Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ajcc.2021.104026
J. Kimaru, H. Mutembei, J. Muthee
Kenya has integrated several international, continental, and regional strategies and policies into its national and county programs to address climate-related disasters in livestock systems in pastoralism. This study reviews how these policy instruments have been integrated into local laws and the viability of hay production, a drought risk reduction strategy. The methodology used was a desktop review of policies, a KAP survey using a quantitative and qualitative questionnaire on 354 pastoralists and key informants selected using stratified random sampling, and a cost-benefit analysis of 23 hay farms in Kajiado-Central sub-county. The findings established that Kenya had adopted adequate legal instruments to support disasters in general and droughts specifically. Howev-er, the strategies are not elaborated into practical guidance resulting in poor implementation. For instance, the flagship hay production project in Kajiado focuses on building infrastructure on the government farms, with little support going to the actual hay farmers. In addition, staffing levels of technical officers are too low to adequately translate the strategies into activities that address the hay farmer’s pain points, namely the lack of a stable hay market, expensive capital assets and machinery, lack of quality forage seeds, and extension education. This paper recommends reviewing the implementation of the ongoing hay flagship projects to address the hay enterprise’s profitability and elaborating the strategies down to guidance that can be easily rolled out cognizant of the low staffing levels. Public-private partnerships can also address some challenges by stabilizing the hay markets, providing storage, and maintaining good-quality
{"title":"Effectiveness of Drought Risk Reduction Policies: Case Study of Hay Production in Kajiado County, Kenya","authors":"J. Kimaru, H. Mutembei, J. Muthee","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2021.104026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2021.104026","url":null,"abstract":"Kenya has integrated several international, continental, and regional strategies and policies into its national and county programs to address climate-related disasters in livestock systems in pastoralism. This study reviews how these policy instruments have been integrated into local laws and the viability of hay production, a drought risk reduction strategy. The methodology used was a desktop review of policies, a KAP survey using a quantitative and qualitative questionnaire on 354 pastoralists and key informants selected using stratified random sampling, and a cost-benefit analysis of 23 hay farms in Kajiado-Central sub-county. The findings established that Kenya had adopted adequate legal instruments to support disasters in general and droughts specifically. Howev-er, the strategies are not elaborated into practical guidance resulting in poor implementation. For instance, the flagship hay production project in Kajiado focuses on building infrastructure on the government farms, with little support going to the actual hay farmers. In addition, staffing levels of technical officers are too low to adequately translate the strategies into activities that address the hay farmer’s pain points, namely the lack of a stable hay market, expensive capital assets and machinery, lack of quality forage seeds, and extension education. This paper recommends reviewing the implementation of the ongoing hay flagship projects to address the hay enterprise’s profitability and elaborating the strategies down to guidance that can be easily rolled out cognizant of the low staffing levels. Public-private partnerships can also address some challenges by stabilizing the hay markets, providing storage, and maintaining good-quality","PeriodicalId":69702,"journal":{"name":"美国气候变化期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70503425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ajcc.2021.104020
Omosuyi Oluwayemisi Bukola, A. Oluwadunsin, Funmilayo Olukemi Abimbola
There is an increasing awareness that the climate is changing and its changing impact has been significant on agricultural produce. This change is posing a major threat to agricultural development in Nigeria. Cocoa cultivation is one of the major cash crops in Ondo state and also a major agricultural produce which contributes significantly to employment generation and foreign exchange in the country. It has been observed that the production of cocoa over the years has been marked with fluctuations which could be attributed to the change in climate over the years. The objectives of this study include: ex-amining the variation in the trend of cocoa production; and assessing the effects of climate variability on cocoa production for the year under review. This study made use of secondary data which included data on climatic variables (mean annual temperature, mean annual rainfall and mean annual humidity) and cocoa output from 1976-2020. This study employed mainly inferential statistics for data analysis—trend analysis, correlation and regression. Trend analysis was used to examine climatic variables and cocoa production. The correlation analysis was used to show the relationship between the climatic variables and the cocoa yield. Also, regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of the climatic variables on cocoa production. Trend analysis reveals fluctuations in climatic variables and cocoa output over the years of study. Correlation analysis shows an inverse relationship between rainfall and cocoa output while regression analysis shows that humidity and temperature are expected to increase cocoa output. For a sustainable cocoa production, it is recommended that both governmental and non-governmental organizations should employ more extension agents to guide and enlighten cocoa farmers on climate change, its effects and the appropriate coping strategies.
