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The Roles of Youth in Intimate Partner Relationships and the Perceived Risk of HIV Infection in South Africa 南非青年在亲密伴侣关系中的作用和艾滋病毒感染的感知风险
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.2174/18746136-v17-e231005-2023-17
Nicole De Wet-Billings, Khuthala Mabetha, Matshidiso Sello, Lerato Makuapane
Background: Young people in South Africa face multiple developmental challenges, including violence and HIV infection. Objective: This study examines the various roles of youth in violent intimate relationships (IPV) and its association with the perceived risk of HIV infection. Results from this study could assist in youth development programmes to increase HIV testing, as well as inform modifications to the South African Domestic Violence Act (No. 116 of 1998), which addresses all forms of intimate partner violence in the country. Methods: The study uses data from the South African National HIV Prevalence, HIV Incidence, Behaviour and Communication Survey (SABSSM) 2017. The study population is youth (15-24 years old) who responded to a question on their perceived risk of being infected with HIV. A weighted sample (N) of 1,301,550 youth is included. The main independent variable is the 'role in IPV', and the study controls for the demographic, socioeconomic, and HIV knowledge and sexual behaviours of youth. Cross-tabulations and a multivariate binary logistic regression model are used to determine the relationship between controls and the outcome. Results: About 20% of youth perceive themselves at risk of being with HIV. Their reasons for believing this are because they are sexually active, do not use condoms consistently, and do not trust their partners. Only about 4% of IPV perpetrators, compared to 23.71% of victims and 23.16% of bidirectional youth, think it is likely they will get infected with HIV. The odds of perceiving themselves at risk are higher (with p-values<0.05) for victims (OR=1.21), 20-24 years old (OR=1.35), female (OR=1.25), those who responded do not think condoms reduce the risk of HIV (OR=1.49) and those who do not use condoms (OR=1.44) among others. Conclusion: IPV behaviours are associated with perceived HIV risk among young people in South Africa. For perception to change and allow youth to adopt protective behaviours against HIV, there is a need for policy to target the different roles of youth.
背景:南非年轻人面临多重发展挑战,包括暴力和艾滋病毒感染。目的:本研究探讨青少年在暴力亲密关系(IPV)中的各种角色及其与艾滋病毒感染感知风险的关系。这项研究的结果可以帮助青年发展方案增加艾滋病毒检测,并为修改南非家庭暴力法(1998年第116号)提供信息,该法案解决了该国所有形式的亲密伴侣暴力。方法:该研究使用了2017年南非国家艾滋病毒流行率、艾滋病毒发病率、行为和传播调查(SABSSM)的数据。研究对象是青年(15-24岁),他们回答了一个关于他们认为感染艾滋病毒风险的问题。包括1,301,550名青年的加权样本(N)。主要的自变量是“在IPV中的作用”,研究控制了人口、社会经济、艾滋病毒知识和青年的性行为。交叉表和多元二元逻辑回归模型被用来确定控制和结果之间的关系。结果:大约20%的年轻人认为自己有感染艾滋病毒的风险。他们相信这一点的原因是他们性活跃,不经常使用避孕套,不相信他们的伴侣。与23.71%的受害者和23.16%的双向青少年相比,只有约4%的IPV犯罪者认为他们可能会感染艾滋病毒。受害者(OR=1.21)、20-24岁(OR=1.35)、女性(OR=1.25)、不认为避孕套能降低艾滋病毒感染风险的受访者(OR=1.49)和不使用避孕套的受访者(OR=1.44)认为自己处于风险中的几率更高(p值为0.05)。结论:IPV行为与南非年轻人的艾滋病毒风险感知相关。为了改变观念并允许青年采取预防艾滋病毒的行为,需要制定针对青年不同角色的政策。
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引用次数: 0
Consumption of Sexually Explicit Media and Sexual Conduct of greater Exposure to HIV/AIDS in Brazilians 巴西人对色情媒体的消费和性行为更容易感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-08-15 DOI: 10.2174/1874-6136-v17-e20230711-2023-7
Priscilla Dantas Almeida, Telma Maria Evangelista de Araújo, Anderson Reis de Sousa, Rosilane de Lima Brito Magalhães, Chrystiany Plácido de Brito Vieira, Andreia Rodrigues Moura da Costa Valle, Fernando Lopes e Silva-Júnior, Álvaro Francisco Lopes de Sousa, Isabel Amélia Costa Mendes
Introduction: We aimed to analyze the association between the consumption of sexually explicit media (SEM) in the sexual practices of Brazilians and the exposure to HIV infection. Methods: This is an analytical, cross-sectional national study, conducted with 854 participants. Data were collected from September 2021 to January 2022 and analyzed in SPSS.26 software using the Logistic Regression model, with a robust estimator for the covariance matrix. Results: In the results we observed that 558 (65.3%) participants revealed the habit of watching SEM; of these, 58.2% saw up to two scenes per day. The increased chances for involvement in sexual practice of greater exposure to HIV