L. P. d’Empaire, F. Tejero, H. Finol, P. Aso, A. Roschman-González
A murine model is used to study qualitatively and quantitatively the splenic ultrastructural changes induced by two Trypanosoma evansi strains derived from naturally infected local equine hosts (Equusasinus and E. caballus); T. evansi causes ultrastructural modifications in the spleen of the infected mice. The modifications include tissular disorganization, fibrosis, mitochondrial swelling, apoptosis and necrosis. The initial phases of the infection are quite similar, whereas the final phases differ qualitatively depending on the strain’s source. The ultrastructural quantitative changes were studied in the reticular splenocytes covering alterations in the area of the cytoplasm and nucleus. Analysis of the results shows the induction of various splenic alterations caused by local T. evansi strains. Also, it was documented that discriminative time modulation, as well as progressive tissular, cellular and subcellular changes, are more associated with derived infections from E. caballus strain.
{"title":"Trypanosoma evansi: A Qualitative and Quantitative Ultrastructural Analysis of the Spleen during Experimental Murine Infections","authors":"L. P. d’Empaire, F. Tejero, H. Finol, P. Aso, A. Roschman-González","doi":"10.4236/mr.2020.83003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/mr.2020.83003","url":null,"abstract":"A murine \u0000model is used to study qualitatively and quantitatively the splenic ultrastructural \u0000changes induced by two Trypanosoma evansi strains derived from naturally \u0000infected local equine hosts (Equusasinus and E. caballus); T. evansi causes ultrastructural modifications in the spleen of \u0000the infected mice. The modifications include tissular disorganization, fibrosis, \u0000mitochondrial swelling, apoptosis and necrosis. The initial phases of the infection \u0000are quite similar, whereas the final phases differ qualitatively depending on the \u0000strain’s source. \u0000The ultrastructural quantitative changes were studied in the reticular splenocytes \u0000covering alterations in the area of the cytoplasm and nucleus. Analysis of the \u0000results shows the \u0000induction of various splenic \u0000alterations caused by local T. evansi strains. Also, it was documented that discriminative time modulation, as well \u0000as progressive tissular, cellular and subcellular changes, are more associated \u0000with derived infections from E. caballus strain.","PeriodicalId":57332,"journal":{"name":"显微镜研究(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49659107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Skin contains various populations of stem cells (SCs). Among these are hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) in the bulge region. The behavior of HFSCs deserves to be widely studied due to the benefits to be derived from their identification, isolation, and amplification. Skin samples of newborn mice (n = 32) and human adults (n = 10) were used, and the bulge region was isolated and cultured. The isolation and characterization of cells were conducted through immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence, using mainly CD34 and CD200 monoclonal antibodies. Initially, cells grew slowly from the explant around the bulge region, accruing cells with different morphology in both mouse and human, latter being mostly polygonal; the mouse cells reaching confluence faster (5 to 7 days) than the human (12 to 15 days). It was possible to isolate into subcultures cells with small size (10 - 13 μm diameter), round-shape, scant cytoplasm, central prominent nucleus and with nucleolus, which formed colonies, maintaining their phenotype in a high proportion (77% - 83% and 91% in mouse and human, respectively), without showing changes in their morphology during almost 7 months in the mouse cells, and a month and a half in the human. These results demonstrate that the selection, the isolation, and the conditioned mediums allowed population increases of bulge cells and indicate that cultured cells may retain their sternness in that they maintained their phenotypic characteristics, expressed specific markers for SCs, and showed a high proliferative capacity for long periods. Hair follicles, in mice and humans, are important repositories of multipotent stem cells, due to their tendency to differentiate into keratinocytes. Human HFSCs, obtained by depilation, preserve their potential for proliferation and prove to be easily accessible. This suggests that the bulge cells may present an alternative source of autologous stem cells for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