{"title":"Effects of Climate Variabilityon Cocoa Production in Ondo State, Nigeria","authors":"Omosuyi Oluwayemisi Bukola, A. Oluwadunsin, Funmilayo Olukemi Abimbola","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2021.104020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2021.104020","url":null,"abstract":"There is an increasing awareness that the climate is changing and its changing impact has been significant on agricultural produce. This change is posing a major threat to agricultural development in Nigeria. Cocoa cultivation is one of the major cash crops in Ondo state and also a major agricultural produce which contributes significantly to employment generation and foreign exchange in the country. It has been observed that the production of cocoa over the years has been marked with fluctuations which could be attributed to the change in climate over the years. The objectives of this study include: ex-amining the variation in the trend of cocoa production; and assessing the effects of climate variability on cocoa production for the year under review. This study made use of secondary data which included data on climatic variables (mean annual temperature, mean annual rainfall and mean annual humidity) and cocoa output from 1976-2020. This study employed mainly inferential statistics for data analysis—trend analysis, correlation and regression. Trend analysis was used to examine climatic variables and cocoa production. The correlation analysis was used to show the relationship between the climatic variables and the cocoa yield. Also, regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of the climatic variables on cocoa production. Trend analysis reveals fluctuations in climatic variables and cocoa output over the years of study. Correlation analysis shows an inverse relationship between rainfall and cocoa output while regression analysis shows that humidity and temperature are expected to increase cocoa output. For a sustainable cocoa production, it is recommended that both governmental and non-governmental organizations should employ more extension agents to guide and enlighten cocoa farmers on climate change, its effects and the appropriate coping strategies.","PeriodicalId":69702,"journal":{"name":"美国气候变化期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70503320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ajcc.2021.104030
M. Agbazo, J. Adéchinan, G. K. N'Gobi, Joseph Bessou
The complex behavior and predictability of the Dry Spell Lengths (DSL) series obtained in Benin synoptic stations, from 1951 to 2010 are analyzed in this paper using a fractal approach. The synoptic stations are located in Cotonou, Bohicon, Save (subequatorial climate), and Parakou, Natitingou, Kandi (Sudanian climate). The DSLs are computed by considering four thresholds level, R0 = {1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 5.0} mm/day. The fractal trace is estimated for dry spell density by the mean of the “Dry Spell Spell” (DSS) n-index. The rescaled range method is used to determine the predictability of DSL. By ana-lyzing the DSS, results show that low DSS n-index values (n-index < 0.4) are more favored in the northern part of Benin than in the southern region,
{"title":"Analysis and Predictability of Dry Spell Lengths Observed in Synoptic Stations of Benin Republic (West Africa)","authors":"M. Agbazo, J. Adéchinan, G. K. N'Gobi, Joseph Bessou","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2021.104030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2021.104030","url":null,"abstract":"The complex behavior and predictability of the Dry Spell Lengths (DSL) series obtained in Benin synoptic stations, from 1951 to 2010 are analyzed in this paper using a fractal approach. The synoptic stations are located in Cotonou, Bohicon, Save (subequatorial climate), and Parakou, Natitingou, Kandi (Sudanian climate). The DSLs are computed by considering four thresholds level, R0 = {1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 5.0} mm/day. The fractal trace is estimated for dry spell density by the mean of the “Dry Spell Spell” (DSS) n-index. The rescaled range method is used to determine the predictability of DSL. By ana-lyzing the DSS, results show that low DSS n-index values (n-index < 0.4) are more favored in the northern part of Benin than in the southern region,","PeriodicalId":69702,"journal":{"name":"美国气候变化期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70503570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ajcc.2021.104027
Bara Ndiaye, Mahamat Moussa, M. Wade, A. Sy, A. Diop, A. Diop, B. Diop, A. Diakhaby
