Abstract Biosurfactants are a group of surface-active agents mainly produced by microorganisms and have a wide range of applications in industries as well as agriculture. Global usage of such biologically active compounds as detergents, bioremediation agents, cosmetic products is hugely dependent on their high production. New avenues of research have opened up due to this increased interest, most of which are focused on identifying specialized microorganisms capable of biosurfactant production. Screening methods for selection of biosurfactant producing bacteria are, therefore, of utmost importance in this endeavor. The aim of this review was to discuss various conventional and novel methods that can overcome the hurdles encountered in time effective, economical microbial biosurfactant screening. This review lists several important biosurfactant screening methods based on supernatant, biomass as well as culture media. New methods devised for biosurfactant screening in the last half decade such as surfactant dependent dye solubilization, metagenomic studies etc. are also explained in detail. A thorough grasp of both contemporary and anachronistic screening methodologies will not only lead to discoveries of novel native strains capable of biosurfactant production but also form the basis on which new screening methods can be devised.
{"title":"Microbial Biosurfactant Screening: Diversity in Assessment Methods","authors":"Rafeya Sohail, Nazia Jamil","doi":"10.2478/am-2023-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/am-2023-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Biosurfactants are a group of surface-active agents mainly produced by microorganisms and have a wide range of applications in industries as well as agriculture. Global usage of such biologically active compounds as detergents, bioremediation agents, cosmetic products is hugely dependent on their high production. New avenues of research have opened up due to this increased interest, most of which are focused on identifying specialized microorganisms capable of biosurfactant production. Screening methods for selection of biosurfactant producing bacteria are, therefore, of utmost importance in this endeavor. The aim of this review was to discuss various conventional and novel methods that can overcome the hurdles encountered in time effective, economical microbial biosurfactant screening. This review lists several important biosurfactant screening methods based on supernatant, biomass as well as culture media. New methods devised for biosurfactant screening in the last half decade such as surfactant dependent dye solubilization, metagenomic studies etc. are also explained in detail. A thorough grasp of both contemporary and anachronistic screening methodologies will not only lead to discoveries of novel native strains capable of biosurfactant production but also form the basis on which new screening methods can be devised.","PeriodicalId":54594,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Mikrobiologii","volume":"58 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135516039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dawid Gniazdo, Wanesa Sasal, Aleksandra Omelaniuk, Weronika Brudz, Wiesław Kaca
Abstract The larvae of the insect Galleria mellonella have gained wide acceptance as an in vivo model for the study of virulence in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Importantly, G. mellonella offers an alternative, low-cost, and ethically acceptable method of assessing pathogens. These insects have a number of advantages, including ease of breeding, a rapid developmental cycle, low maintenance costs, and ease of experimental manipulation. Most importantly, G. mellonella larvae have a complete immune system and a nonspecific immune response similar to that of humans, making them a valuable model for studying pathogen-host interactions. Furthermore, using this model, it is possible to test the efficacy of various chemical compounds or natural substances that show antimicrobial activity. In this literature review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent studies of the use of G. mellonella in virulence analyses and as a platform for testing the efficacy of new drugs.
