Mamadou Sall, Ousmane Sow, S. Gueye, G. Diop, Lemrabott Habiboullah, M. Wade, G. Sissoko
{"title":"Solar Controller with Automatic Search Technology for the Maximum Power Point with Autonomy Display","authors":"Mamadou Sall, Ousmane Sow, S. Gueye, G. Diop, Lemrabott Habiboullah, M. Wade, G. Sissoko","doi":"10.4236/epe.2022.149027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/epe.2022.149027","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":62938,"journal":{"name":"能源与动力工程(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88266156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ognadon Assogba, A. Mbodji, Salick Diagne, A. Diallo
There are several sources of energy recovery in the ambient environment. The radiofrequency energy harvesting system is used to harvest the electromagnetic energy in the air by processing energy sources to charge low-power electronic devices. Rectenna termed as a rectifying antenna is a device that is used to convert electromagnetic waves in the air into direct electric current. In this work, we have designed firstly the patch antenna with a small size printed on the FR4 substrate (40 mm × 47.5 mm × 1.6 mm) and then the rectifier circuit. This rectenna is capable of working at a frequency range of 2.45 GHz. The antenna was designed using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) 13.0 software with the result of working frequency of 2.453 GHz, S11 (Return Loss) -52 dB, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) 1.036, gain 3.48 dB and bandwidth 150 MHz. The efficiency of rectifier design on Advanced Design System (ADS) 2011 software is 54% at the input power of 0 dBm at 2.45 GHz. The resulting system is capable of producing electrical energy to power low-power electronic equipment at a DC voltage of 732 mV.
在周围环境中有几种能量回收来源。射频能量收集系统通过对能量源进行处理，收集空气中的电磁能量，为小功率电子设备充电。整流天线被称为整流天线，是一种将空气中的电磁波转换成直流电的装置。本文首先设计了小尺寸贴片天线(40mm × 47.5 mm × 1.6 mm)，然后设计了整流电路。该天线能够在2.45 GHz的频率范围内工作。采用高频结构模拟器(HFSS) 13.0软件对天线进行设计，结果表明天线工作频率为2.453 GHz，回波损耗为-52 dB，驻波电压比为1.036，增益为3.48 dB，带宽为150 MHz。在Advanced design System (ADS) 2011软件下，在2.45 GHz频率下，输入功率为0 dBm时，整流器的设计效率为54%。由此产生的系统能够产生电能，以732毫伏的直流电压为低功率电子设备供电。
{"title":"Design of a Rectenna in 2.45 GHz Band Frequency for Energy Harvesting","authors":"Ognadon Assogba, A. Mbodji, Salick Diagne, A. Diallo","doi":"10.4236/epe.2021.139023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/epe.2021.139023","url":null,"abstract":"There are several sources of energy recovery in the ambient environment. \u0000The radiofrequency energy harvesting system \u0000is used to harvest the electromagnetic energy in the air by processing energy \u0000sources to charge low-power electronic devices. Rectenna termed as a rectifying antenna is a device that is used to \u0000convert electromagnetic waves in the air into direct electric current. In this \u0000work, we have designed firstly the patch antenna with a small size printed on \u0000the FR4 substrate (40 mm × 47.5 mm × 1.6 mm) and then the rectifier \u0000circuit. This rectenna is capable of working at a frequency range of 2.45 GHz. \u0000The antenna was designed using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) 13.0 \u0000software with the result of working frequency of 2.453 GHz, S11 (Return Loss) -52 dB, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) \u00001.036, gain 3.48 dB and bandwidth 150 MHz. The efficiency of rectifier design \u0000on Advanced Design System (ADS) 2011 software is 54% at the input power of 0 \u0000dBm at 2.45 GHz. The resulting system is capable of producing electrical energy to power \u0000low-power electronic equipment at a DC voltage of 732 mV.","PeriodicalId":62938,"journal":{"name":"能源与动力工程(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88160824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to survive in this modern world, electricity is an essential thing. Electricity allows us to power the technology we use every day. Without electricity, people can’t imagine their lives. As a developing country, Bangladesh still lacks electricity every day. The electricity supply to the rural areas is very poor. It is known that energy can be converted from one form to another form. As noise is the energy, it can also be converted into various forms of energy. Noise can be represented as a sound that is loud or unpleasant and causes disturbances such as street traffic sounds, construction sounds, airports, etc. Using a suitable transducer, noise (sound) energy can be transferred into a viable source of electricity generation. This can be accomplished by employing a transducer and converting noise-induced vibrations into electrical energy. Our main goal is getting enough energy, reducing the pressure of the main grid of electricity and decreasing fossil fuel imports. This paper presents the design and investigation of an energy harvesting system from noise. In this paper, an application is designed to get energy from noise by using a speaker as a transducer. Voltage has been stepped up by using a transformer, a diode which gives DC value which can be tapped into a battery and provide energy from the battery when it is needed. The embedded device was initially tested by clapping hands and tested further by using car horns. The vibrations created by car horns and other noises have been converted into electrical energy through the principle of electromagnetic induction. In total, the application produced optimal results of 0.5 - 1.0 volts which were stepped up using a transformer while maintaining the whole system being low cost and user-friendly.
