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Statistical analysis of karst springs in Lower Austria 下奥地利州喀斯特泉的统计分析
4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.17738/ajes.2023.0007
Clemens Schmalfuss, Lukas Plan, Rudolf Pavuza
Abstract Karst springs play a central role in Austria’s water supply. This paper aims to provide an overview of the karst springs of Lower Austria, analysing statistical correlations of spatial distribution, discharge, electrical conductivity (EC), and temperature. As part of a project with the provincial government of Lower Austria, older data from numerous studies have been combined with the self-generated data in a GIS database. This database contains data on 2056 karst springs. Most of the recorded springs are located in the Northern Calcareous Alps, although karst springs also occur in the Central Alpine Permomesozoic, the Waschberg zone and the Bohemian Massif, some of which are also of regional importance for drinking water supply. Chemical analyses show that limestone, dolomite and mixed springs are widespread in Lower Austria and occur with similar frequency. Gypsum springs, which are characterised by a significantly higher total mineral-isation, are also of regional importance. The statistical analysis shows that spring water temperatures correlate well with the mean annual air temperature at the mean catchment elevation. The temperature decrease with increasing elevation corresponds to the air temperature gradient in the Eastern Alps (0.47 °C/100 m). In addition, the springs show a negative correlation of the EC with the mean catchment elevation, which can be explained by a decrease in soil cover and thus reduced CO 2 uptake of the water, as well as dilution by rainwater. This leads to less carbonate dissolution, which is also reflected in less HCO 3 − contents. Corrected for the elevation effect, the investigated dolomite springs, have on average a 2.7% higher EC than limestone springs. A difference was also found between the Hauptdolomit and the Wettersteindolomit rock types, which are widespread in Lower Austria, with the latter displaying higher values on average by 2.2%. This indicates longer residence times of the spring water due to less karstification of the Wettersteindolomit.
岩溶泉在奥地利的供水中起着核心作用。本文旨在概述下奥地利岩溶泉,分析其空间分布、放电、电导率(EC)和温度的统计相关性。作为与下奥地利省政府合作项目的一部分,来自众多研究的旧数据已与地理信息系统数据库中自行生成的数据相结合。该数据库包含2056个岩溶泉的数据。有记录的岩溶泉大部分位于北钙质阿尔卑斯山脉,但在阿尔卑斯中部二叠纪、Waschberg带和波西米亚地块也有岩溶泉,其中一些对饮用水供应也具有区域重要性。化学分析表明,石灰岩、白云岩和混合泉水在下奥州分布广泛,出现频率相似。石膏泉,其特点是一个显著较高的总矿化,也具有区域重要性。统计分析表明,在流域平均海拔高度,泉水温度与年平均气温有较好的相关关系。温度随海拔升高而降低,对应于东阿尔卑斯地区的气温梯度(0.47°C/100 m)。此外,泉水的EC与流域平均海拔呈负相关,这可以解释为土壤覆盖减少,从而减少了水对CO 2的吸收,以及雨水的稀释。这导致碳酸盐溶解减少,这也反映在较少的hco3−含量上。经高程效应校正后,所研究的白云岩温泉的EC平均比石灰岩温泉高2.7%。haupt白云岩和weterstein白云岩的岩石类型也存在差异,后者的数值平均高出2.2%。这表明由于湿润白云岩的岩溶作用较少,泉水的停留时间较长。
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引用次数: 0
A new guideline for geological maps with QGIS QGIS地质制图新指南
4区 地球科学 Q4 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.17738/ajes.2023.0008
Georg H. Erharter, Mathias Steinbichler, Markus Eder, Esther Hintersberger, Dominik Jaeger
Abstract Being able to create digital geological maps has become a basic requirement for the skillset of today’s geologists. QGIS is a geographical information system that receives increasing popularity due to its user-friendliness and the fact that it is an open access software. This contribution provides an update and extension to a previously published software guideline that gives a stepwise explanation on how to create a geological map with QGIS. The article serves as a brief overview of the guideline through an illustrated example. The guideline itself is published as a supplement to this paper. Within six sections, the guideline explains how to create a geological map with QGIS: 1. Introduction, 2. Download and installation, 3. Basemaps, 4. Map drawing, 5. Plugins, 6. Layouts. The aim is to instruct geologists who are completely inexperienced with digital map creation as well as provide specific information for more advanced users. In general, providing software guidelines for the geological community is an important step towards increasing geologists’ digital proficiency and to keep up with today’s fast paced developments in digitalization.
能够创建数字地质图已经成为当今地质学家技能组合的基本要求。QGIS是一种地理信息系统,由于它的用户友好性和它是一个开放获取的软件而越来越受欢迎。该贡献提供了对先前发布的软件指南的更新和扩展,该指南给出了如何使用QGIS创建地质图的逐步解释。本文通过一个示例简要概述了该指南。该指南本身是作为本文的补充发布的。在六个部分中,指南解释了如何使用QGIS创建地质图:1。介绍,2。3.下载安装;视频4。5.绘制地图;插件,6。布局。其目的是指导那些完全没有数字地图制作经验的地质学家,并为更高级的用户提供具体的信息。总的来说,为地质界提供软件指南是提高地质学家数字化水平和跟上当今数字化快速发展的重要一步。
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引用次数: 0
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Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences
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