Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1353/mhr.2023.a899872
Reviewed by: Flint Fights Back: Environmental Justice and Democracy in the Flint Water Crisis by Benjamin J. Pauli Michelle Wilde Anderson Benjamin J. Pauli. Flint Fights Back: Environmental Justice and Democracy in the Flint Water Crisis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2019. Pp. 432. Bibliography. Black and white illustrations. Index. Notes. Tables. Cloth: $95.00. "What made the [Flint water] crisis distinctive, what made it especially egregious," writes Benjamin J. Pauli, "was not just how badly residents were harmed, but how they were harmed." (32) Activists stressed—and Pauli compellingly argues—that unsafe water flowed from their taps not just because of technical failures to manage city operations nor because of Flint's overall history of disinvestment and racial segregation. Instead, residents were "poisoned by policy." The decision to suspend local democracy, made in the name of fiscal restraint, enabled a reckless disregard for residents' health and safety. That history "eroded trust in the political system in ways that were every bit as poisonous as the water." (99) From his vantage point both as a professor of social science at Kettering University and as an activist, Pauli's book on the Flint water crisis marks an important historical record of one of the most significant environmental justice battles in US history. With humility and painstaking care, the book records the causes, costs, harms, and mitigation of the city's water problems from 2011 to 2018. Pauli describes his research as "ethnographic immersion," which is reflected in his various roles as a social scientist, a resident and parent in Flint, an activist and volunteer, and a citizen servant on local public commissions. Pauli offers a fine-grained look at the federal, state, local, and private actors who left "fingerprints" on the decisions that created and sustained a dangerous water supply, demonstrating a keen (and practical) understanding of the state emergency manager law that put a state appointee in charge of Flint's government, including its water system. Pauli argues that the crisis was not just driven by smaller process failures within government. The suspension of local democracy broke lines of communication and accountability between the people and the state. "[T]he problem in Flint," he writes, "was not just that government failed in its protective function—'they' didn't keep us safe—but that it failed in its representative function—'they' didn't listen to us and act on our concerns." (130) State officials and "experts," along with outside journalists, branded resident concerns about the safety of their tap water as "hysteria" or even a "hoax." Activists had to fight to elevate words like "crisis," "disaster," and "emergency," as well as to insist on the scientific accuracy of "lead poisoning"—as opposed to the understated term "lead exposure"—to describe the effects on children. (35-38) We see in stark relief how activists had to overcome (mostly by ove
《弗林特反击:弗林特水危机中的环境正义与民主》，作者:米歇尔·王尔德·安德森·本杰明·j·泡利弗林特反击:弗林特水危机中的环境正义和民主。剑桥，马萨诸塞州:麻省理工学院出版社，2019。432页。参考书目。黑白插图。索引。笔记。表。布:95.00美元。本杰明·j·泡利(Benjamin J. Pauli)写道:“(弗林特水)危机之所以与众不同，之所以特别令人震惊，不仅在于居民受到了多么严重的伤害，还在于他们是如何受到伤害的。”(32)活动人士强调——保利也有说服力地指出——从他们的水龙头流出的不安全的水不仅仅是因为管理城市运作的技术失误，也不仅仅是因为弗林特撤资和种族隔离的整体历史。相反，居民们“被政策毒死了”。以财政紧缩的名义做出的暂停地方民主的决定，导致了对居民健康和安全的鲁莽无视。那段历史“侵蚀了人们对政治体系的信任，其方式就像水一样有毒”。(99)从他作为凯特林大学社会科学教授和活动家的有利地位来看，泡利关于弗林特水危机的书标志着美国历史上最重要的环境正义之战之一的重要历史记录。本书以谦逊和细致的态度，记录了2011年至2018年北京水问题的起因、代价、危害和缓解措施。泡利将他的研究描述为“民族志沉浸”，这反映在他的各种角色上:社会科学家、弗林特的居民和父母、活动家和志愿者，以及当地公共委员会的公仆。保利细致地审视了联邦、州、地方和私人行为者，他们在创造和维持危险的供水系统的决策中留下了“指纹”，展示了他对州紧急情况管理法的敏锐(和实际)理解，该法规定由州任命的人负责弗林特政府，包括其供水系统。泡利认为，这场危机不仅仅是由政府内部较小的程序失误造成的。地方民主的暂停打破了人民与国家之间的沟通和责任。“弗林特的问题，”他写道，“不仅在于政府未能履行其保护职能——‘他们’没有保障我们的安全——而且在于政府未能履行其代表职能——‘他们’没有听取我们的意见，也没有根据我们的关切采取行动。”(130)州政府官员和“专家”，以及外部记者，将居民对自来水安全的担忧称为“歇斯底里”，甚至是“恶作剧”。活动人士不得不努力提升“危机”、“灾难”和“紧急情况”等词汇，并坚持“铅中毒”的科学准确性——而不是轻描淡写的“铅暴露”——来描述对儿童的影响。(35-38)我们看到激进分子是如何克服(主要是通过压倒)国家官员的嘲笑和耳聋的，这让我们大为宽慰。在泡利小心翼翼、按时间顺序排列的叙述中，即使是“积极分子”这个词，也不是一个事后看待的静态概念，就好像公民领袖完全成形了一样。相反，我们看到没有政治经验的普通居民如何一步一步地采取行动解决他们的困难——孩子、成年人和宠物掉的大块头发;泡澡和泳池派对引发的皮疹;以及他们在孩子身上看到的令人担忧的疲劳和行为变化。通过社交媒体上的信息共享网络、抗议活动、活动团体、外部专家的招募以及细致的公民科学，他们采取了数百项小措施，将私人伤害转化为政治行动。活动人士不仅要学习如何调查和收集有关水安全的数据，还要在他们新的、不透明的政府体系中找到问责的途径。在他的介绍中，泡利恭敬地驳斥了对地方环境正义斗争的批评，这些批评认为，地理上有限的历史阻碍了人们看到地方间共同的结构性力量。但他过于温和地断言，他的书如何证明了这种批评的局限性。弗林特水危机的历史对于这座重要城市自身的历史，对于密歇根州的…