{"title":"Design and Investigation of Energy Harvesting System from Noise","authors":"Junayed Hossain, Nazmus Sadad Ovi, M. Khan","doi":"10.4236/epe.2021.138021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/epe.2021.138021","url":null,"abstract":"In order to survive in this modern world, \u0000electricity is an essential thing. Electricity allows us to power the \u0000technology we use every day. Without electricity, people can’t imagine their \u0000lives. As a developing country, Bangladesh still lacks electricity every day. \u0000The electricity supply to the rural areas is very poor. It is known that energy \u0000can be converted from one form to another form. As noise is the energy, it can also be converted into various forms of energy. Noise can \u0000be represented as a sound that is loud or unpleasant \u0000and causes disturbances such as street traffic sounds, construction sounds, \u0000airports, etc. Using a suitable transducer, noise (sound) energy can be \u0000transferred into a viable source of electricity generation. This can be \u0000accomplished by employing a transducer and converting noise-induced vibrations \u0000into electrical energy. Our main goal is getting enough energy, reducing the \u0000pressure of the main grid of electricity and decreasing fossil fuel imports. \u0000This paper presents the design and investigation of an energy harvesting system \u0000from noise. In this paper, an application is designed to get energy from noise \u0000by using a speaker as a transducer. Voltage has been stepped up by using a \u0000transformer, a diode which gives DC value which can be tapped into a battery \u0000and provide energy from the battery when it is needed. The embedded device was \u0000initially tested by clapping hands and tested further by using car horns. The \u0000vibrations created by car horns and other noises have been converted into \u0000electrical energy through the principle of electromagnetic induction. In total, \u0000the application produced optimal results of 0.5 - 1.0 volts which were stepped up using a transformer while maintaining the \u0000whole system being low cost and user-friendly.","PeriodicalId":62938,"journal":{"name":"能源与动力工程(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75611956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Owing to the favorable geographical location, Bangladesh captures a good amount of solar radiation per day. The proper utilization of this solar energy may reduce the country’s energy demand to a great extent. Bangladesh government has already made a master plan to utilize the abundant solar energy in different ways with a capacity development target of 600 MW by the end of 2021. Until 2018 a total capacity of 220 MW of solar power could be achieved by installing 6.9 million solar home systems (SHSs). On the other way, rooftop solar and solar mini-grid projects facilitated the capacity of 3.07 MW and 5 MW, respectively. A capacity of 32 MW could also be touched by solar irrigation projects with more than 1300 pumps for serving country’s rural people, and solar-diesel hybrid solution program (by installing 138 small power stations) has been supporting the telecom operators. Bangladesh power development board (BPDB), and Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) have been promoting numerous research-development solar projects to many governments and private universities to build sustainable energy equipped country.