{"title":"Galleria Mellonella Larvae as an <i>In vitro</i> Model for Testing Microbial Pathogenicity","authors":"Dawid Gniazdo, Wanesa Sasal, Aleksandra Omelaniuk, Weronika Brudz, Wiesław Kaca","doi":"10.2478/am-2023-0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/am-2023-0015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The larvae of the insect Galleria mellonella have gained wide acceptance as an in vivo model for the study of virulence in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Importantly, G. mellonella offers an alternative, low-cost, and ethically acceptable method of assessing pathogens. These insects have a number of advantages, including ease of breeding, a rapid developmental cycle, low maintenance costs, and ease of experimental manipulation. Most importantly, G. mellonella larvae have a complete immune system and a nonspecific immune response similar to that of humans, making them a valuable model for studying pathogen-host interactions. Furthermore, using this model, it is possible to test the efficacy of various chemical compounds or natural substances that show antimicrobial activity. In this literature review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent studies of the use of G. mellonella in virulence analyses and as a platform for testing the efficacy of new drugs.","PeriodicalId":54594,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Mikrobiologii","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135515656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Many methods have been developed for studying and comparing bacterial diversity. These methods suffer from a number of drawbacks. Culture-dependent methods have a drawback that only a small number of bacteria can be cultured. Although many modifications in the traditional cultivation approach have been made, such as the use of gellan instead of agar and high throughput dilution to extinction culturing, but a large fraction of microbes still remain uncultured. Culture-independent methods were developed to explore uncultured bacterial diversity but they have their own drawbacks. PCR-based methods have biases during DNA extraction and the removal of substances that may inhibit polymerase activity during PCR and digestion with restriction enzymes. “Omics” approach, i.e., metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaproteomics, aim to link bacterial community structure with function. Different combinations of methods can be used to know more precisely about the bacterial diversity. To date, no known method can reveal the exact bacterial diversity of different environments. This lacuna needs to be filled and newer methods must be developed that can help in exploring the immense bacterial diversity created by nature.
{"title":"Exploring Bacterial Diversity: How Far Have We Reached?","authors":"Himani Pandey, Devi Lal","doi":"10.2478/am-2023-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/am-2023-0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Many methods have been developed for studying and comparing bacterial diversity. These methods suffer from a number of drawbacks. Culture-dependent methods have a drawback that only a small number of bacteria can be cultured. Although many modifications in the traditional cultivation approach have been made, such as the use of gellan instead of agar and high throughput dilution to extinction culturing, but a large fraction of microbes still remain uncultured. Culture-independent methods were developed to explore uncultured bacterial diversity but they have their own drawbacks. PCR-based methods have biases during DNA extraction and the removal of substances that may inhibit polymerase activity during PCR and digestion with restriction enzymes. “Omics” approach, i.e., metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaproteomics, aim to link bacterial community structure with function. Different combinations of methods can be used to know more precisely about the bacterial diversity. To date, no known method can reveal the exact bacterial diversity of different environments. This lacuna needs to be filled and newer methods must be developed that can help in exploring the immense bacterial diversity created by nature.","PeriodicalId":54594,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Mikrobiologii","volume":"60 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135516026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Streszczenie Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to istotny czynnik etiologiczny zakażeń u pacjentów z zaburzonym funkcjonowaniem układu immunologicznego, poddanych inwazyjnym zabiegom diagnostycznym i terapeutycznym, z chorobą nowotworową czy mukowiscydozą. Stanowi zagrożenie przede wszystkim dla pacjentów hospitalizowanych. Ze względu na szeroką oporność naturalną, jak i narastającą oporność nabytą terapia zakażeń powodowanych przez ten mikroorganizm stanowi wyzwanie dla współczesnej medycyny. W pracy przedstawiono aktualną wiedzę na temat ogólnej charakterystyki, znaczenia klinicznego i najważniejszych czynników chorobotwórczości pałeczek S. maltophilia . Omówiono możliwości terapeutyczne, również te alternatywne, przy zakażeniach wywołanych przez te drobnoustroje.
