The Journal of General Psychology最新文献

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Effects of personality traits and mood induction on metamemory judgments and metacognitive beliefs. 人格特质和情绪诱导对元记忆判断和元认知信念的影响。

The Journal of General Psychology

Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2024.2404396

Metehan Irak

Although the effects of mood and personality traits on memory performance have previously been studied, their relationship to the metamemory and metacognitive processes is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of mood induction (positive and negative) and personality traits (extroverted and neurotics) on metacognitive beliefs, memory confidence, the judgment of learning (JOL) and feeling of knowing (FOK) judgments during face-name recognition tasks. One hundred twenty-seven participants who met the criteria based on their extraverted and neurotic personality scores on the Big Five Personality Inventory were randomly assigned to positive and negative mood induction conditions. We found that neurotics showed lower JOL judgments and accuracy than extroverts. The interaction effect between mood and personality significantly affected JOL and FOK accuracy, indicating that while extraverts were more accurate during positive induction, neurotics were more accurate during negative induction. In addition, neurotics were underconfident in their memory and reported more negative metacognitive beliefs than extroverts. We concluded that memory and metamemory processes are distinguishable in their relationships with mood states and personality traits. Our data also showed that JOL and FOK are distinct processes that support domain-specific metacognitive judgments.

虽然情绪和人格特质对记忆成绩的影响以前已有研究，但它们与元记忆和元认知过程的关系仍是未知数。在这项研究中，我们调查了情绪诱导（积极和消极）和人格特质（外向和神经质）对人脸识别任务中元认知信念、记忆信心、学习判断（JOL）和认知感觉（FOK）判断的影响。根据大五人格量表中的外向型人格和神经质人格得分，127 名符合标准的参与者被随机分配到积极和消极情绪诱导条件中。我们发现，与外向型人格相比，神经质人格的人对 JOL 的判断力和准确性都较低。情绪和人格之间的交互效应对 JOL 和 FOK 的准确性有显著影响，这表明外向型人格者在积极诱导条件下的准确性更高，而神经质人格者在消极诱导条件下的准确性更高。此外，与外向型人格者相比，神经质人格者对自己的记忆信心不足，并报告了更多消极的元认知信念。我们的结论是，记忆和元认知过程与情绪状态和人格特质的关系是有区别的。我们的数据还显示，JOL 和 FOK 是支持特定领域元认知判断的不同过程。

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引用次数: 0

Modeling maladaptive personality traits with unipolar item response theory: The case of Callousness. 用单极项目反应理论建立适应不良人格特质模型：Callousness 案例。

The Journal of General Psychology

Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2024.2404398

Fabia Morales-Vives,Pere J Ferrando,Ana Hernández-Dorado

Most IRT applications in personality assume that the measured trait is a bipolar dimension, normally distributed in the population. These assumptions, however, could be questionable for maladaptive, (quasi) pathological traits that still fall in the normal range. This study focuses on one such trait, Callousness, and uses two different instruments and samples to determine whether there is a basis for modeling it as a unipolar trait instead of a bipolar one. More specifically, the following community samples were used, recruited in several Spanish high schools: a) 719 adolescents (13-19 years old, 55.8% girls), b) 681 adolescents (13-19 years old, 44.9% girls). Callousness was assessed with the Inventory of Callous-unemotional traits and Antisocial behavior in the first sample and with the Inventory of Callous Unemotional traits in the second sample. We compared the outcomes of fitting the Graded-Response model (a bipolar-trait model) and the Log-Logistic model (a unipolar trait model) in these community samples and found that they differed considerably at the scoring level. In terms of accuracy, the conditional reliability functions had opposite patterns: it was maximum at high levels in the Graded-Response model and at low levels in the Log-Logistic model. In terms of validity, the models showed different results regarding the prediction of indirect aggressiveness and non-planning impulsiveness.

大多数 IRT 在人格中的应用都假定所测量的特质是一个两极维度，在人群中呈正态分布。然而，这些假设对于仍属于正常范围的适应不良、（准）病态特质来说可能是有问题的。本研究聚焦于这样一种特质--"嗜好"（Callousness），并使用两种不同的工具和样本来确定将其作为单极性特质而非两极性特质建模是否有依据。具体来说，研究使用了在西班牙几所高中招募的以下社区样本：a) 719 名青少年（13-19 岁，55.8% 为女生）；b) 681 名青少年（13-19 岁，44.9% 为女生）。在第一个样本中，我们使用 "冷漠无情特质和反社会行为调查表 "对冷漠进行了评估；在第二个样本中，我们使用 "冷漠无情特质调查表 "对冷漠进行了评估。我们比较了在这些社区样本中拟合分级反应模型（双极特质模型）和对数逻辑模型（单极特质模型）的结果，发现它们在评分水平上有很大差异。在准确性方面，条件信度函数具有相反的模式：在高水平时，分级反应模型的信度最大，而在低水平时，对数逻辑模型的信度最小。在有效性方面，两个模型在预测间接攻击性和非计划冲动性方面显示出不同的结果。

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引用次数: 0

Exponent of the latency of brightness power functions in the fovea and periphery of the visual field. 亮度幂函数的延迟指数在视野的中央凹和外围。

IF 2.5

The Journal of General Psychology

Pub Date : 1982-04-01

N Osaka

RT and perceived brightness against log luminance, covering the range between 3.4 and - 1.6 log cd/m2 in steps of 1 log unit, were measured at the fovea, 20 degrees, and 40 degrees in the periphery. The RT and brightness data were fitted to the RT and brightness power function, respectively. It was found that (a) asymptotic RT increased as eccentricity increased and that (b) the RT exponent decreased as retinal eccentricity increased: Estimated mean RT exponent was found to be approximately - .31 in the fovea, but - .25 and - .17 in the 20 degrees, and 40 degrees periphery, respectively. Further, (c) the brightness exponent tended to increase as eccentricity increased. The RT exponent in the fovea was in agreement with the exponent for perceived brightness (.36); however, the RT exponent in the periphery was about 1/2 to 2/3 as small as that in the fovea. This implies that as luminance changes equal RT contour changes as a function of eccentricity. That is, RT in the periphery does not primarily depend on the target's brightness but its luminance.