{"title":"Solar Energy Prospects in Bangladesh: Target and Current Status","authors":"S. Hossain, Mohammad Maksudur Rahman","doi":"10.4236/epe.2021.138022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/epe.2021.138022","url":null,"abstract":"Owing to the favorable geographical location, Bangladesh captures a good amount of solar radiation per day. The proper utilization of this solar energy may reduce the country’s energy demand to a great extent. Bangladesh government has already made a master plan to utilize the abundant solar energy in different ways with a capacity development target of 600 MW by the end of 2021. Until 2018 a total capacity of 220 MW of solar power could be achieved by installing 6.9 million solar home systems (SHSs). On the other way, rooftop solar and solar mini-grid projects facilitated the capacity of 3.07 MW and 5 MW, respectively. A capacity of 32 MW could also be touched by solar irrigation projects with more than 1300 pumps for serving country’s rural people, and solar-diesel hybrid solution program (by installing 138 small power stations) has been supporting the telecom operators. Bangladesh power development board (BPDB), and Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) have been promoting numerous research-development solar projects to many governments and private universities to build sustainable energy equipped country.","PeriodicalId":62938,"journal":{"name":"能源与动力工程(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87400026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-03DOI: 10.5923/j.ep.20211101.01
E. Merem, Y. Twumasi, J. Wesley, D. Olagbegi, M. Crisler, C. Romorno, M. Alsarari, P. Isokpehi, M. Alrefai, S. Ochai, E. Nwagboso, S. Fageir, S. Leggett
In the last several years, the choice of hydrological fracking as an alternative method of nonrenewable energy production in the US oil sector continues to gain currency across regions especially the Southeast and the West. In a country where fracking is no longer deemed as an exercise on the fringe amidst unprecedented expansion, economic boom, and ecological liabilities. The use of fracking techniques in shale fields remains so widespread across different states from California to Mississippi that it now constitutes 60% of the nation’s oil and gas output in the past two decades. This occurred in the face of favorable regulatory environments that catapulted the US atop global ranking of oil producers. While this has resulted in ample generation of revenues and job prospects in the respective states, communities in those places have endured grim impacts and risks on their ecosystems in the form of pollution, degradation, hydrological stress, induced seismicity, land disturbance and greenhouse gas emissions. Aside from efforts of the sector, regulatory agencies, and other stakeholders in the search for a common ground on the issues. The mounting ecological liabilities has in many cases aggravated tensions between affected communities and the oil sector. Yet, very little studies exist on the vulnerability of the study area to the impacts of hydraulic fracking using mix scale method of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and energy statistics. Even when data is available, the sketchy nature tends to mar analytical proficiency given the lack of an accessible regional energy information system. Accordingly, this enquiry will fill that void by assessing the issues in hydraulic fracking in the study area. Emphasis are on the issues, trends, factors, impacts and efforts using techniques of GIS and descriptive statistics. Just as the results revealed a surge in production activities and revenues, the impacts consist of sizable use of water and chemicals together with extensive pollution, the disturbance of fragile landscapes and ecosystem decline. Additionally, GIS mappings pinpointed a gradual spread of production activities and concentration of risks across states in the zone due to several socio-economic and physical elements located withing the larger energy structure. To remedy the situation, the paper proffered solutions ranging from ecological monitoring to the design of a regional energy information system, effective policy, community participation/education of the public and the formation of an interagency task force.
{"title":"Assessing Hydraulic Fracking Issues in the US South East and Western Region","authors":"E. Merem, Y. Twumasi, J. Wesley, D. Olagbegi, M. Crisler, C. Romorno, M. Alsarari, P. Isokpehi, M. Alrefai, S. Ochai, E. Nwagboso, S. Fageir, S. Leggett","doi":"10.5923/j.ep.20211101.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ep.20211101.01","url":null,"abstract":"In the last several years, the choice of hydrological fracking as an alternative method of nonrenewable energy production in the US oil sector continues to gain currency across regions especially the Southeast and the West. In a country where fracking is no longer deemed as an exercise on the fringe amidst unprecedented expansion, economic boom, and ecological liabilities. The use of fracking techniques in shale fields remains so widespread across different states from California to Mississippi that it now constitutes 60% of the nation’s oil and gas output in the past two decades. This occurred in the face of favorable regulatory environments that catapulted the US atop global ranking of oil producers. While this has resulted in ample generation of revenues and job prospects in the respective states, communities in those places have endured grim impacts and risks on their ecosystems in the form of pollution, degradation, hydrological stress, induced seismicity, land disturbance and greenhouse gas emissions. Aside from efforts of the sector, regulatory agencies, and other stakeholders