The emergence of modern science in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries had in medicine an important field of development thanks especially to the work of Santorio Santori (1561-1636). Mostly known for his contribution to the study of metabolism, Santorio was a pioneer in the use of quantification and developed several types of instruments, among which was a device called pulsilogium that represents the first instrument of precision in the history of medicine. First mentioned in 1602 by a colleague of Santorio in Padua, the instrument possibly constituted a source of inspiration for Galileo and sparked an entire path of experiments in seventeenth-century Europe. Santorio presented his inventions in a series of rough engravings in his Commentaria in primam Fen primi libri Canonis Avicennae (Venice 1625) promising soon to publish another book called De instrumentis medicis: a task that, unfortunately, he was never able to fulfil. As a consequence, many descriptions related to Santorio's instruments are partial or too general to provide a proper understanding of their mechanism. In order to understand the exact application of Santorio's ideas to physiology, their reconstruction represents an essential task for any historian and philosopher of science. Relying on a new assessment of Santorio's works, newly discovered documentary proofs as well as on experimentation carried out at the University of Exeter, we present here for the first time the key principles that led to the historically accurate reconstruction of the pulsilogium A2. The results are possibly of some importance in the history of science, as, unlike all previous scholars, we can now prove that the pulsilogium represented a moment of transition and departure from the late Aristotelian physics towards Galileo's mechanics and that, despite the latter's discoveries, it continued to be used not to obtain an absolute measurement of the pulse rate, but to record its 'latitude'.
16世纪和17世纪现代科学的出现使医学成为一个重要的发展领域，这尤其要归功于桑托里奥·桑托里(1561-1636)的工作。桑托里奥以其对新陈代谢研究的贡献而闻名，他是使用定量的先驱，并开发了几种类型的仪器，其中一种名为pulsilogium的装置代表了医学史上第一个精确的仪器。1602年，圣托里奥在帕多瓦的一位同事首次提到了这种仪器，它可能是伽利略的灵感来源，并在17世纪的欧洲引发了一系列实验。圣托里奥在他1625年出版的《威尼斯医学类文献评注》(Commentaria in primam Fen primi libri canonicennae)中以一系列粗糙的版画展示了他的发明，并承诺很快将出版另一本名为《医学仪器》(De instrumentis medicis)的书:不幸的是，他从未完成这项任务。因此，许多与桑托里奥的仪器有关的描述都是片面的或过于笼统的，无法提供对其机制的正确理解。为了理解桑托里奥的思想在生理学上的确切应用，对它们的重建是任何历史学家和科学哲学家的一项重要任务。根据对桑托里奥作品的新评估，新发现的文献证据以及在埃克塞特大学进行的实验，我们在这里首次提出了导致历史上精确重建A2脉冲纪的关键原理。这些结果可能在科学史上具有一定的重要性，因为，与以前所有的学者不同，我们现在可以证明，脉冲计代表了从晚期亚里士多德物理学到伽利略力学的过渡和偏离的时刻，尽管后者有了发现，但它继续被用来获得脉搏率的绝对测量，而是记录其“纬度”。
{"title":"The Pulsilogium of Santorio: New Light on Technology and Measurement in Early Modern Medicine.","authors":"Fabrizio Bigotti, David Taylor","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The emergence of modern science in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries had in medicine an important field of development thanks especially to the work of Santorio Santori (1561-1636). Mostly known for his contribution to the study of metabolism, Santorio was a pioneer in the use of quantification and developed several types of instruments, among which was a device called <i>pulsilogium</i> that represents the first instrument of precision in the history of medicine. First mentioned in 1602 by a colleague of Santorio in Padua, the instrument possibly constituted a source of inspiration for Galileo and sparked an entire path of experiments in seventeenth-century Europe. Santorio presented his inventions in a series of rough engravings in his <i>Commentaria in primam Fen primi libri Canonis Avicennae</i> (Venice 1625) promising soon to publish another book called <i>De instrumentis medicis</i>: a task that, unfortunately, he was never able to fulfil. As a consequence, many descriptions related to Santorio's instruments are partial or too general to provide a proper understanding of their mechanism. In order to understand the exact application of Santorio's ideas to physiology, their reconstruction represents an essential task for any historian and philosopher of science. Relying on a new assessment of Santorio's works, newly discovered documentary proofs as well as on experimentation carried out at the University of Exeter, we present here for the first time the key principles that led to the historically accurate reconstruction of the <i>pulsilogium</i> A2. The results are possibly of some importance in the history of science, as, unlike all previous scholars, we can now prove that the <i>pulsilogium</i> represented a moment of transition and departure from the late Aristotelian physics towards Galileo's mechanics and that, despite the latter's discoveries, it continued to be used not to obtain an absolute measurement of the pulse rate, but to record its 'latitude'.</p>","PeriodicalId":52099,"journal":{"name":"Societate si Politica","volume":"11 2","pages":"53-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6407692/pdf/emss-81935.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37041638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号