Axel Celadon, Huaihu Sun, Shuhui Sun, Gaixia Zhang
The rapid evolution of electric vehicles (EVs) highlights the critical role of battery technology in promoting sustainable transportation. This review offers a comprehensive introduction to the diverse landscape of batteries for EVs. In particular, it examines the impressive array of available battery technologies, focusing on the predominance of lithium-based batteries, such as lithium-ion and lithium-metal variants. Additionally, it explores battery technologies beyond lithium (“post-lithium”), including aluminum, sodium, and magnesium batteries. The potential of solid-state batteries is also discussed, along with the current status of various battery types in EV applications. The review further addresses end-of-life treatment strategies for EV batteries, including reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling, which are essential for mitigating the environmental impact of batteries and ensuring sustainable lifecycle management. Finally, market perspectives and potential future research directions for battery technologies in EVs are also discussed.
{"title":"Batteries for electric vehicles: Technical advancements, environmental challenges, and market perspectives","authors":"Axel Celadon, Huaihu Sun, Shuhui Sun, Gaixia Zhang","doi":"10.1002/sus2.234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sus2.234","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid evolution of electric vehicles (EVs) highlights the critical role of battery technology in promoting sustainable transportation. This review offers a comprehensive introduction to the diverse landscape of batteries for EVs. In particular, it examines the impressive array of available battery technologies, focusing on the predominance of lithium-based batteries, such as lithium-ion and lithium-metal variants. Additionally, it explores battery technologies beyond lithium (“post-lithium”), including aluminum, sodium, and magnesium batteries. The potential of solid-state batteries is also discussed, along with the current status of various battery types in EV applications. The review further addresses end-of-life treatment strategies for EV batteries, including reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling, which are essential for mitigating the environmental impact of batteries and ensuring sustainable lifecycle management. Finally, market perspectives and potential future research directions for battery technologies in EVs are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":520230,"journal":{"name":"SusMat","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142317821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hao Hu, Shuyuan Pan, Zhiyong Ma, Kaiyi Liu, Yi Li, Haifeng Bao, Chengwei Deng, Fang Luo, Zehui Yang
The utilization of single atoms (SAs) as trifunctional electrocatalyst for nitrogen reduction, oxygen reduction, and oxygen evolution reactions (NRR, ORR, and OER) is still a formidable challenge. Herein, we devise one-pot synthesized palladium SAs stabilized on nitrogen-doped carbon palladium SA electrocatalyst (Pd-SA/NC) as efficient trifunctional electrocatalyst for NRR, ORR, and OER. Pd-SA/NC performs a robust catalytic activity toward NRR with faradaic efficiency of 22.5% at −0.25 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), and the relative Pd utilization efficiency is enhanced by 17-fold than Pd-NP/NC. In addition, the half-wave potential reaches 0.876 V versus RHE, amounting to a 58-time higher mass activity than commercial Pt/C. Moreover, the overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 is as low as 287 mV for Pd-SA/NC, outperforming the commercial IrO2 by 360 times in turnover frequency at 1.6 V versus RHE. Accordingly, the assembled rechargeable zinc-air battery (ZAB) achieves a maximum power density of 170 mW cm−2, boosted by 2.3 times than Pt/C–IrO2. Two constructed ZABs efficiently power the NRR-OER system to electrochemically generate ammonia implying its superior trifunctionality.