in the search for a common ground on the issues. The mounting ecological liabilities has in many cases aggravated tensions between affected communities and the oil sector. Yet, very little studies exist on the vulnerability of the study area to the impacts of hydraulic fracking using mix scale method of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and energy statistics. Even when data is available, the sketchy nature tends to mar analytical proficiency given the lack of an accessible regional energy information system. Accordingly, this enquiry will fill that void by assessing the issues in hydraulic fracking in the study area. Emphasis are on the issues, trends, factors, impacts and efforts using techniques of GIS and descriptive statistics. Just as the results revealed a surge in production activities and revenues, the impacts consist of sizable use of water and chemicals together with extensive pollution, the disturbance of fragile landscapes and ecosystem decline. Additionally, GIS mappings pinpointed a gradual spread of production activities and concentration of risks across states in the zone due to several socio-economic and physical elements located withing the larger energy structure. To remedy the situation, the paper proffered solutions ranging from ecological monitoring to the design of a regional energy information system, effective policy, community participation/education of the public and the formation of an interagency task force.","PeriodicalId":62938,"journal":{"name":"能源与动力工程(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74094431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Al-Agtash, Nisrein Al-Mutlaq, M. Elabbas, Asma Alkhraibat, Mohamadian Hashem
Microgrid systems are built to integrate a generation mix of solar and wind renewable energy resources that are generally intermittent in nature. This paper presents a novel decentralized multi-agent system to securely operate microgrids in real-time while maintaining generation, load balance. Agents provide a normal operation in a grid-connected mode and a contingency operation in an islanded mode for fault handling. Fault handling is especially critical in microgrid operation to simulate possible contingencies and microgrid outages in a real-world scenario. A robust agent design has been implemented using MATLAB-Simulink and Java Agent Development Framework technologies to simulate microgrids with load management and distributed generators control. The microgrid of the German Jordanian University has been used for simulation for Summer and Winter photovoltaic generation and load profiles. The results show agent capabilities to operate microgrid in real-time and its ability to coordinate and adjust generation and load. In a simulated fault incident, agents coordinate and adjust to a normal operation in 0.012 seconds, a negligible time for microgrid restoration. This clearly shows that the multi-agent system is a viable solution to operate MG in real-time.
{"title":"Multi-Agents for Microgrids","authors":"S. Al-Agtash, Nisrein Al-Mutlaq, M. Elabbas, Asma Alkhraibat, Mohamadian Hashem","doi":"10.4236/epe.2021.137020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/epe.2021.137020","url":null,"abstract":"Microgrid systems are built to integrate a \u0000generation mix of solar and wind renewable energy resources that are generally \u0000intermittent in nature. This paper \u0000presents a novel decentralized multi-agent system to securely operate \u0000microgrids in real-time while maintaining generation, load balance. Agents provide a normal operation in a grid-connected mode \u0000and a contingency operation in an islanded mode for fault handling. Fault \u0000handling is especially critical in microgrid operation to simulate possible \u0000contingencies and microgrid outages in a real-world scenario. A robust agent \u0000design has been implemented using MATLAB-Simulink and Java Agent Development Framework technologies to simulate \u0000microgrids with load management and distributed generators control. The \u0000microgrid of the German Jordanian University has been used for simulation for \u0000Summer and Winter photovoltaic generation and load profiles. The results show \u0000agent capabilities to operate microgrid in real-time and its ability to \u0000coordinate and adjust generation and load. In a simulated fault incident, \u0000agents coordinate and adjust to a normal operation in 0.012 seconds, a \u0000negligible time for microgrid restoration. This clearly shows that the \u0000multi-agent system is a viable solution to operate MG in real-time.","PeriodicalId":62938,"journal":{"name":"能源与动力工程(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77954140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. D. A. Ilboudo, I. Ouédraogo, Windé Nongué Daniel Koumbem, P. F. Kieno
This work focuses on modeling the impact of desert aerosols on a mini central solar photovoltaic (PV). Our studied physical model is comparable to a multilayer. We have described and discretized the mathematical equations which govern the physical model. Also, we analyzed the influence of the parameters τa and X on the solar radiation received at the surface of solar PV modules. The results of the study taken from Figures 6(a)-(d) representing the variations of the global solar radiation on the solstices and equinoxes as well as the 21 of the months of the year days understood show that: if τa = 0 and X = 0, IC = 67.87%; if τa = 0.5 and X = 0.5, IC = 21%; if τa = 0.8 and X = 0.8, IC = 12% and if τa = 1.5 and X = 1.5 then IC = 4%. These results show that desert aerosols significantly influence the global solar radiation received. Unfortunately, this influence lowers the productivity of the central solar PV in general.