This study analyzes the spatio-temporal distribution of daily rainfall data from 13 stations in the country of Senegal located in the North-West of Africa. These data, covering the period 1950-2010, are extracted from the database of the Regional Study Center for the Improvement of Drought Adaptation (CERAAS). They allow to calculate, in each station, dry episodes and their sequences and the results reveal a latitudinal variability of class 1 breaks (1 - 3 days) with the highest values recorded in the south. Unlike the class 2 episodes (greater or equal than 15 days), the latitudinal gradient is less pronounced but they are more frequent in the north. For most of the regions studied, a break in the trend towards an increase in dry sequences can be noted, most often at the beginning of the 1970s, which coincides with the start of the great drought of the 1970s decade. For all sites, the frequency of dry episodes of class 1 (1 - 3 days) exceeds 70%. The frequency of class 2 of dry episodes (greater or equal than 15 days) decreased from 30% in 1951-1970 to 18% in 1991-2010 in the region of Thiès; from 25% in 1951-1970 to 20% in 1991-2010 in Louga; from 22% in 1951-1970 to 18% in 1991-2010 in Tamba; 23% in 1951-1970 to 15% in 1991-2010 in Ziguinchor; 25%
{"title":"Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Rainfall Breaks in Senegal","authors":"Bara Ndiaye, Mahamat Moussa, M. Wade, A. Sy, A. Diop, A. Diop, B. Diop, A. Diakhaby","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2021.104027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2021.104027","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyzes the spatio-temporal distribution of daily rainfall data from 13 stations in the country of Senegal located in the North-West of Africa. These data, covering the period 1950-2010, are extracted from the database of the Regional Study Center for the Improvement of Drought Adaptation (CERAAS). They allow to calculate, in each station, dry episodes and their sequences and the results reveal a latitudinal variability of class 1 breaks (1 - 3 days) with the highest values recorded in the south. Unlike the class 2 episodes (greater or equal than 15 days), the latitudinal gradient is less pronounced but they are more frequent in the north. For most of the regions studied, a break in the trend towards an increase in dry sequences can be noted, most often at the beginning of the 1970s, which coincides with the start of the great drought of the 1970s decade. For all sites, the frequency of dry episodes of class 1 (1 - 3 days) exceeds 70%. The frequency of class 2 of dry episodes (greater or equal than 15 days) decreased from 30% in 1951-1970 to 18% in 1991-2010 in the region of Thiès; from 25% in 1951-1970 to 20% in 1991-2010 in Louga; from 22% in 1951-1970 to 18% in 1991-2010 in Tamba; 23% in 1951-1970 to 15% in 1991-2010 in Ziguinchor; 25%","PeriodicalId":69702,"journal":{"name":"美国气候变化期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70503493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ajcc.2021.104029
M. Ali, Md. Rajib Hassan, Zubair Al Islam, S. Barman, Badiuzzaman Khan, R. Khatun, Hafsa Jahan Hiya, Md. Touhidul Islam
{"title":"Development of Environment Friendly Paddy Ecosystem for Sustainable Rice Farming through Soil Amendments with Biochar and Alternate Wetting-Drying Irrigations","authors":"M. Ali, Md. Rajib Hassan, Zubair Al Islam, S. Barman, Badiuzzaman Khan, R. Khatun, Hafsa Jahan Hiya, Md. Touhidul Islam","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2021.104029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2021.104029","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":69702,"journal":{"name":"美国气候变化期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70503563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ajcc.2021.104031
Sifat E. Rabbi, Reza E. Rabbi, S. Karmakar, J. Kropp
This study developed households’ Climate Resilient Livelihoods Index (CRLI) in Bangladesh. CRLI indicators were selected based on the Adequacy of Human livelihood conditions for Well-being and Development (AHEAD) framework and FAO resilience tools. The study was designed on cross-sectional data through a country-wide primary survey of 26,925 rural households. At first, we performed logistic regression to gauge the significance and intensity of different livelihood indicators on any specific livelihood indicator. Se-condly, we scored each household with the set criteria of different livelihoods accessibility, if any households fulfill the set criteria was “scored 1” and if not “scored 0”. After scoring the households, eight different scores for each household were summed up to construct a composite score of “CRLI”. If any household scored 0 - 2 was considered as low resilient, if any household scored 3 - 5 was considered as moderate resilient and if any household scored 6 - 8 was considered as highly resilient. Additionally, we used ArcMap to visualize the percentage of households in districts with different resilience categories. Findings revealed that nationally 1.7% of households were low resilient, 60% of households were moderate resilient and only 11.48% of households were high resilient. More specifically, only 1.7% of households failed to secure climate-resilient 0.06% of of that food secured In security, less financial ability, higher dependency ratio, lower education, and income sources. Among 64 counties, Cox’s Bazar, Bandarban, Chuadanga, Barguna, Bhola, Patuakhali, Narail, Kurigram, Sunamganj, Jamalpur, and Netrokona were the most vulnerable in terms of low CRLI. On the other hand, more than 25% of high resilient households were located in Dhaka, Gazipur, and Munshiganj counties. These findings would propel the government to devise appropriate steps in terms of more investment in area-specific local communities for enhancing regional resilience.