were identified in: being male (ORa=1.36 times); having a homosexual, bisexual, asexual, or pansexual sexual orientation (ORa=1.44); habit of watching SEM or erotic art (ORa=1.47); and being under the age of 12 at the first contact with SEM (ORa=2.74). As such, we can observe that the consumption of sexually explicit media is associated with sexual practices of greater exposure to HIV among Brazilians. Conclusion: Therefore, the development of public policies and strategies to prevent practices aimed at the consumption of sexually explicit media becomes relevant, starting with the demonstration of HIV prevention strategies during the sex scenes.
简介:我们的目的是分析巴西人在性行为中使用色情媒体(SEM)与暴露于艾滋病毒感染之间的关系。方法:这是一项分析性的、横断面的全国性研究,共有854名参与者。数据收集于2021年9月至2022年1月,在SPSS.26软件中使用Logistic回归模型进行分析,并对协方差矩阵进行稳健估计。结果:有558人(65.3%)有观看扫描电镜的习惯;其中,58.2%的人每天最多看两场戏。男性(ORa=1.36倍)参与性行为和接触艾滋病毒的机会增加;有同性恋、双性恋、无性恋或泛性取向(ORa=1.44);有观看SEM或色情艺术的习惯(ORa=1.47);第一次接触SEM时年龄在12岁以下(ORa=2.74)。因此,我们可以观察到,色情媒体的消费与巴西人更容易感染艾滋病毒的性行为有关。结论:因此,制定公共政策和策略,以防止针对色情媒体消费的做法变得相关,首先是在性场景中展示艾滋病毒预防策略。
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引用次数: 1
Public Awareness and Stigmatizing Attitudes toward People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome in Saudi Arabia 沙特阿拉伯公众对人类免疫缺陷病毒获得性免疫缺陷综合征患者的认识和污名化态度
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-04-27 DOI: 10.2174/18746136-v17-230420-2022-15
Marwan J. Alwazzeh, Abdullah H. Kabbani, Muhannad A. Alghamdi, Khalid I. Alharbi, Abdullah A. Qoqandi, Abdulrazaq I. Alsomali, Jose Ramon Fiore
Background: Recently, there have been efforts to increase HIV/AIDS education and awareness programs to reduce the stigmatization and discrimination of people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (PLWHA). However, it is essential to understand that these efforts must be ongoing and sustained to be effective. Objective: This study aimed to assess the Saudi population’s awareness and stigmatizing attitudes toward PLWHA. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study on individuals (patients or families of patients) who attended “King Fahad Hospital of The University (KFHU)”. The study was conducted between September 1 st and December 31 st , 2018. Each participant provided informed consent, and data were collected through an informative, validated, anonymous, self-administrated questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed by experts and included all the data regarding demographic information, assessment of knowledge of HIV transmission, general awareness of HIV, assessment of attitudes toward PLWHA, etc. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS version 22. Results: The majority of the participants were aware that HIV might be spread by receiving blood from an infected person, sharing a needle or syringe, and receiving organs from an infected person. There is a strong correlation between HIV transmission knowledge with age ( p = 0.001), marital status ( p = 0.001), an education level ( p = 0.001), and economic status ( p = 0.049). The study indicated negative stigmatizing attitudes toward PLWHA. Conclusion: This study highlights significant public awareness gaps about HIV/AIDS and stigmatizing attitudes of the public toward HIV/AIDS.
背景:近年来,人们一直在努力加强艾滋病毒/艾滋病教育和认识项目,以减少对人类免疫缺陷病毒/获得性免疫缺陷综合征(PLWHA)患者的污名化和歧视。然而,重要的是要了解,这些努力必须持续不断,才能有效。目的:本研究旨在评估沙特人口对艾滋病的认知和污名化态度。方法:这是一项在法赫德国王大学医院(KFHU)就诊的个人(患者或患者家属)的横断面研究。该研究于2018年9月1日至12月31日进行。每位参与者都提供了知情同意,并通过一份信息丰富、有效、匿名、自我管理的问卷收集数据。问卷由专家设计,包括人口统计信息、艾滋病毒传播知识评估、艾滋病毒一般意识评估、对艾滋病病毒感染的态度评估等数据。收集的数据使用SPSS version 22进行分析。结果:大多数参与者意识到艾滋病毒可能通过接受感染者的血液、共用针头或注射器以及接受感染者的器官而传播。HIV传播知识与年龄(p = 0.001)、婚姻状况(p = 0.001)、受教育程度(p = 0.001)和经济状况(p = 0.049)有很强的相关性。该研究表明对艾滋病的负面污名化态度。结论:本研究突出了公众对HIV/AIDS认知的显著差距和公众对HIV/AIDS的污名化态度。
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引用次数: 0
Partner Referral by HIV-Infected Persons to Partner Counseling and Referral Services (PCRS) - Results from a Demonstration Project. 艾滋病毒感染者向伴侣咨询和转诊服务(PCRS)的伴侣转诊——一个示范项目的结果。
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2012-01-01 Epub Date: 2012-02-21 DOI: 10.2174/1874613601206010008
Binwei Song, Elin B Begley, Linda Lesondak, Kelly Voorhees, Magdalena Esquivel, Ronald L Merrick, Jack Carrel, Douglas Sebesta, James Vergeront, Dhana Shrestha, Emeka Oraka, Annisa Walker, James D Heffelfinger

