Pub Date : 2020-01-01Epub Date: 2019-10-24DOI: 10.1002/pro.3740
Thomas C Terwilliger, Paul D Adams, Pavel V Afonine, Oleg V Sobolev
A procedure for building protein chains into maps produced by single-particle electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) is described. The procedure is similar to the way an experienced structural biologist might analyze a map, focusing first on secondary structure elements such as helices and sheets, then varying the contour level to identify connections between these elements. Since the high density in a map typically follows the main-chain of the protein, the main-chain connection between secondary structure elements can often be identified as the unbranched path between them with the highest minimum value along the path. This chain-tracing procedure is then combined with finding side-chain positions based on the presence of density extending away from the main path of the chain, allowing generation of a Cα model. The Cα model is converted to an all-atom model and is refined against the map. We show that this procedure is as effective as other existing methods for interpretation of cryo-EM maps and that it is considerably faster and produces models with fewer chain breaks than our previous methods that were based on approaches developed for crystallographic maps.
{"title":"Cryo-EM map interpretation and protein model-building using iterative map segmentation.","authors":"Thomas C Terwilliger, Paul D Adams, Pavel V Afonine, Oleg V Sobolev","doi":"10.1002/pro.3740","DOIUrl":"10.1002/pro.3740","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A procedure for building protein chains into maps produced by single-particle electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) is described. The procedure is similar to the way an experienced structural biologist might analyze a map, focusing first on secondary structure elements such as helices and sheets, then varying the contour level to identify connections between these elements. Since the high density in a map typically follows the main-chain of the protein, the main-chain connection between secondary structure elements can often be identified as the unbranched path between them with the highest minimum value along the path. This chain-tracing procedure is then combined with finding side-chain positions based on the presence of density extending away from the main path of the chain, allowing generation of a C<sub>α</sub> model. The C<sub>α</sub> model is converted to an all-atom model and is refined against the map. We show that this procedure is as effective as other existing methods for interpretation of cryo-EM maps and that it is considerably faster and produces models with fewer chain breaks than our previous methods that were based on approaches developed for crystallographic maps.</p>","PeriodicalId":87192,"journal":{"name":"Loyola consumer law review","volume":"30 1","pages":"87-99"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6933853/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82337738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
International telemedicine services have existed virtually outside the U.S. regulatory matrix for over a decade. This lack of regulation has opened the door for dangerous and possibly life-threatening situations to arise, leaving little to no available recourse for injured consumers. Regulation is often cast as an antonym of liberalization and a dirty word under the current political and economic zeitgeist. Despite this common misconception, regulation can be imposed without threatening liberalized trade or breaching current free-trade agreements. All current trade agreements, by nature, seek to increase liberalization and globalization by reducing barriers to trade. However, lack of commitment, provisions allowing for domestic regulation of services, and specific exceptions within the agreements leave the door open for the U.S. to impose a regulatory matrix governing telemedicine without breaching the obligations of our current free-trade agreements. Telemedicine’s value cannot be denied. Nonetheless, trading healthcare services, and thereby the health and safety of Americans, cannot continue unchecked. If executed properly, regulations can both serve U.S. free-trade interests and protect patient-consumers.