{"title":"A Nationwide Approach on Measuring Households’ Resilience by Constructing Climate Resilient Livelihoods Index (CRLI) in Rural Bangladesh","authors":"Sifat E. Rabbi, Reza E. Rabbi, S. Karmakar, J. Kropp","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2021.104031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2021.104031","url":null,"abstract":"This study developed households’ Climate Resilient Livelihoods Index (CRLI) in Bangladesh. CRLI indicators were selected based on the Adequacy of Human livelihood conditions for Well-being and Development (AHEAD) framework and FAO resilience tools. The study was designed on cross-sectional data through a country-wide primary survey of 26,925 rural households. At first, we performed logistic regression to gauge the significance and intensity of different livelihood indicators on any specific livelihood indicator. Se-condly, we scored each household with the set criteria of different livelihoods accessibility, if any households fulfill the set criteria was “scored 1” and if not “scored 0”. After scoring the households, eight different scores for each household were summed up to construct a composite score of “CRLI”. If any household scored 0 - 2 was considered as low resilient, if any household scored 3 - 5 was considered as moderate resilient and if any household scored 6 - 8 was considered as highly resilient. Additionally, we used ArcMap to visualize the percentage of households in districts with different resilience categories. Findings revealed that nationally 1.7% of households were low resilient, 60% of households were moderate resilient and only 11.48% of households were high resilient. More specifically, only 1.7% of households failed to secure climate-resilient 0.06% of of that food secured In security, less financial ability, higher dependency ratio, lower education, and income sources. Among 64 counties, Cox’s Bazar, Bandarban, Chuadanga, Barguna, Bhola, Patuakhali, Narail, Kurigram, Sunamganj, Jamalpur, and Netrokona were the most vulnerable in terms of low CRLI. On the other hand, more than 25% of high resilient households were located in Dhaka, Gazipur, and Munshiganj counties. These findings would propel the government to devise appropriate steps in terms of more investment in area-specific local communities for enhancing regional resilience.","PeriodicalId":69702,"journal":{"name":"美国气候变化期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70503867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ajcc.2021.104018
Yarou Halissou, A. Eric, Obada Ezéchiel, Biao Ibukun Eliézer
In the context of climate change, the study of the variability of the climatic extremes in several regions of the world is of capital importance. This study has as main objective to analyze the variability of extreme temperature events in the Beninese basin of the Niger River for the recent and the near future. To achieve this objective, seven (07) extreme temperature indices based on historical daily temperature observations (1976 to 2019) and REMO RCM simulation outputs of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios (2021-2050) were calculated. The obtained results were represented by calculating the means for each index and analyzing the trends and their significance by the Mann-Kendall method. The results show that the indices of extreme temperature intensity (TNn, TXx, and DTR), and those related to the frequency of warm sequences (WSDI, TN90p and TX90p) have experienced a significant increase in the past. This increase will continue until 2050. In contrast, the cold sequence frequency index (CSDI) decrease over the historical period as well as over the future period. These indices show much more change with the RCP8.5 scenario than with the RCP4.5 of the REMO climate model. Only the TXx and CSDI indices show statistically significant changes at all stations.