这项工作的重点是模拟沙漠气溶胶对小型中央太阳能光伏(PV)的影响。我们所研究的物理模型可与多层结构相媲美。我们描述并离散了控制物理模型的数学方程。此外，我们还分析了参数τa和X对太阳能光伏组件表面接收太阳辐射的影响。图6(a)-(d)表示全球太阳辐射在至点和分点以及一年中已知的21个月的变化，其研究结果表明:如果τa = 0, X = 0, IC = 67.87%;若τa = 0.5, X = 0.5，则IC = 21%;若τa = 0.8, X = 0.8，则IC = 12%;若τa = 1.5, X = 1.5，则IC = 4%。这些结果表明，沙漠气溶胶对接收到的全球太阳辐射有显著影响。不幸的是，这种影响总体上降低了中央太阳能光伏发电的生产力。
{"title":"Modeling the Impact of Desert Aerosols on the Solar Radiation of a Mini Solar Central Photovoltaic (PV)","authors":"W. D. A. Ilboudo, I. Ouédraogo, Windé Nongué Daniel Koumbem, P. F. Kieno","doi":"10.4236/epe.2021.137018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/epe.2021.137018","url":null,"abstract":"This work focuses on modeling the impact of desert aerosols on a mini central solar photovoltaic (PV). Our studied physical model is comparable to a multilayer. We have described and discretized the mathematical equations which govern the physical model. Also, we analyzed the influence of the parameters τa and X on the solar radiation received at the surface of solar PV modules. The results of the study taken from Figures 6(a)-(d) representing the variations of the global solar radiation on the solstices and equinoxes as well as the 21 of the months of the year days understood show that: if τa = 0 and X = 0, IC = 67.87%; if τa = 0.5 and X = 0.5, IC = 21%; if τa = 0.8 and X = 0.8, IC = 12% and if τa = 1.5 and X = 1.5 then IC = 4%. These results show that desert aerosols significantly influence the global solar radiation received. Unfortunately, this influence lowers the productivity of the central solar PV in general.","PeriodicalId":62938,"journal":{"name":"能源与动力工程(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80516649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parya Zamani, Amir Foomezhi, Sobhan Ghorbani Nohooji
Insulated underground cables have the potential to reduce power outages, maintenance costs, and transmission losses compared to overhead lines. On the other hand, they are exposed to several risks and physical damages, since they are buried in the ground. Though the cables are armoured in order to provide mechanical protection and achieve tensile strength, and also to provide effective conductance of earth fault currents. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce insulated underground cables, armouring process, and to analyze the induced currents in metallic parts such as sheath and armour that causeohmic losses which are categorized mainly in two groups as circulating current and eddy current. This paper presents a review on analytical techniques used to analyze the effect of magnetic fields, andcalculate the losses in the armour of the cables, besides providing the strategies and solutions used for armour loss reduction.
{"title":"A Review of Medium Voltage Single-Core Cable Armouring, Induced Currents and Losses","authors":"Parya Zamani, Amir Foomezhi, Sobhan Ghorbani Nohooji","doi":"10.4236/epe.2021.137019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/epe.2021.137019","url":null,"abstract":"Insulated underground cables have the potential to reduce power outages, maintenance costs, and transmission losses compared to overhead lines. On the other hand, they are exposed to several risks and physical damages, since they are buried in the ground. Though the cables are armoured in order to provide mechanical protection and achieve tensile strength, and also to provide effective conductance of earth fault currents. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce insulated underground cables, armouring process, and to analyze the induced currents in metallic parts such as sheath and armour that causeohmic losses which are categorized mainly in two groups as circulating current and eddy current. This paper presents a review on analytical techniques used to analyze the effect of magnetic fields, andcalculate the losses in the armour of the cables, besides providing the strategies and solutions used for armour loss reduction.","PeriodicalId":62938,"journal":{"name":"能源与动力工程(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73357732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ikechukwu Francis Okoye, A. O. C. Nwokoye, G. Ahmad
Two sets of Organic dyes were developed using kassod and senna plant leaves. The first sets of dyes are the organic dye from the leaves of two plants while the second set is the dye produce after combining together the dyes from the kassod and senna plants leaves. The two sets of dyes were used to sensitize the grown films. The films were characterized and the current voltage values of the grown films were obtained. The solar simulation result of the grown film for Kassod dyed TiO2 film was recorded for single dyes and for the combination of the two dyes. The result also covers absorbance of the spectra lines, absorbance coefficient values of the dyed TiO2, as well as transmittance and energy band gap values of the developed films. The precursors of tin (IV) chloride (SnCl4) (60%) and hydrofluoric acid (40%) was deposited on the cleaned soda-lime glass using the chemical vapour deposition method and nitrogen gas was supplied as a carrier gas through the bubbler to form the FTO layer. Titanium dioxide paste (TiO2) was deposited using a screen printing method to form M-TiO2.
