There is a widely held assumption that Islamist ideology is incompatible with modernity and feminism. Active debate in Iran about the dynamics of population policy and women's rights and responsibilities, together with the government's efforts to build public consensus on the need for birth control and family planning, however, suggest that Islam may be flexible and adaptable in response to political and economic realities. Iranian women individually and collectively have questioned the male interpretation of the proper Islamic role of women. They have encouraged the government to introduce reforms in the areas of marriage, divorce, and education, and are agitating for more improvement in women's legal and social position. These activities indicate that reproductive choices and strategies are not decided by Islam, but are the product of the political and economic realities of a given society. The first population policy of the Islamic Republic was formulated in 1989. Since then, the Family Planning Board has regenerated itself well beyond its pre-revolution capacity in terms of research and public services. Population policy before and after the Islamic Revolution, building national consensus on family planning, the family planning network, women's status, contradictory signals, and women's options are discussed.
{"title":"Devices and desires: population policy and gender roles in the Islamic Republic.","authors":"H. Hoodfar","doi":"10.2307/3012460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3012460","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 There is a widely held assumption that Islamist ideology is incompatible with modernity and feminism. Active debate in Iran about the dynamics of population policy and women's rights and responsibilities, together with the government's efforts to build public consensus on the need for birth control and family planning, however, suggest that Islam may be flexible and adaptable in response to political and economic realities. Iranian women individually and collectively have questioned the male interpretation of the proper Islamic role of women. They have encouraged the government to introduce reforms in the areas of marriage, divorce, and education, and are agitating for more improvement in women's legal and social position. These activities indicate that reproductive choices and strategies are not decided by Islam, but are the product of the political and economic realities of a given society. The first population policy of the Islamic Republic was formulated in 1989. Since then, the Family Planning Board has regenerated itself well beyond its pre-revolution capacity in terms of research and public services. Population policy before and after the Islamic Revolution, building national consensus on family planning, the family planning network, women's status, contradictory signals, and women's options are discussed.\u0000","PeriodicalId":83805,"journal":{"name":"Middle East report (New York, N.Y.)","volume":"24 190 1","pages":"11-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3012460","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68491642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The populations of Egypt and Morocco have grown since the beginning of the century from approximately 10 to 57 million and less than 5 to 25.5 million, respectively. Egypt and Morocco are two of the most populous Arab countries. After a long period of demographic growth, they adopted less pronatalist legislation and implemented family planning programs starting in the 1960s. Egypt's rate of total fertility (TFR) at that time was 6.7 children per woman, lower than most of the Arab world and lower than Morocco's 7.2. Egypt's fertility since then, however, has remained at 5-6, only dropping below 5 in 1989. TFR in Morocco increased to 7.4 in 1973, declined to 5.9 over the period 1973-77, and fell below 4 in 1989. The author questions why the goals of fertility control programs have not been reached in Egypt, yet have been surpassed in Morocco. Available data on contraceptive prevalence and breastfeeding practices would predict the opposite to be the case. 35.9% used birth control methods in Morocco in 1987 and 37.8% in Egypt in 1988. 6.9%, however, used less effective traditional methods in Morocco compared to only 2.4% who used such methods in Egypt. Egyptian women breastfeed their babies for 17.3 months compared to 14.4 months among Moroccan women, while between the ages 20-24, 60% of Egyptian women are married compared to 45% of women in Morocco. Moroccan and Egyptian families resist traditional explanations of demographic transition. It is concluded that although educational status affects fertility in the Maghrib and Mashriq, greater female labor force participation, state-citizen fiscal relations, and foreign migration play major determining roles.