{"title":"Extreme Temperature Trends in the Beninese Niger River Basin (Benin)","authors":"Yarou Halissou, A. Eric, Obada Ezéchiel, Biao Ibukun Eliézer","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2021.104018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2021.104018","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of climate change, the study of the variability of the climatic extremes in several regions of the world is of capital importance. This study has as main objective to analyze the variability of extreme temperature events in the Beninese basin of the Niger River for the recent and the near future. To achieve this objective, seven (07) extreme temperature indices based on historical daily temperature observations (1976 to 2019) and REMO RCM simulation outputs of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios (2021-2050) were calculated. The obtained results were represented by calculating the means for each index and analyzing the trends and their significance by the Mann-Kendall method. The results show that the indices of extreme temperature intensity (TNn, TXx, and DTR), and those related to the frequency of warm sequences (WSDI, TN90p and TX90p) have experienced a significant increase in the past. This increase will continue until 2050. In contrast, the cold sequence frequency index (CSDI) decrease over the historical period as well as over the future period. These indices show much more change with the RCP8.5 scenario than with the RCP4.5 of the REMO climate model. Only the TXx and CSDI indices show statistically significant changes at all stations.","PeriodicalId":69702,"journal":{"name":"美国气候变化期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70503280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ajcc.2021.104023
Clarence Dissanyake, U. Weerasinghe
Intensified human population encourages urbanization changing the morphology and metabolism of urban environments, thus altering the local climate and outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) in public spaces. OTC is an increasingly urgent area of research for tropical climates. This study explores the literature from the Scopus database on urban microclimate and OTC in public spaces and contrasts the studies in warm-humid cities through a bibliometric mapping of literature. The adapted methodology includes; Bibliometric Search, Scientometric Analysis, and Content analysis using VOSviewer software to identify the evolution paths, gaps, and the most recent movement of OTC assessments in urban public spaces. Results reveal five evolution paths related to all climatic regions; 1) materials and cooling strategies, 2) simulation modeling and urban planning, 3) design parameters affecting thermal perception, 4) cooling effects of green infrastructure, and 5) thermal adaptation in urban design. Although urban morphology and vegetation have been received the highest attention respectively, only a few for blue infrastructure related to warm-humid cities. This review identified five research gaps; the impact of blue infrastructure on OTC, strategies to overcome the effect of reflective materials, vegetation configurations in street canyons with wind flow, OTC improvements in asymmetrical street canyons, and how local climate zone (LCZ) classification approach could be used for OTC assessments. Past empirical studies have revealed that urban vegetation, using micro-meteorological simulation modelling to examine the impact of urban design interventions. Finally, comprehensive content analysis, bibliographic coupling based on documents, co-occurrence of all-keywords, are suggested for future bibliometric reviews. Finally, further research on recommended areas would assist decision-makers in planning and design to en-hance livability by improving microclimate and OTC in urban spaces.