{"title":"Trading Your Health: Assessing the Need for Domestic Regulation of Telemedicine and Ability to Conform to U.S. Trade Agreements","authors":"Marilyn Higdon","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3116354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3116354","url":null,"abstract":"International telemedicine services have existed virtually outside the U.S. regulatory matrix for over a decade. This lack of regulation has opened the door for dangerous and possibly life-threatening situations to arise, leaving little to no available recourse for injured consumers. \u0000Regulation is often cast as an antonym of liberalization and a dirty word under the current political and economic zeitgeist. Despite this common misconception, regulation can be imposed without threatening liberalized trade or breaching current free-trade agreements. All current trade agreements, by nature, seek to increase liberalization and globalization by reducing barriers to trade. However, lack of commitment, provisions allowing for domestic regulation of services, and specific exceptions within the agreements leave the door open for the U.S. to impose a regulatory matrix governing telemedicine without breaching the obligations of our current free-trade agreements. \u0000Telemedicine’s value cannot be denied. Nonetheless, trading healthcare services, and thereby the health and safety of Americans, cannot continue unchecked. If executed properly, regulations can both serve U.S. free-trade interests and protect patient-consumers.","PeriodicalId":87192,"journal":{"name":"Loyola consumer law review","volume":"30 1","pages":"393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2139/ssrn.3116354","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43910102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the late 1980’s, spurred on by advances in technology, the telemarketing industry began aggressively seeking out consumers in the hundreds of thousands. Companies began using machines that automatically dialed consumers and delivered prerecorded messages (“robocalls”). Marketers also took advantage of another new and increasingly available piece of technology known as the facsimile machine (“fax machine”). With the fax machine, marketers could now send tens of thousands of unsolicited advertisements (“junk fax”) each week to consumers across the nation. Consumers and businesses became overwhelmed with unsolicited telemarketing calls and advertisements. Calls for action grew louder. States enacted laws, but could not reach the interstate practices of telemarketers. After reviewing and debating ten different pieces of legislation, Congress enacted the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 (“TCPA”). The primary focus of this report is the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991. The TCPA was born out of abusive telemarketing practices, made more intrusive by advances in technology. Originally, the TCPA imposed restrictions on the use of telephones for unsolicited advertising by telephone and fax. The TCPA has since been expanded and adapted by administrative rule, judicial interpretation, and congressional amendment. The original purpose of the TCPA was to regulate certain uses of technology that are abusive, invasive, and potentially dangerous. The TCPA effectively regulates these abuses by prohibiting certain technologies altogether, rather than focusing specifically on the content of the messages being delivered. The expansion of the TCPA into areas outside of telemarketing and new technologies over the years is consistent with its original purpose. Private parties are largely responsible for the enforcement of the TCPA, and have done so primarily through the class action mechanism. While this has drawn some criticism because of the provision of high statutory damages, the threat of class action has provided a significant deterrent to violators. Historically the government has only enforced the TCPA to a limited extent, yet the statute has been relatively successful in reducing the conduct it was enacted to regulate. Technology is again rapidly changing and a number of trends are emerging. The number of entities that are operating in intentional disregard of the TCPA are growing, and they are using technology to help evade detection and enforcement. According to the FTC, about 59% of phone spam cannot be traced or blocked because the phone calls are routed through “a web of automatic dialers, caller ID spoofing and voice-over-Internet protocols.” Although the traditional scheme of TCPA enforcement, with its strong reliance on the private right of action, has been successful in the past, two main issues are becoming clear. The private right of action is limited in both incentivizing lawsuits against, and deterring the actions of, intentio
{"title":"The Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991: Adapting Consumer Protection to Changing Technology","authors":"Daniel B. Heidtke, Jessica Stewart, S. Waller","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2327266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2327266","url":null,"abstract":"In the late 1980’s, spurred on by advances in technology, the telemarketing industry began aggressively seeking out consumers in the hundreds of thousands. Companies began using machines that automatically dialed consumers and delivered prerecorded messages (“robocalls”). Marketers also took advantage of another new and increasingly available piece of technology known as the facsimile machine (“fax machine”). With the fax machine, marketers could now send tens of thousands of unsolicited advertisements (“junk fax”) each week to consumers across the nation. Consumers and businesses became overwhelmed with unsolicited telemarketing calls and advertisements. Calls for action grew louder. States enacted laws, but could not reach the interstate practices of telemarketers. After