Objective: The objectives of this article are to determine factors associated with refusal and agreement to provide partner information, and evaluate the effectiveness of referral approaches in offering PCRS.

Methods: Index clients from 5 sites that used 3 different PCRS approaches were interviewed to obtain demographic and risk characteristics and choice of partner referral method for PCRS. Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with providing partner information.

Results: The percentage of index clients who refused to provide partner information varied by site (7% to 88%). Controlling for PCRS approach, index clients who were older than 25 years, male, or reported having male-male sex in the past 12 months were more likely (p <0.01) to refuse to provide partner information. Overall, 72% of named partners referred by index clients were located and offered PCRS. The proportion of partners who were located and offered PCRS differed by referral approach used, ranging from 38% using contract referral (index clients agree to notify their partners within a certain timeframe, else a disease intervention specialist or health care provider will notify them) to 98% using dual referral (index clients notify their partners with a disease intervention specialist or provider present).

Conclusion: Success in obtaining partner information varied by the PCRS approach used and effectiveness in locating and notifying partners varied by the referral approach selected. These results provide valuable insights for enhancing partner services.

目的:本文的目的是确定拒绝和同意提供合作伙伴信息的相关因素,并评估推荐方法在提供PCRS中的有效性。方法:对使用3种不同PCRS方法的5个站点的指数客户进行访谈,了解PCRS的人口学特征和风险特征以及伴侣推荐方法的选择。使用逻辑回归来评估与提供伴侣信息相关的因素。结果:拒绝提供合作伙伴信息的指数客户百分比因网站而异(7%至88%)。在控制PCRS方法后,年龄大于25岁、男性或报告在过去12个月内发生过男-男性行为的指数客户更有可能(p结论:获得伴侣信息的成功率因使用的PCRS方法而异,而定位和通知伴侣的有效性因选择的推荐方法而异。这些结果为增强合作伙伴服务提供了有价值的见解。
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引用次数: 8
HIV-1 Vaccine Trials: Evolving Concepts and Designs. HIV-1疫苗试验:不断发展的概念和设计。
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2012-01-01 Epub Date: 2012-11-30 DOI: 10.2174/1874613601206010274
Missa P Sanou, Anne S De Groot, Michael Murphey-Corb, Jay A Levy, Janet K Yamamoto