{"title":"Urban Microclimate and Outdoor Thermal Comfort of Public Spaces in Warm-Humid Cities: A Comparative Bibliometric Mapping of the Literature","authors":"Clarence Dissanyake, U. Weerasinghe","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2021.104023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2021.104023","url":null,"abstract":"Intensified human population encourages urbanization changing the morphology and metabolism of urban environments, thus altering the local climate and outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) in public spaces. OTC is an increasingly urgent area of research for tropical climates. This study explores the literature from the Scopus database on urban microclimate and OTC in public spaces and contrasts the studies in warm-humid cities through a bibliometric mapping of literature. The adapted methodology includes; Bibliometric Search, Scientometric Analysis, and Content analysis using VOSviewer software to identify the evolution paths, gaps, and the most recent movement of OTC assessments in urban public spaces. Results reveal five evolution paths related to all climatic regions; 1) materials and cooling strategies, 2) simulation modeling and urban planning, 3) design parameters affecting thermal perception, 4) cooling effects of green infrastructure, and 5) thermal adaptation in urban design. Although urban morphology and vegetation have been received the highest attention respectively, only a few for blue infrastructure related to warm-humid cities. This review identified five research gaps; the impact of blue infrastructure on OTC, strategies to overcome the effect of reflective materials, vegetation configurations in street canyons with wind flow, OTC improvements in asymmetrical street canyons, and how local climate zone (LCZ) classification approach could be used for OTC assessments. Past empirical studies have revealed that urban vegetation, using micro-meteorological simulation modelling to examine the impact of urban design interventions. Finally, comprehensive content analysis, bibliographic coupling based on documents, co-occurrence of all-keywords, are suggested for future bibliometric reviews. Finally, further research on recommended areas would assist decision-makers in planning and design to en-hance livability by improving microclimate and OTC in urban spaces.","PeriodicalId":69702,"journal":{"name":"美国气候变化期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70503369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.4236/ajcc.2021.104019
M. P. Samwel, R. Abila, S. Mabwoga
Climate change and variability have been singled out as one of the modern challenges that affect economies of several countries leading to food scarcity and food insecurity in various parts of the world and represent a fundamental contemporary environmental shock. Kenya is no exception. This research was conducted in Kisii County, a perceived Kenyan national bread basket and investigated the trend in climate variability between the years 1983-2013. The objective of the study was to examine the precipitation and temperature trend in Kisii County. The research question was to find out whether there was any significant trend and pattern of rainfall and temperature as indicators of climate variability. The study examined climate variability for thirty one years (1983 to 2013). Data was obtained from Kenya Meteorological Department and their annual means were computed. Mann Kendall statistic test was applied to establish whether the observed trend of precipitation and temperature was significant. From the analysis, rainfall did not show any significant trend in Kisii County whilst temperature revealed a significantly upward trend over the years, at 95% confidence level. The study recommends a need to in-corporate weather prediction and early warning systems by the Ministry of Agriculture in Kisii County and also promote afforestation programmes to protect water catchments. To build resilient systems to climate shocks, introduction of high temperature tolerant food crops as well as adoption of climate smart agriculture (CSA) should also be explored.
{"title":"Assessment of Climate Variability in Kisii Kenya and Its Implications on Food Security","authors":"M. P. Samwel, R. Abila, S. Mabwoga","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2021.104019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2021.104019","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change and variability have been singled out as one of the modern challenges that affect economies of several countries leading to food scarcity and food insecurity in various parts of the world and represent a fundamental contemporary environmental shock. Kenya is no exception. This research was conducted in Kisii County, a perceived Kenyan national bread basket and investigated the trend in climate variability between the years 1983-2013. The objective of the study was to examine the precipitation and temperature trend in Kisii County. The research question was to find out whether there was any significant trend and pattern of rainfall and temperature as indicators of climate variability. The study examined climate variability for thirty one years (1983 to 2013). Data was obtained from Kenya Meteorological Department and their annual means were computed. Mann Kendall statistic test was applied to establish whether the observed trend of precipitation and temperature was significant. From the analysis, rainfall did not show any