{"title":"Power Voltage Characteristics of Fabricated DSSC Incorporating Multiple Organic Dyes as Photosensitizer","authors":"Ikechukwu Francis Okoye, A. O. C. Nwokoye, G. Ahmad","doi":"10.4236/EPE.2021.136015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/EPE.2021.136015","url":null,"abstract":"Two sets of Organic dyes were \u0000developed using kassod and senna plant leaves. The first sets of dyes are \u0000the organic dye from the leaves of two plants while the second set is the dye \u0000produce after combining together the dyes from the kassod and senna plants \u0000leaves. The two sets of dyes were used to sensitize the grown films. The films were characterized and the \u0000current voltage values of the grown films were obtained. The solar \u0000simulation result of the grown film for \u0000Kassod dyed TiO2 film was recorded \u0000for single dyes and for the combination of the two dyes. The result also covers \u0000absorbance of the spectra lines, absorbance coefficient values of the dyed TiO2, \u0000as well as transmittance and energy band gap values of the developed films. The \u0000precursors of tin (IV) chloride (SnCl4) (60%) and hydrofluoric acid (40%) \u0000was deposited on the cleaned soda-lime glass using the chemical vapour deposition method and nitrogen gas was supplied as a carrier gas through the bubbler to form \u0000the FTO layer. Titanium dioxide paste (TiO2) was deposited using a screen printing method to \u0000form M-TiO2.","PeriodicalId":62938,"journal":{"name":"能源与动力工程(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83174667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Diallo, X. Chesneau, Idrissa Diaby, Djanfar El-Maktoume
The two-phase thermosyphon loop is an efficient solution for space cooling. This paper presents the simulation results of numerical studies on the heat transfer and thermal performance of a two-phase thermosiphon loop for passive air-conditioning of a house. The fluid considered in this study is methanol, which is compatible with copper and is environmentally friendly. These numerical results show that the temperature at the evaporator wall drops from 23°C to 13°C and increases at the condenser. The solar flux density has a strong influence on the condenser temperature. The mass flow rates and masses at the evaporator and condenser increase with temperature. The variation of evaporating and condensing temperature affects the performance of the system. For a constant evaporating and condensing temperature of 2°C and 29°C, the COP is 0.77 and 0.84 respectively. With these results, the use of the two-phase thermosyphon loop in air conditioning is possible to obtain a thermal comfort of the occupants acceptable by the standards but with a large exchange surface of the evaporator.
{"title":"Modelling of a Two-Phase Thermosyphon Loop for Passive Air-Conditioning of a House in Hot and Dry Climate Countries","authors":"A. Diallo, X. Chesneau, Idrissa Diaby, Djanfar El-Maktoume","doi":"10.4236/EPE.2021.136017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/EPE.2021.136017","url":null,"abstract":"The two-phase thermosyphon loop is an efficient \u0000solution for space cooling. This paper presents the simulation results of \u0000numerical studies on the heat transfer and thermal performance of a two-phase \u0000thermosiphon loop for passive air-conditioning of a house. The fluid considered \u0000in this study is methanol, which is compatible with copper and is environmentally \u0000friendly. These numerical results show that the temperature at the evaporator \u0000wall drops from 23°C to 13°C and increases at the condenser. The solar flux \u0000density has a strong influence on the condenser temperature. The mass flow \u0000rates and masses at the evaporator and condenser increase with temperature. The \u0000variation of evaporating and condensing temperature affects the performance of \u0000the system. For a constant evaporating and condensing temperature of 2°C and \u000029°C, the COP is 0.77 and 0.84 respectively. With these results, the use of the \u0000two-phase thermosyphon loop in air conditioning is possible to obtain a thermal \u0000comfort of the occupants acceptable by the standards but with a large exchange \u0000surface of the evaporator.","PeriodicalId":62938,"journal":{"name":"能源与动力工程(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86757920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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