{"title":"<i>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</i> – Znaczenie Kliniczne, Leczenie Zakażeń","authors":"Joanna Nowicka, Adriana Janczura, Martyna Lelonkiewicz","doi":"10.2478/am-2023-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/am-2023-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Streszczenie Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to istotny czynnik etiologiczny zakażeń u pacjentów z zaburzonym funkcjonowaniem układu immunologicznego, poddanych inwazyjnym zabiegom diagnostycznym i terapeutycznym, z chorobą nowotworową czy mukowiscydozą. Stanowi zagrożenie przede wszystkim dla pacjentów hospitalizowanych. Ze względu na szeroką oporność naturalną, jak i narastającą oporność nabytą terapia zakażeń powodowanych przez ten mikroorganizm stanowi wyzwanie dla współczesnej medycyny. W pracy przedstawiono aktualną wiedzę na temat ogólnej charakterystyki, znaczenia klinicznego i najważniejszych czynników chorobotwórczości pałeczek S. maltophilia . Omówiono możliwości terapeutyczne, również te alternatywne, przy zakażeniach wywołanych przez te drobnoustroje.","PeriodicalId":54594,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Mikrobiologii","volume":"73 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135515208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zuzanna Kraszewska, Iwona Skuczyńska, Tomasz Bogiel, Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska
Streszczenie Ziarenkowce z rodzaju Enterococcus spp. są składnikiem mikrobioty ludzi i zwierząt oraz powszechnie występują w środowisku naturalnym. Należą do patogenów warunkowo chorobotwórczych, mogących wywoływać zakażenia o różnej lokalizacji. Bakterie te rzadko wywołują zakażenia pozaszpitalne. Mimo, że do niedawna były uważane za drobnoustroje o niskim potencjale chorobotwórczym, stały się jednym z istotnych patogenów szpitalnych. Ich powszechne występowanie i zdolność do przeżycia w środowisku szpitalnym przyczyniają się do notowanej od kilku lat i nadal wzrastającej częstości ich izolacji, również z zakażeń inwazyjnych. Gatunki najczęściej izolowane z przypadków zakażeń to E. faecalis i E. faecium , stwarzające problemy terapeutyczne w związku z ich narastającą wielolekoopornością. Z powodu rosnącego znaczenia klinicznego, mechanizmów naturalnej i nabytej oporności na antybiotyki oraz potencjalnych czynników wirulencji, ziarenkowce z rodzaju Enterococcus stały się przedmiotem wielu badań. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie aktualnej wiedzy dotyczącej najistotniejszych czynników wirulencji mogących występować u bakterii z rodzaju Enterococcus , do których należą – antygen wydzielniczy SagA, białko EfaA, białko powierzchniowe Esp, białko wiążące kolagen Ace, cytolizyna, hialuronidaza, hemaglutynina, lipaza, proteaza serynowa, substancja agregująca, zewnątrzkomórkowe nadtlenki oraz żelatynaza.
{"title":"Rola Wybranych Czynników Wirulencji w Zakażeniach Wywoływanych Przez Szczepy <i>Enterococcus</i> spp.","authors":"Zuzanna Kraszewska, Iwona Skuczyńska, Tomasz Bogiel, Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska","doi":"10.2478/am-2023-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/am-2023-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Streszczenie Ziarenkowce z rodzaju Enterococcus spp. są składnikiem mikrobioty ludzi i zwierząt oraz powszechnie występują w środowisku naturalnym. Należą do patogenów warunkowo chorobotwórczych, mogących wywoływać zakażenia o różnej lokalizacji. Bakterie te rzadko wywołują zakażenia pozaszpitalne. Mimo, że do niedawna były uważane za drobnoustroje o niskim potencjale chorobotwórczym, stały się jednym z istotnych patogenów szpitalnych. Ich powszechne występowanie i zdolność do przeżycia w środowisku szpitalnym przyczyniają się do notowanej od kilku lat i nadal wzrastającej częstości ich izolacji, również z zakażeń inwazyjnych. Gatunki najczęściej izolowane z przypadków zakażeń to E. faecalis i E. faecium , stwarzające problemy terapeutyczne w związku z ich narastającą wielolekoopornością. Z powodu rosnącego znaczenia klinicznego, mechanizmów naturalnej i nabytej oporności na antybiotyki oraz potencjalnych czynników wirulencji, ziarenkowce z rodzaju Enterococcus stały się przedmiotem wielu badań. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie aktualnej wiedzy dotyczącej najistotniejszych czynników wirulencji mogących występować u bakterii z rodzaju Enterococcus , do których należą – antygen wydzielniczy SagA, białko EfaA, białko powierzchniowe Esp, białko wiążące kolagen Ace, cytolizyna, hialuronidaza, hemaglutynina, lipaza, proteaza serynowa, substancja agregująca, zewnątrzkomórkowe nadtlenki oraz żelatynaza.","PeriodicalId":54594,"journal":{"name":"Postepy Mikrobiologii","volume":"2 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135515392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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