RT和感知亮度相对于对数亮度，覆盖3.4和- 1.6对数cd/m2之间的范围，以1对数单位为步长，在中央凹，20度和40度的外围测量。RT和亮度数据分别拟合到RT和亮度幂函数中。我们发现(a)渐近RT随着偏心率的增加而增加，(b) RT指数随着偏心率的增加而降低:估计平均RT指数在中央凹约为- 0.31，但在20度和40度周围分别为- 0.25和- 0.17。此外，(c)随着偏心率的增加，亮度指数有增加的趋势。中央凹的RT指数与感知亮度指数一致(0.36);然而，周围的RT指数约为中央凹的1/2至2/3。这意味着，随着亮度的变化，等量的RT轮廓随着偏心率的变化而变化。也就是说，外围的RT主要不取决于目标的亮度，而取决于目标的亮度。

引用次数: 0

The effects of fatigue on the control of a coincident timing response. 疲劳对同步时序响应控制的影响。

IF 2.5

The Journal of General Psychology

Pub Date : 1982-04-01

R M Howard, C H Shea, W G Herbert

The present study investigated the extent to which fatigue influenced the usage of feedback by Ss to make corrections during coincident timing responses. Sixteen college males watched a .01-sec timer and attempted to knock over a barrier at the moment that the sweep hand reached 500 msec. All Ss were given 50 trials of practice on each of four consecutive days. The fatigue group's performance was immediately preceded by a response-specific local fatigue (dynamic exercise). To insure the maintenance of a high level of fatigue throughout practice, the fatiguing exercise was interspersed with the coincident timing task. The control group performed the same exercise as the fatigue group but without any resistance. Schmidt's (1972) index of preprogramming (IP) was calculated for each day in order to determine the level of feedback involvement in controlling the movement. Fatigue did not influence the accuracy with which Ss responded or the rate that they learned. However, the results indicated a relatively high and stable IP throughout all trials with the IP for the fatigue group higher than that of the control, suggesting a preference by these Ss for a programming mode of control.

本研究调查了疲劳在多大程度上影响了Ss在同步时间响应中对反馈进行修正的使用。16名男大学生观看了0.01秒的计时器，并试图在扫手达到500秒时撞倒障碍物。连续4天，每天进行50次练习。疲劳组的表现之前，立即进行响应特定的局部疲劳(动态练习)。为了保证在整个训练过程中保持高水平的疲劳状态，将疲劳训练穿插在同步计时任务中。对照组与疲劳组进行相同的运动，但没有任何阻力。施密特(1972)的预编程指数(IP)每天计算，以确定控制运动的反馈参与水平。疲劳并不影响学生反应的准确性或他们学习的速度。然而，结果表明，在所有试验中，疲劳组的IP相对较高且稳定，且IP高于对照组，这表明这些Ss偏爱编程控制模式。

引用次数: 0

A COMPARISON OF READMITTED AND NOT READMITTED PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS. 再入院与未再入院精神病患者的比较。

IF 2.5

The Journal of General Psychology

Pub Date : 1965-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.1965.9710706

J TUCKMAN, M LAVELL

引用次数: 3

A CRITERION FOR ANALYSES OF INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION. 人际感知分析的标准。

IF 2.5

The Journal of General Psychology

Pub Date : 1965-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.1965.9710692

R H DANA, J C CONDRY

引用次数: 1

THE EQUIPROBABLE HYPOTHESIS AS AN INITIAL RESPONSE TENDENCY. 初始响应趋势的等概率假设。

IF 2.5

The Journal of General Psychology

Pub Date : 1965-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.1965.9710696

G S TUNE

引用次数: 2

THE PROBLEM OF SHADING IN H-T-P DRAWINGS: ITS INTERNAL CONSISTENCY AND RELATION TO PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS. h-t-p绘画中的阴影问题:其内在一致性及其与人格特征的关系。

IF 2.5

The Journal of General Psychology

Pub Date : 1965-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.1965.9710700

V J BIELIAUSKAS, W J CLARKE

引用次数: 0

THE ROLE OF STIMULUS CONTEXT IN THE PERFORMANCE OF A LIGHTNESS-DISCRIMINATION TASK. 刺激情境在轻度辨别任务中的作用。

IF 2.5

The Journal of General Psychology

Pub Date : 1965-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.1965.9710691

L WEIDENFELLER, D HARDESTY, W BEVAN

引用次数: 1

AN ATTEMPT TO MEASURE SOME ASPECTS OF TEMPERAMENT BY MEANS OF THE WORD-IN-CONTEXT AND SELF-JUDGING VOCABULARY TESTS. 本文试图通过语境词汇和自我判断词汇测试来衡量气质的某些方面。

IF 2.5

The Journal of General Psychology

Pub Date : 1965-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.1965.9710699

A W HEIM, R M POVEY, K P WATTS

引用次数: 2

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