{"title":"Demographic change in the Arab world: the impact of migration, education and taxes in Egypt and Morocco.","authors":"Y. Courbage","doi":"10.2307/3012462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3012462","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The populations of Egypt and Morocco have grown since the beginning of the century from approximately 10 to 57 million and less than 5 to 25.5 million, respectively. Egypt and Morocco are two of the most populous Arab countries. After a long period of demographic growth, they adopted less pronatalist legislation and implemented family planning programs starting in the 1960s. Egypt's rate of total fertility (TFR) at that time was 6.7 children per woman, lower than most of the Arab world and lower than Morocco's 7.2. Egypt's fertility since then, however, has remained at 5-6, only dropping below 5 in 1989. TFR in Morocco increased to 7.4 in 1973, declined to 5.9 over the period 1973-77, and fell below 4 in 1989. The author questions why the goals of fertility control programs have not been reached in Egypt, yet have been surpassed in Morocco. Available data on contraceptive prevalence and breastfeeding practices would predict the opposite to be the case. 35.9% used birth control methods in Morocco in 1987 and 37.8% in Egypt in 1988. 6.9%, however, used less effective traditional methods in Morocco compared to only 2.4% who used such methods in Egypt. Egyptian women breastfeed their babies for 17.3 months compared to 14.4 months among Moroccan women, while between the ages 20-24, 60% of Egyptian women are married compared to 45% of women in Morocco. Moroccan and Egyptian families resist traditional explanations of demographic transition. It is concluded that although educational status affects fertility in the Maghrib and Mashriq, greater female labor force participation, state-citizen fiscal relations, and foreign migration play major determining roles.\u0000","PeriodicalId":83805,"journal":{"name":"Middle East report (New York, N.Y.)","volume":"24 190 1","pages":"19-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3012462","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68491680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author describes trends in return migration to Yemen as a result of political events in surrounding countries. The impact on Yemen is discussed, with a focus on economic factors and space limitations.
{"title":"Yemeni workers come home: reabsorbing one million migrants.","authors":"T. B. Stevenson","doi":"10.2307/3013016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3013016","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The author describes trends in return migration to Yemen as a result of political events in surrounding countries. The impact on Yemen is discussed, with a focus on economic factors and space limitations.\u0000","PeriodicalId":83805,"journal":{"name":"Middle East report (New York, N.Y.)","volume":"492 1","pages":"15-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3013016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68492752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author investigates causes and consequences of migratory movements in the Middle East. "Two factors--integration into the world labor market and the fragility of integration within the separate states--largely explain why conflicts in the Middle East have in recent years produced the greatest refugee flows of any region in the world.... The crisis of the secular nation-state in the Middle East will continue as states become either politically or economically more dependent on outside protection or assistance. The challenge by Islamist movements is also likely to undermine national cohesion by politicizing religious identity."
{"title":"Migrants, workers and refugees: the political economy of population movements in the Middle East.","authors":"M. Humphrey","doi":"10.2307/3013013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3013013","url":null,"abstract":"The author investigates causes and consequences of migratory movements in the Middle East. \"Two factors--integration into the world labor market and the fragility of integration within the separate states--largely explain why conflicts in the Middle East have in recent years produced the greatest refugee flows of any region in the world.... The crisis of the secular nation-state in the Middle East will continue as states become either politically or economically more dependent on outside protection or assistance. The challenge by Islamist movements is also likely to undermine national cohesion by politicizing religious identity.\"","PeriodicalId":83805,"journal":{"name":"Middle East report (New York, N.Y.)","volume":"181 1","pages":"2-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3013013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68492707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author investigates demographic trends in Morocco since 1950. Aspects considered include economic changes, with a focus on education, land distribution, and agricultural production; social transformation, particularly literacy, women in the labor force, and changes in marriage age; and the implications of these trends.
{"title":"The challenge of population growth in Morocco.","authors":"G. Sabagh","doi":"10.2307/3013019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3013019","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The author investigates demographic trends in Morocco since 1950. Aspects considered include economic changes, with a focus on education, land distribution, and agricultural production; social transformation, particularly literacy, women in the labor force, and changes in marriage age; and the implications of these trends.\u0000","PeriodicalId":83805,"journal":{"name":"Middle East report (New York, N.Y.)","volume":"181 1","pages":"30-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/3013019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68492781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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