{"title":"Flint Fights Back: Environmental Justice and Democracy in the Flint Water Crisis by Benjamin J. Pauli (review)","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/mhr.2023.a899872","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/mhr.2023.a899872","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: Flint Fights Back: Environmental Justice and Democracy in the Flint Water Crisis by Benjamin J. Pauli Michelle Wilde Anderson Benjamin J. Pauli. Flint Fights Back: Environmental Justice and Democracy in the Flint Water Crisis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2019. Pp. 432. Bibliography. Black and white illustrations. Index. Notes. Tables. Cloth: $95.00. \"What made the [Flint water] crisis distinctive, what made it especially egregious,\" writes Benjamin J. Pauli, \"was not just how badly residents were harmed, but how they were harmed.\" (32) Activists stressed—and Pauli compellingly argues—that unsafe water flowed from their taps not just because of technical failures to manage city operations nor because of Flint's overall history of disinvestment and racial segregation. Instead, residents were \"poisoned by policy.\" The decision to suspend local democracy, made in the name of fiscal restraint, enabled a reckless disregard for residents' health and safety. That history \"eroded trust in the political system in ways that were every bit as poisonous as the water.\" (99) From his vantage point both as a professor of social science at Kettering University and as an activist, Pauli's book on the Flint water crisis marks an important historical record of one of the most significant environmental justice battles in US history. With humility and painstaking care, the book records the causes, costs, harms, and mitigation of the city's water problems from 2011 to 2018. Pauli describes his research as \"ethnographic immersion,\" which is reflected in his various roles as a social scientist, a resident and parent in Flint, an activist and volunteer, and a citizen servant on local public commissions. Pauli offers a fine-grained look at the federal, state, local, and private actors who left \"fingerprints\" on the decisions that created and sustained a dangerous water supply, demonstrating a keen (and practical) understanding of the state emergency manager law that put a state appointee in charge of Flint's government, including its water system. Pauli argues that the crisis was not just driven by smaller process failures within government. The suspension of local democracy broke lines of communication and accountability between the people and the state. \"[T]he problem in Flint,\" he writes, \"was not just that government failed in its protective function—'they' didn't keep us safe—but that it failed in its representative function—'they' didn't listen to us and act on our concerns.\" (130) State officials and \"experts,\" along with outside journalists, branded resident concerns about the safety of their tap water as \"hysteria\" or even a \"hoax.\" Activists had to fight to elevate words like \"crisis,\" \"disaster,\" and \"emergency,\" as well as to insist on the scientific accuracy of \"lead poisoning\"—as opposed to the understated term \"lead exposure\"—to describe the effects on children. (35-38) We see in stark relief how activists had to overcome (mostly by ove","PeriodicalId":83184,"journal":{"name":"The Michigan historical review","volume":"881 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135469561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1353/mhr.2023.a899873