{"title":"Isolation, Cultivation, and Morphological Characteristics of Hair Follicle Adult Stem Cells in the Bulge Region in Mouse and Human","authors":"B. Molina, H. Finol","doi":"10.4236/mr.2020.82002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/mr.2020.82002","url":null,"abstract":"Skin contains various populations of stem cells (SCs). Among these are hair follicle \u0000stem cells (HFSCs) in the bulge region. The behavior of HFSCs deserves to be widely studied due \u0000to the benefits to be derived from their identification, isolation, and \u0000amplification. Skin samples of newborn mice (n = 32) and human adults (n = 10) were used, and the bulge region was isolated \u0000and cultured. The isolation and characterization of cells were conducted \u0000through immunocytochemistry and \u0000immunofluorescence, using mainly CD34 and CD200 monoclonal antibodies. \u0000Initially, cells grew slowly from the explant around the bulge region, accruing \u0000cells with different morphology in both mouse and human, latter being mostly \u0000polygonal; the mouse cells reaching confluence faster (5 to 7 days) than the \u0000human (12 to 15 days). It was possible to isolate into subcultures cells \u0000with small size (10 - 13 μm diameter), \u0000round-shape, scant cytoplasm, central \u0000prominent nucleus and with nucleolus, which formed colonies, maintaining their \u0000phenotype in a high proportion (77% - 83% and \u000091% in mouse and human, respectively), without showing changes in their \u0000morphology during almost 7 months in the mouse cells, and a month and a half in \u0000the human. These results demonstrate that the selection, the isolation, and the \u0000conditioned mediums allowed population increases of bulge cells and indicate \u0000that cultured cells may retain their sternness in that they maintained their \u0000phenotypic characteristics, expressed specific markers for SCs, and showed a \u0000high proliferative capacity for long periods. Hair follicles, in mice and \u0000humans, are important repositories of multipotent stem cells, due to their \u0000tendency to differentiate into keratinocytes. Human HFSCs, obtained by \u0000depilation, preserve their potential for proliferation and prove to be easily \u0000accessible. This suggests that the bulge cells may present an alternative \u0000source of autologous stem cells for tissue engineering and regenerative \u0000medicine.","PeriodicalId":57332,"journal":{"name":"显微镜研究(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42457415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. A. Sayid, A. Dadan-Garba, Daniel Elaigwu Enenche, B. A. Ikyo
We present a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) technique for the characterisation of biological and non-biological samples at nano-scale level. Scanning Electron Microscopy has been around for a long while especially in material science laboratories in developed countries. The SEM has enabled scientist to have a better understanding of microstructure by providing unsurpassed optical magnifications of samples. In this introductory paper, we introduce the techniques of using SEM to capture highly magnified microstructure of a fly found on an African soybean (Glycine max) seed. We are able to estimate the number of lenses in each eye and zoom into features that could describe its life characteristics. Hexagonal lenses are estimated to have sizes ranging from 14 um to 19 um. This paper also presents a finding of a sea coral “pie like structure” on a single grain of sand used for water filtration.
{"title":"Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of the Bug Eye and Sand Coral","authors":"S. A. Sayid, A. Dadan-Garba, Daniel Elaigwu Enenche, B. A. Ikyo","doi":"10.4236/mr.2020.81001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/mr.2020.81001","url":null,"abstract":"We present a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) \u0000technique for the characterisation of biological and non-biological samples at \u0000nano-scale level. Scanning Electron Microscopy has been around for a long while \u0000especially in material science laboratories in developed countries. The SEM has \u0000enabled scientist to have a better understanding of microstructure by providing \u0000unsurpassed optical magnifications of samples. In this introductory paper, we introduce the techniques of using SEM to capture \u0000highly magnified microstructure of a fly found on an African soybean (Glycine \u0000max) seed. We are able to estimate the number of lenses in each eye and zoom into \u0000features that could describe its life characteristics. Hexagonal lenses are \u0000estimated to have sizes ranging from 14 um to 19 um. This paper also presents a \u0000finding of a sea coral “pie like structure” on a single grain of sand used for \u0000water filtration.","PeriodicalId":57332,"journal":{"name":"显微镜研究(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48487630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microspheres of Al have been successfully fabricated utilizing electromigration using sudden change in geometrical shape of a specimen. The experimental sample was a passivated Al line with a hole at the transitional area of the sample. The hole was used to control the accumulation and discharge process. The formation of the microsphere is enhanced by controlling temperature and current density. The atomic flux was increased with the increasing current density that was happened along the electron flow direction in the small region at the geometrical shape of the sample.