An effective prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine is needed to eradicate the HIV/AIDS pandemic but designing such a vaccine is a challenge. Despite many advances in vaccine technology and approaches to generate both humoral and cellular immune responses, major phase-II and -III vaccine trials against HIV/AIDS have resulted in only moderate successes. The modest achievement of the phase-III RV144 prime-boost trial in Thailand re-emphasized the importance of generating robust humoral and cellular responses against HIV. While antibody-directed approaches are being pursued by some groups, others are attempting to develop vaccines targeting cell-mediated immunity, since evidence show CTLs to be important for the control of HIV replication. Phase-I and -IIa multi-epitope vaccine trials have already been conducted with vaccine immunogens consisting of known CTL epitopes conserved across HIV subtypes, but have so far fallen short of inducing robust and consistent anti-HIV CTL responses. The concepts leading to the development of T-cell epitope-based vaccines, the outcomes of related clinical vaccine trials and efforts to enhance the immunogenicity of cell-mediated approaches are summarized in this review. Moreover, we describe a novel approach based on the identification of SIV and FIV antigens which contain conserved HIV-specific T-cell epitopes and represent an alternative method for developing an effective HIV vaccine against global HIV isolates.

需要一种有效的预防性HIV-1疫苗来根除艾滋病毒/艾滋病,但设计这样的疫苗是一个挑战。尽管在产生体液和细胞免疫反应的疫苗技术和方法方面取得了许多进展,但针对艾滋病毒/艾滋病的主要II期和III期疫苗试验仅取得了适度的成功。在泰国进行的第三阶段RV144主要增强试验取得了适度的成就,这再次强调了产生强大的体液和细胞抗艾滋病毒反应的重要性。虽然一些团体正在采用抗体导向的方法,但其他团体正在尝试开发针对细胞介导免疫的疫苗,因为有证据表明CTL对控制HIV复制很重要。I期和IIa期多表位疫苗试验已经用疫苗免疫原进行,该免疫原由在HIV亚型中保守的已知CTL表位组成,但迄今为止未能诱导强大和一致的抗HIV CTL反应。本文综述了导致基于T细胞表位的疫苗开发的概念、相关临床疫苗试验的结果以及提高细胞介导方法免疫原性的努力。此外,我们描述了一种基于鉴定SIV和FIV抗原的新方法,这些抗原包含保守的HIV特异性T细胞表位,并代表了开发针对全球HIV分离株的有效HIV疫苗的替代方法。
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引用次数: 0
A County-Level Examination of the Relationship Between HIV and Social Determinants of Health: 40 States, 2006-2008. 对艾滋病毒与健康的社会决定因素之间关系的县级审查:40个州,2006-2008年。
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2012-01-01 Epub Date: 2012-02-21 DOI: 10.2174/1874613601206010001
Gant Z, Lomotey M, Hall H I, Hu X, Guo X, Song R

Background: Social determinants of health (SDH) are the social and physical factors that can influence unhealthy or risky behavior. Social determinants of health can affect the chances of acquiring an infectious disease - such as HIV - through behavioral influences and limited preventative and healthcare access. We analyzed the relationship between social determinants of health and HIV diagnosis rates to better understand the disparity in rates between different populations in the United States.

Methods: Using National HIV Surveillance data and American Community Survey data at the county level, we examined the relationships between social determinants of health variables (e.g., proportion of whites, income inequality) and HIV diagnosis rates (averaged for 2006-2008) among adults and adolescents from 40 states with mature name-based HIV surveillance.