significant trend in Kisii County whilst temperature revealed a significantly upward trend over the years, at 95% confidence level. The study recommends a need to in-corporate weather prediction and early warning systems by the Ministry of Agriculture in Kisii County and also promote afforestation programmes to protect water catchments. To build resilient systems to climate shocks, introduction of high temperature tolerant food crops as well as adoption of climate smart agriculture (CSA) should also be explored.","PeriodicalId":69702,"journal":{"name":"美国气候变化期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70503314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change will have a noteworthy bearing on survival, development, and population dynamics of insect pests. Therefore, we contemplated the survival and development of beet army worm, Spodoptera exigua under different temperatures, (15°C, 25°C, 35°C, and 45°C), CO2 (350, 550, 750 ppm) and relative humidity (55%, 65%, 75% and 85%) regimes. Maximum larval and pupal weights were recorded in insects reared at 25°C. The growth of S. exigua was faster at 35°C (larval period 7.4 days and pupal period 4.5 days) than at lower temperatures. At 15°C, the larval period was extended for 61.4 days and there was no adult emergence from the pupae till 90 days. The S. exigua hatchling was absent at 45°C. The larval survival ranged from 31.6% - 57.2%, maximum survival was recorded at 25°C, and minimum at 45°C. The maximum (84.27%) and minimum adult emergence were recorded in insects reared at 25°C and 35°C respectively. Maximum fecundity (384.3 eggs/female) and egg viability (51.97%) were recorded in insects reared at 25°C. Larval and pupal periods increased with an increase in CO2 concentration. The highest pupal weights (128.6 mg/larva) were recorded at 550 ppm. The highest larval survival (73.50%) was recorded at 550 ppm and minimum (37.00%) at 750 ppm CO2. Fecundity was the highest in insects reared at 550 ppm CO2 (657.4 eggs/female), and the lowest at 750 ppm. Maximum larval and pupal weights were recorded in insects reared at 75% relative humidity (RH). The growth rate of S. exigua was faster at 85% RH than at lower RH. The larval survival ranged between 40.0% - 58.5%. Maximum adult emergence (88.91%) was recorded in insects reared at 75% RH and minimum at 85% RH. Maximum fecundity (447.6 eggs/female) and the highest egg viability (72.95%) were recorded in insects reared at 75% and 65% RH respectively. Elevated temperatures and relative moistness will diminish the life cycle, while hoisted CO2 will drag the life expectancy. Therefore, there is a need for thorough assessment of the impact of climatic factors on the population dynamics of insect pests, crop losses, and sustainability of crop production.
{"title":"Impact of Variegated Temperature, CO2 and Relative Humidity on Survival and Development of Beet Armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) under Controlled Growth Chamber","authors":"J. Jaba, S. P. Mishra, N. Arora, R. Munghate","doi":"10.4236/ajcc.2020.94022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2020.94022","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change will have a noteworthy bearing on survival, development, and population dynamics of insect pests. Therefore, we contemplated the survival and development of beet army worm, Spodoptera exigua under different temperatures, (15°C, 25°C, 35°C, and 45°C), CO2 (350, 550, 750 ppm) and relative humidity (55%, 65%, 75% and 85%) regimes. Maximum larval and pupal weights were recorded in insects reared at 25°C. The growth of S. exigua was faster at 35°C (larval period 7.4 days and pupal period 4.5 days) than at lower temperatures. At 15°C, the larval period was extended for 61.4 days and there was no adult emergence from the pupae till 90 days. The S. exigua hatchling was absent at 45°C. The larval survival ranged from 31.6% - 57.2%, maximum survival was recorded at 25°C, and minimum at 45°C. The maximum (84.27%) and minimum adult emergence were recorded in insects reared at 25°C and 35°C respectively. Maximum fecundity (384.3 eggs/female) and egg viability (51.97%) were recorded in insects reared at 25°C. Larval and pupal periods increased with an increase in CO2 concentration. The highest pupal weights (128.6 mg/larva) were recorded at 550 ppm. The highest larval survival (73.50%) was recorded at 550 ppm and minimum (37.00%) at 750 ppm CO2. Fecundity was the highest in insects reared at 550 ppm CO2 (657.4 eggs/female), and the lowest at 750 ppm. Maximum larval and pupal weights were recorded in insects reared at 75% relative humidity (RH). The growth rate of S. exigua was faster at 85% RH than at lower RH. The larval survival ranged between 40.0% - 58.5%. Maximum adult emergence (88.91%) was recorded in insects reared at 75% RH and minimum at 85% RH. Maximum fecundity (447.6 eggs/female) and the highest egg viability (72.95%) were recorded in insects reared at 75% and 65% RH respectively. Elevated temperatures and relative moistness will diminish the life cycle, while hoisted CO2 will drag the life expectancy. Therefore, there is a need for thorough assessment of the impact of climatic factors on the population dynamics of insect pests, crop losses, and sustainability of crop production.","PeriodicalId":69702,"journal":{"name":"美国气候变化期刊(英文)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43113876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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