Reviewed by: The Founding Mothers of Mackinac Island: The Agatha Biddle Band of the 1870 by Theresa L. Weller Rebecca J. Mead Theresa L. Weller. The Founding Mothers of Mackinac Island: The Agatha Biddle Band of the 1870. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2021. Appendix. Bibliography. Images. Notes. Paperback: $32.95. This remarkable little book is significant for many reasons. As the author explored her family history and tribal connections, she discovered a unique [End Page 139] group: a métis band recognized by the US federal government through official treaties and confirmed by an early-twentieth-century legal settlement. Métis people are the mixed-race "children of the fur trade," a term coined by Canadian scholars to describe the offspring of Native women and European fur traders in the Northern borderlands (often mislabeled "French" historically). In Canada today, they are more numerous, visible, and actively seeking recognition as a distinct group than in the United States, but there were populations south of the border, clustered originally around fur-trade posts. When the Great Lakes fur trade declined in the early 1800s and moved further west, communities now had to find new ways to survive. This book is not a full narrative or expository study but an annotated family-tribal genealogy that provides a treasure trove of stories and information about one particular métis community—the Mackinac Island Native band (also known as "The Biddle Band"). This group was a composite of people, almost all unrelated women, from a variety of tribes and locations, including Wisconsin and Canada, as well as local Ojibwas and Odawas. What might make it unique, as the author claims, is that they were recognized as a distinct group and received annuity payments as a result of the 1836 Treaty of Washington and its updated version, the 1855 Treaty of Detroit—the last of the major Michigan Native treaties (although these "cousins" were recognized and included in earlier treaties too). The Detroit treaty payments ended in 1872, but in 1905, the Odawas and Ojibwas sued and won in the US Court of Claims for monies still due to them. A special federal agent, Horace Durant, created a new survey of eligible recipients based on the 1870 annuity rolls (which Native leaders determined as the cutoff point for receiving part of the settlement), a valuable resource still used extensively. Using these two sources, the author identified 74 original band members (66 women and 66 families) and traced each one and their descendants through several subsequent generations. Information about many of the individuals is scarce, but patterns emerge as to how they made a living and supported others. Many women continued as traders, craftspersons, and food producers; some men continued to trap or trade while others took wage work, primarily as fishers. Some stand out for their roles as leaders—particularly Agatha Biddle, who married an American from a wealthy family (or
{"title":"The Founding Mothers of Mackinac Island: The Agatha Biddle Band of the 1870 by Theresa L. Weller (review)","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/mhr.2023.a899873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/mhr.2023.a899873","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by: The Founding Mothers of Mackinac Island: The Agatha Biddle Band of the 1870 by Theresa L. Weller Rebecca J. Mead Theresa L. Weller. The Founding Mothers of Mackinac Island: The Agatha Biddle Band of the 1870. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2021. Appendix. Bibliography. Images. Notes. Paperback: $32.95. This remarkable little book is significant for many reasons. As the author explored her family history and tribal connections, she discovered a unique [End Page 139] group: a métis band recognized by the US federal government through official treaties and confirmed by an early-twentieth-century legal settlement. Métis people are the mixed-race \"children of the fur trade,\" a term coined by Canadian scholars to describe the offspring of Native women and European fur traders in the Northern borderlands (often mislabeled \"French\" historically). In Canada today, they are more numerous, visible, and actively seeking recognition as a distinct group than in the United States, but there were populations south of the border, clustered originally around fur-trade posts. When the Great Lakes fur trade declined in the early 1800s and moved further west, communities now had to find new ways to survive. This book is not a full narrative or expository study but an annotated family-tribal genealogy that provides a treasure trove of stories and information about one particular métis community—the Mackinac Island Native band (also known as \"The Biddle Band\"). This group was a composite