Results: Analysis of data from 1,560 counties showed a significant, positive correlation between HIV diagnosis rates and income inequality (Pearson correlation coefficient ρ = 0.40) and proportion unmarried - ages >15 (ρ = 0.52). There was a significant, negative correlation between proportion of whites and rates (ρ = -0.67). Correlations were low between racespecific social determinants of health indicators and rates.

Conclusions/implications: Overall, HIV diagnosis rates increased as income inequality and the proportion unmarried increased, and rates decreased as proportion of whites increased. The data reflect the higher HIV prevalence among non-whites. Although statistical correlations were moderate, identifying and understanding these social determinants of health variables can help target prevention efforts to aid in reducing HIV diagnosis rates. Future analyses need to determine whether the higher proportion of singles reflects higher populations of gay and bisexual men.

背景:健康的社会决定因素(SDH)是影响不健康或危险行为的社会和身体因素。健康的社会决定因素可以通过行为影响和有限的预防和医疗服务来影响感染艾滋病毒等传染病的机会。我们分析了健康的社会决定因素与艾滋病毒诊断率之间的关系,以更好地了解美国不同人群之间的发病率差异。方法:使用国家艾滋病毒监测数据和美国社区调查县级数据,我们调查了来自40个州的成年人和青少年的健康变量的社会决定因素(如白人比例、收入不平等)与艾滋病毒诊断率(2006-2008年的平均值)之间的关系,这些州都有成熟的基于姓名的艾滋病毒监测。结果:对1560个县的数据分析显示,HIV诊断率与收入不平等(Pearson相关系数ρ=0.40)和未婚年龄>15岁的比例(ρ=0.52)之间存在显著的正相关,白人比例与发病率呈负相关(ρ=-0.67)。健康指标的特定种族社会决定因素与发病率之间的相关性较低。结论/影响:总体而言,艾滋病毒诊断率随着收入不平等和未婚比例的增加而增加,而随着白人比例的增加,诊断率下降。这些数据反映出非白人中艾滋病毒感染率较高。尽管统计相关性中等,但识别和了解这些健康变量的社会决定因素有助于确定预防工作的目标,以帮助降低艾滋病毒诊断率。未来的分析需要确定单身者比例的增加是否反映了同性恋和双性恋男性人口的增加。
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引用次数: 56
The Influence of HIV-1 Subtype in the Response to Therapeutic Dendritic Cell Vaccine. HIV-1亚型在治疗性树突状细胞疫苗应答中的影响
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2012-01-01 Epub Date: 2012-12-14 DOI: 10.2174/1874613601206010289
Valéria Ferreira, Patrícia Moura, Sergio Crovella, Ricardo Sobhie Diaz, Adauto Castelo Filho, Ricardo Ximenes, Luiz Cláudio Arraes

In the present study, we investigated the influence of HIV-1 subtype in the response to the dendritic cell (DC) therapeutic vaccine for HIV. HIV-1 viral load and TCD8+/TCD4+ cell counts for up to 48 weeks after vaccination. Out of 19 immunized subjects, 13 were infected by subtype B, 5 by subtype F, and 1 by subtype D. Overall, 42.1% (8/19) achieved a viral load decline of ≥ 1 log(10) sustained up to 48 weeks after immunization. Such magnitude of viral load drop was seen in 80% (4/5) of subtype F infected patients, and in 23.0% (3/13) of the subtype B infected ones (p=0.08). Moreover, mean viral load decline was 1.32 log(10), for subtype F infected individuals compared to 0.5 log(10) among subtype B infected patients (p=0.01). The variation in TCD4+ cell count was not related to HIV-1 subtype. Larger studies are necessary to confirm the efficacy of this immunotherapy and the differential response according to the background genetic diversity of HIV-1.