{"title":"Enhancement of Effective Accumulation of Atoms during Fabrication of Al Microsphere","authors":"F. Kamal, M. N. I. Khan","doi":"10.4236/mr.2019.74004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/mr.2019.74004","url":null,"abstract":"Microspheres of Al have been successfully fabricated utilizing electromigration using sudden change in geometrical shape of a specimen. The experimental sample was a passivated Al line with a hole at the transitional area of the sample. The hole was used to control the accumulation and discharge process. The formation of the microsphere is enhanced by controlling temperature and current density. The atomic flux was increased with the increasing current density that was happened along the electron flow direction in the small region at the geometrical shape of the sample.","PeriodicalId":57332,"journal":{"name":"显微镜研究(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44544354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Oliveira-Lima, B. F. Pereira, J. R. T. Valim, T. Gazoni, D. Pitol, F. Caetano
Baccharis dracunculifolia, popularly known in Brazil as “alecrim-do-campo”, is widely recognized for its therapeutic potential. The extract of its leaves is used for liver problems, stomach disorders and others. The objective of the present study was to perform a histochemical analysis of curimbata fish livers to evaluate the potential effects and risks of the ingestion of B. dracunculifolia. Thirty-two animals were divided into two experimental groups in duplicate: Control group (regular food) and B. dracunculifolia Treated group (food added with B. dracunculifolia). The fishes were collected on the 14th and 21st days after the treatment period of 21 days. The histological alterations were evaluated using the semiquantitative methods Mean Value of Alterations (MVA), Histopathological Alteration Index (HAI) and Image J®. HAI and MAV showed that the extract caused slight but statistically significant damages, widely distributed throughout the organ. The results showed significant hepatic alterations caused by the ingestion of B. dracunculifolia extract.
龙血藤，在巴西被普遍称为“alecrim do campo”，因其治疗潜力而被广泛认可。它的叶子提取物用于治疗肝脏问题、胃部疾病和其他疾病。本研究的目的是对curimbata鱼肝脏进行组织化学分析，以评估摄入龙血藤的潜在影响和风险。32只动物分为两个实验组，一式两份：对照组（常规食物）和龙血藤治疗组（添加龙血藤的食物）。在处理21天后的第14天和第21天采集鱼类。使用半定量方法平均改变值（MVA）、组织病理学改变指数（HAI）和图像J®评估组织学改变。HAI和MAV表明，提取物引起轻微但具有统计学意义的损伤，广泛分布于整个器官。结果显示，摄入龙血藤提取物会导致肝脏发生显著变化。
{"title":"Effects of Ingested Baccharis dracunculifolia D.C. (Asteraceae) Extract in the Liver of Prochilodus lineatus Fish","authors":"J. Oliveira-Lima, B. F. Pereira, J. R. T. Valim, T. Gazoni, D. Pitol, F. Caetano","doi":"10.4236/MR.2019.73003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/MR.2019.73003","url":null,"abstract":"Baccharis dracunculifolia, popularly known in Brazil as “alecrim-do-campo”, is widely recognized for its therapeutic potential. The extract of its leaves is used for liver problems, stomach disorders and others. The objective of the present study was to perform a histochemical analysis of curimbata fish livers to evaluate the potential effects and risks of the ingestion of B. dracunculifolia. Thirty-two animals were divided into two experimental groups in duplicate: Control group (regular food) and B. dracunculifolia Treated group (food added with B. dracunculifolia). The fishes were collected on the 14th and 21st days after the treatment period of 21 days. The histological alterations were evaluated using the semiquantitative methods Mean Value of Alterations (MVA), Histopathological Alteration Index (HAI) and Image J®. HAI and MAV showed that the extract caused slight but statistically significant damages, widely distributed throughout the organ. The results showed significant hepatic alterations caused by the ingestion of B. dracunculifolia extract.","PeriodicalId":57332,"journal":{"name":"显微镜研究(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49345831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Behera, P. Mishra, Shyamasree Ghosh, C. Goswami, B. Mallick
Acid rain (AR) has been reported to induce stress in plants affecting its productivity, growth, flowering and physiology. The molecular changes induced in plants due to the effect of acid rain or acid induced orientation or chloroplast streaming remains largely unknown. Therefore, in the current study we report for the first time the static and permanent changes in the cell of the medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri L. due to sulphur-simulated acid rain (S-SiAR). AR induced effects witnessed by the reduction of the size of starch granules and chloroplast, amount of the granules per unit area, dissolving cell walls, breaking the normal fiber, salt-induced strain in the various components of the cell. Effect of starch granule and chloroplast due to S-SiAR was analyzed using light, confocal and scanning electron microscopic techniques. The elements viz. potassium and magnesium present in the chloroplasts reveal acidic pH due to effect of S-SiAR observed by the ionization of Mg and K (to Mg2+ and K+), in which K+ induced by the effects of S-SiAR revealed a net negative Nernst potential of about -87.55 mV. Calcium is mainly present on the cell walls and responsible for binding of starch granules become ionized to Ca2+ on interacting with AR indicated by the altered Nernst potential of +137.04 mV. A net potential difference may cause the above streaming of chloroplast towards the large starch granules. From this study, we report AR-induced physiological changes in medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri L. for the first time.