of people, almost all unrelated women, from a variety of tribes and locations, including Wisconsin and Canada, as well as local Ojibwas and Odawas. What might make it unique, as the author claims, is that they were recognized as a distinct group and received annuity payments as a result of the 1836 Treaty of Washington and its updated version, the 1855 Treaty of Detroit—the last of the major Michigan Native treaties (although these \"cousins\" were recognized and included in earlier treaties too). The Detroit treaty payments ended in 1872, but in 1905, the Odawas and Ojibwas sued and won in the US Court of Claims for monies still due to them. A special federal agent, Horace Durant, created a new survey of eligible recipients based on the 1870 annuity rolls (which Native leaders determined as the cutoff point for receiving part of the settlement), a valuable resource still used extensively. Using these two sources, the author identified 74 original band members (66 women and 66 families) and traced each one and their descendants through several subsequent generations. Information about many of the individuals is scarce, but patterns emerge as to how they made a living and supported others. Many women continued as traders, craftspersons, and food producers; some men continued to trap or trade while others took wage work, primarily as fishers. Some stand out for their roles as leaders—particularly Agatha Biddle, who married an American from a wealthy family (or ","PeriodicalId":83184,"journal":{"name":"The Michigan historical review","volume":"189 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135469556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although no more than a few dozen mineral wells and springs existed in Michigan at any one time, since their discovery over 125 years ago nearly two hundred firms have operated watering places for the suffering in this state. The publications produced by this industry were collectively quite numerous, but scarcely a hundred or so examples of this genre can be located today. On those rare occasions when materials of this nature can be found in out-of-print book stores or antiquarian dealers'catalogs, it is not uncommon for the asking price to approach $100 per piece. Now that this union list has revealed how scarce and valuable these publication are, persons and institutions possessing such items should take precautions to ensure the security of their holdings.
{"title":"Research bibliography: a union list of publications from Michigan's mineral springs, mineral wells, and mineral baths.","authors":"L. Barnett","doi":"10.2307/20173680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/20173680","url":null,"abstract":"Although no more than a few dozen mineral wells and springs existed in Michigan at any one time, since their discovery over 125 years ago nearly two hundred firms have operated watering places for the suffering in this state. The publications produced by this industry were collectively quite numerous, but scarcely a hundred or so examples of this genre can be located today. On those rare occasions when materials of this nature can be found in out-of-print book stores or antiquarian dealers'catalogs, it is not uncommon for the asking price to approach $100 per piece. Now that this union list has revealed how scarce and valuable these publication are, persons and institutions possessing such items should take precautions to ensure the security of their holdings.","PeriodicalId":83184,"journal":{"name":"The Michigan historical review","volume":"23 2 1","pages":"169-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/20173680","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69124332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tending their flock: diet, hygiene, and health for 19th century reformatory children.","authors":"D. Thavenet","doi":"10.2307/20173181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/20173181","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":83184,"journal":{"name":"The Michigan historical review","volume":"15 2 1","pages":"23-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/20173181","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69123608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：