{"title":"A self-powered system to electrochemically generate ammonia driven by palladium single atom electrocatalyst","authors":"Hao Hu, Shuyuan Pan, Zhiyong Ma, Kaiyi Liu, Yi Li, Haifeng Bao, Chengwei Deng, Fang Luo, Zehui Yang","doi":"10.1002/sus2.237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sus2.237","url":null,"abstract":"The utilization of single atoms (SAs) as trifunctional electrocatalyst for nitrogen reduction, oxygen reduction, and oxygen evolution reactions (NRR, ORR, and OER) is still a formidable challenge. Herein, we devise one-pot synthesized palladium SAs stabilized on nitrogen-doped carbon palladium SA electrocatalyst (Pd-SA/NC) as efficient trifunctional electrocatalyst for NRR, ORR, and OER. Pd-SA/NC performs a robust catalytic activity toward NRR with faradaic efficiency of 22.5% at −0.25 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), and the relative Pd utilization efficiency is enhanced by 17-fold than Pd-NP/NC. In addition, the half-wave potential reaches 0.876 V versus RHE, amounting to a 58-time higher mass activity than commercial Pt/C. Moreover, the overpotential at 10 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> is as low as 287 mV for Pd-SA/NC, outperforming the commercial IrO<sub>2</sub> by 360 times in turnover frequency at 1.6 V versus RHE. Accordingly, the assembled rechargeable zinc-air battery (ZAB) achieves a maximum power density of 170 mW cm<sup>−2</sup>, boosted by 2.3 times than Pt/C–IrO<sub>2</sub>. Two constructed ZABs efficiently power the NRR-OER system to electrochemically generate ammonia implying its superior trifunctionality.","PeriodicalId":520230,"journal":{"name":"SusMat","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142317819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The manipulation of hydrogen bonding within protic ionic liquids is conducive to conquering the robust hydrogen bonding interactions in cellulose for its effective dissolution, but it is a great challenge to establish the delicate balance of hydrogen bonding network between solvent and cellulose. Herein, we proposed the concept of “hydrogen bond producers” for urea molecules in 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidinium methoxyacetate acid ([TMGH][MAA]) to enhance the dissolution of cellulose. The optimization of physicochemical properties for [TMGH][MAA] solvent as a function of urea concentration revealed a remarkable increase in cellulose solubility from 13% to 17% (w/w) by adding only 0.25 wt% urea, highlighting the efficiency of [TMGH][MAA] as a powerful solvent for the dissolution of cellulose. The experimental and simulation results verified that the significant improvement on dissolution of cellulose was attributed to the hydrogen bonding interaction of urea molecules with ion pairs and part of free ions, reducing the interference with the active ions bonded to cellulose. Furthermore, the considerable enhancement on comprehensive properties of regenerated cellulose films demonstrated the effectiveness of [TMGH][MAA]/urea solvent. The concept of “hydrogen bond producers” presented here opens a new avenue for significantly enhancing the dissolution of natural cellulose, promoting the sustainable development in large-scale processing of cellulose.
{"title":"Hydrogen bond producers in powerful protic ionic liquids for enhancing dissolution of natural cellulose","authors":"Shi-Peng Chen, Dan-Yang Zhao, Jin-Long Zhu, Jing Wang, Gan-Ji Zhong, Hua-Dong Huang, Zhong-Ming Li","doi":"10.1002/sus2.238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sus2.238","url":null,"abstract":"The manipulation of hydrogen bonding within protic ionic liquids is conducive to conquering the robust hydrogen bonding interactions in cellulose for its effective dissolution, but it is a great challenge to establish the delicate balance of hydrogen bonding network between solvent and cellulose. Herein, we proposed the concept of “hydrogen bond producers” for urea molecules in 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidinium methoxyacetate acid ([TMGH][MAA]) to enhance the dissolution of cellulose. The optimization of physicochemical properties for [TMGH][MAA] solvent as a function of urea concentration revealed a remarkable increase in cellulose solubility from 13% to 17% (w/w) by adding only 0.25 wt% urea, highlighting the efficiency of [TMGH][MAA] as a powerful solvent for the dissolution of cellulose. The experimental and simulation results verified that the significant improvement on dissolution of cellulose was attributed to the hydrogen bonding interaction of urea molecules with ion pairs and part of free ions, reducing the interference with the active ions bonded to cellulose. Furthermore, the considerable enhancement on comprehensive properties of regenerated cellulose films demonstrated the effectiveness of [TMGH][MAA]/urea solvent. The concept of “hydrogen bond producers” presented here opens a new avenue for significantly enhancing the dissolution of natural cellulose, promoting the sustainable development in large-scale processing of cellulose.","PeriodicalId":520230,"journal":{"name":"SusMat","volume":"191 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142317820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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