{"title":"Microscopic Observation of Acid Rain Induced Bacopa monnieri L.","authors":"S. Behera, P. Mishra, Shyamasree Ghosh, C. Goswami, B. Mallick","doi":"10.4236/MR.2019.72002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/MR.2019.72002","url":null,"abstract":"Acid rain (AR) has been reported to induce stress in plants affecting its productivity, growth, flowering and physiology. The molecular changes induced in plants due to the effect of acid rain or acid induced orientation or chloroplast streaming remains largely unknown. Therefore, in the current study we report for the first time the static and permanent changes in the cell of the medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri L. due to sulphur-simulated acid rain (S-SiAR). AR induced effects witnessed by the reduction of the size of starch granules and chloroplast, amount of the granules per unit area, dissolving cell walls, breaking the normal fiber, salt-induced strain in the various components of the cell. Effect of starch granule and chloroplast due to S-SiAR was analyzed using light, confocal and scanning electron microscopic techniques. The elements viz. potassium and magnesium present in the chloroplasts reveal acidic pH due to effect of S-SiAR observed by the ionization of Mg and K (to Mg2+ and K+), in which K+ induced by the effects of S-SiAR revealed a net negative Nernst potential of about -87.55 mV. Calcium is mainly present on the cell walls and responsible for binding of starch granules become ionized to Ca2+ on interacting with AR indicated by the altered Nernst potential of +137.04 mV. A net potential difference may cause the above streaming of chloroplast towards the large starch granules. From this study, we report AR-induced physiological changes in medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri L. for the first time.","PeriodicalId":57332,"journal":{"name":"显微镜研究(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42332502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Matovu, Andrew Edielu, James Ojom, A. Nanteza, C. Kato, S. Biéler, J. Ndung'u
Diagnosis of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis requires demonstration of parasites in body fluids by microscopy. The microscopy methods that are routinely used are difficult to deploy in resource-limited settings due to practical challenges, including lengthy and tedious procedures, and the need for specific equipment to centrifuge samples in glass capillary tubes. We report here on a study that was conducted in a rural region of eastern Uganda to evaluate new methods that take advantage of a field-deployable LED fluorescence microscope. Examination of acridine orange-stained blood smears by LED fluorescence microscopy resulted in a diagnostic accuracy that was similar to that of routine methods, while the time needed to identify parasites was shortened significantly. These findings make these new microscopy methods attractive alternatives to procedures that are currently used for diagnosis of T. b. rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis.
{"title":"Field Evaluation of LED Fluorescence Microscopy for Demonstration of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in Patient Blood","authors":"E. Matovu, Andrew Edielu, James Ojom, A. Nanteza, C. Kato, S. Biéler, J. Ndung'u","doi":"10.4236/mr.2019.71001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/mr.2019.71001","url":null,"abstract":"Diagnosis of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis requires demonstration of parasites in body fluids by microscopy. The microscopy methods that are routinely used are difficult to deploy in resource-limited settings due to practical challenges, including lengthy and tedious procedures, and the need for specific equipment to centrifuge samples in glass capillary tubes. We report here on a study that was conducted in a rural region of eastern Uganda to evaluate new methods that take advantage of a field-deployable LED fluorescence microscope. Examination of acridine orange-stained blood smears by LED fluorescence microscopy resulted in a diagnostic accuracy that was similar to that of routine methods, while the time needed to identify parasites was shortened significantly. These findings make these new microscopy methods attractive alternatives to procedures that are currently used for diagnosis of T. b. rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis.","PeriodicalId":57332,"journal":{"name":"显微镜研究(英文)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45222620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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