在本研究中,我们研究了HIV-1亚型对树突状细胞(DC)治疗性HIV疫苗应答的影响。疫苗接种后48周的HIV-1病毒载量和TCD8+/TCD4+细胞计数。在19名免疫受试者中,13人感染B亚型,5人感染F亚型,1人感染d亚型。总体而言,42.1%(8/19)的病毒载量在免疫后48周内持续下降≥1 log(10)。80%(4/5)的F亚型感染者和23.0%(3/13)的B亚型感染者出现这种程度的病毒载量下降(p=0.08)。此外,F亚型感染者的平均病毒载量下降为1.32 log(10),而B亚型感染者的平均病毒载量下降为0.5 log(10) (p=0.01)。TCD4+细胞计数的变化与HIV-1亚型无关。需要更大规模的研究来证实这种免疫疗法的疗效和根据HIV-1背景遗传多样性的差异反应。
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引用次数: 6
Immune Responses of HIV-1 Tat Transgenic Mice to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis W-Beijing SA161. HIV-1 Tat转基因小鼠对结核分枝杆菌w -北京SA161的免疫应答
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2011-01-01 Epub Date: 2011-10-19 DOI: 10.2174/1874613601105010086
Jennifer R Honda, Shaobin Shang, Crystal A Shanley, Megan L Caraway, Marcela Henao-Tamayo, Edward D Chan, Randall J Basaraba, Ian M Orme, Diane J Ordway, Sonia C Flores

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains among the leading causes of death from an infectious agent in the world and exacerbates disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV infected individuals are prone to lung infections by a variety of microbial pathogens, including M. tuberculosis. While the destruction of the adaptive immune response by HIV is well understood, the actual pathogenesis of tuberculosis in co-infected individuals remains unclear. Tat is an HIV protein essential for efficient viral gene transcription, is secreted from infected cells, and is known to influence a variety of host inflammatory responses. We hypothesize Tat contributes to pathophysiological changes in the lung microenvironment, resulting in impaired host immune responses to infection by M. tuberculosis.

Results: Herein, we show transgenic mice that express Tat by lung alveolar cells are more susceptible than non-transgenic control littermates to a low-dose aerosol infection of M. tuberculosis W-Beijing SA161. Survival assays demonstrate accelerated mortality rates of the Tat transgenic mice compared to non-transgenics. Tat transgenic mice also showed poorly organized lung granulomata-like lesions. Analysis of the host immune response using quantitative RT-PCR, flow cytometry for surface markers, and intracellular cytokine staining showed increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs, increased numbers of cells expressing ICAM1, increased numbers of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells, and IL-4 producing CD4+ T cells in the Tat transgenics compared to infected non-tg mice.

Conclusions: Our data show quantitative differences in the inflammatory response to the SA161 clinical isolate of M. tuberculosis W-Beijing between Tat transgenic and non-transgenic mice, suggesting Tat contributes to the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.

背景:结核分枝杆菌仍然是世界上传染性病原体导致死亡的主要原因之一,并加剧了人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)引起的疾病。感染艾滋病毒的个体容易受到多种微生物病原体的肺部感染,包括结核分枝杆菌。虽然艾滋病毒对适应性免疫反应的破坏已经很清楚,但合并感染个体中结核病的实际发病机制仍不清楚。Tat是一种有效的病毒基因转录所必需的HIV蛋白,由感染细胞分泌,已知影响多种宿主炎症反应。我们假设这有助于肺微环境的病理生理变化,导致宿主对结核分枝杆菌感染的免疫反应受损。结果:通过肺泡细胞表达Tat的转基因小鼠比非转基因对照小鼠更容易受到低剂量气溶胶感染结核分枝杆菌W-Beijing SA161。生存试验表明,与非转基因小鼠相比,Tat转基因小鼠的死亡率加快。转基因小鼠也表现出组织不良的肺肉芽肿样病变。利用定量RT-PCR、表面标记物流式细胞术和细胞内细胞因子染色分析宿主免疫反应显示,与感染的非tg小鼠相比,Tat转基因小鼠肺部促炎细胞因子表达增加,表达ICAM1的细胞数量增加,CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T调节细胞数量增加,IL-4产生CD4+ T细胞数量增加。结论:我们的数据显示Tat转基因和非转基因小鼠对结核分枝杆菌w -北京SA161临床分离物的炎症反应在数量上存在差异,表明Tat参与了结核病的发病机制。
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引用次数: 1
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Open AIDS Journal
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