TiO2. The cumulative dose administered, which equated to 15.9 multiples of the LD50 (76040 mg/kg), did not result in animal mortality but led to retardation in body weight gain. TiO2 and TiO2@Ag nanopowders do not irritate the skin, induce mild conjunctival irritation, and may exhibit a weak sensitizing effect. Nano-TiO2 and nano-TiO2@Ag powders accumulate in the tissues of internal organs and cause damage to the liver, kidneys, and lungs of laboratory animals upon intraperitoneal administration. The most characteristic morphological signs of the toxic effect of nano-TiO2 on liver tissue were observed at a level of 67.7% (cytoplasmic vacuolization in hepatocytes), while in the case of nano-TiO2@Ag initial necrotic changes were at a level of 70.0% (hepatocytes with pyknotic nuclei). Immunoassay analysis has demonstrated that TiO2@Ag and TiO2 nanomaterials at concentrations of 30 µg/ml can enhance the functional activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro by increasing the production of cytokines IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-4 in donors (p<0.05). This indicates the potential for chronic inflammation and allergic reactions among synthesis operators. In the study of the impact of nanomaterials on murine germ cells, it has been established that they affect the activity of mitochondrial enzymes and exert a damaging effect on mitochondrial membranes and overall cell integrity. Estimated approximate safe exposure levels in the workplace air are 0.3 mg/m3 for nano-TiO2 and 0.2 mg/m3 for nano-TiO2@Ag. Nano-TiO2@Ag and nano-TiO2 at a concentration of 100 µg/ml exhibit pronounced extracellular virucidal activity against human adenovirus serotype 2. The TiO2@Ag nanocomposite has a less damaging effect on Нер-2 cells compared to nano-TiO2.
为了解决与获取和利用 TiO2 和 TiO2@Ag 纳米材料有关的安全问题,以及研究其消毒和生物效应,我们通过在实验动物和体外进行的实验,研究了这些特定纳米材料的结构形态、形态计量、毒理学、细胞毒性和杀病毒特性。结果表明,TiO2@Ag 纳米复合材料具有明显的理化特征:它由尺寸为 13 纳米至 20 纳米的 TiO2 纳米粒子和尺寸为 35 纳米至 40 纳米的 Ag 纳米粒子组成,其中 4.0 wt%的银被定位于二氧化钛表面。合成的纳米二氧化钛和纳米二氧化钛@银的改性纯度已得到证实。急性腹腔给药显示,纳米二氧化钛的半数致死剂量为 4783.30 毫克/千克,纳米二氧化钛@银的半数致死剂量为 724.44 毫克/千克。在重复(28 倍)胃内给药纳米二氧化钛后,观察到轻微的蓄积。累积给药剂量相当于半数致死剂量(76040 毫克/千克)的 15.9 倍,不会导致动物死亡,但会导致体重增加缓慢。纳米二氧化钛和 TiO2@Ag 粉末不会刺激皮肤,对眼结膜有轻微刺激,并可能表现出微弱的致敏作用。纳米二氧化钛和纳米二氧化钛@银粉在内脏器官组织中蓄积,腹腔给药会对实验动物的肝、肾和肺造成损害。纳米二氧化钛对肝脏组织毒性作用的最典型形态学迹象为 67.7%(肝细胞胞浆空泡化),而纳米二氧化钛@Ag 的初始坏死变化为 70.0%(肝细胞核坏死)。免疫测定分析表明,浓度为 30 微克/毫升的 TiO2@Ag 和 TiO2 纳米材料可提高供体外周血单核细胞的功能活性,增加细胞因子 IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α 和 IL-4 的产生(p<0.05)。这表明合成操作者有可能出现慢性炎症和过敏反应。在研究纳米材料对小鼠生殖细胞的影响时,已确定纳米材料会影响线粒体酶的活性,并对线粒体膜和整体细胞完整性产生破坏作用。据估计,工作场所空气中纳米二氧化钛的安全接触水平约为 0.3 毫克/立方米,纳米二氧化钛@银的安全接触水平约为 0.2 毫克/立方米。浓度为 100 µg/ml 的纳米二氧化钛@银和纳米二氧化钛对人类腺病毒血清 2 型具有明显的细胞外杀病毒活性。与纳米二氧化钛相比,纳米二氧化钛@银复合材料对Нер-2细胞的破坏作用较小。
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Medicni perspektivi
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