reviewing and debating ten different pieces of legislation, Congress enacted the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 (“TCPA”). The primary focus of this report is the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991. The TCPA was born out of abusive telemarketing practices, made more intrusive by advances in technology. Originally, the TCPA imposed restrictions on the use of telephones for unsolicited advertising by telephone and fax. The TCPA has since been expanded and adapted by administrative rule, judicial interpretation, and congressional amendment. The original purpose of the TCPA was to regulate certain uses of technology that are abusive, invasive, and potentially dangerous. The TCPA effectively regulates these abuses by prohibiting certain technologies altogether, rather than focusing specifically on the content of the messages being delivered. The expansion of the TCPA into areas outside of telemarketing and new technologies over the years is consistent with its original purpose. Private parties are largely responsible for the enforcement of the TCPA, and have done so primarily through the class action mechanism. While this has drawn some criticism because of the provision of high statutory damages, the threat of class action has provided a significant deterrent to violators. Historically the government has only enforced the TCPA to a limited extent, yet the statute has been relatively successful in reducing the conduct it was enacted to regulate. Technology is again rapidly changing and a number of trends are emerging. The number of entities that are operating in intentional disregard of the TCPA are growing, and they are using technology to help evade detection and enforcement. According to the FTC, about 59% of phone spam cannot be traced or blocked because the phone calls are routed through “a web of automatic dialers, caller ID spoofing and voice-over-Internet protocols.” Although the traditional scheme of TCPA enforcement, with its strong reliance on the private right of action, has been successful in the past, two main issues are becoming clear. The private right of action is limited in both incentivizing lawsuits against, and deterring the actions of, intentio","PeriodicalId":87192,"journal":{"name":"Loyola consumer law review","volume":"26 1","pages":"343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68106217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Suitability and Non-Maleficence: A Proposal for Insurance Producer Regulatory Reform","authors":"M. Franke","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2282681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2282681","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":87192,"journal":{"name":"Loyola consumer law review","volume":"26 1","pages":"73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68060458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On October 5, 2007, a group of antitrust scholars convened on Chicago's Near North Side to discuss monopolization law. In the course of their freewheeling but fascinating conversation, a number of broad themes emerged. Those themes can best be understood in contrast to a body of antitrust scholarship that was born six miles to the south, at the University of Chicago. Most notably, the North Side discussants demonstrate a hearty confidence in the antitrust enterprise - a confidence that is not shared by Chicago School scholars, who generally advocate a more modest antitrust. As scholars who are more sympathetic to Chicago School views, we are somewhat skeptical. While we applaud many the of the insights and inquiries raised during the conversation, and certainly this sort of discussion in general, our task in this article is to draft a critical analysis of the October 5 conversation. In particular, we critique the North Side discussants' vision of a big antitrust that would place equal emphasis on Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act and would expand private enforcement of Section 2.
2007年10月5日，一群反垄断学者聚集在芝加哥近北区讨论反垄断法。在他们畅所欲言却引人入胜的谈话中，出现了许多广泛的主题。要想理解这些主题，最好的办法是与诞生于6英里以南的芝加哥大学(University of Chicago)的反垄断研究机构进行对比。最值得注意的是，北区的讨论者对反垄断事业表现出了由衷的信心——这种信心是芝加哥学派学者所没有的，他们通常主张更温和的反垄断。作为更赞同芝加哥学派观点的学者，我们多少有些怀疑。虽然我们赞赏谈话中提出的许多见解和疑问，当然也赞赏这种讨论，但我们在本文中的任务是起草一份对10月5日谈话的批判性分析。特别是，我们批评北侧讨论者关于大型反垄断的观点，该观点将同等强调《谢尔曼法》第1条和第2条，并扩大第2条的私人执行。
{"title":"Antitrust (Over-?) Confidence","authors":"T. Lambert, Joshua D. Wright","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1086440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1086440","url":null,"abstract":"On October 5, 2007, a group of antitrust scholars convened on Chicago's Near North Side to discuss monopolization law. In the course of their freewheeling but fascinating conversation, a number of broad themes emerged. Those themes can best be understood in contrast to a body of antitrust scholarship that was born six miles to the south, at the University of Chicago. Most notably, the North Side discussants demonstrate a hearty confidence in the antitrust enterprise - a confidence that is not shared by Chicago School scholars, who generally advocate a more modest antitrust. As scholars who are more sympathetic to Chicago School views, we are somewhat skeptical. While we applaud many the of the insights and inquiries raised during the conversation, and certainly this sort of discussion in general, our task in this article is to draft a critical analysis of the October 5 conversation. In particular, we critique the North Side discussants' vision of a big antitrust that would place equal emphasis on Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act and would expand private enforcement of Section 2.","PeriodicalId":87192,"journal":{"name":"Loyola consumer law review","volume":"20 1","pages":"219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68135517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An unfulfilled promise of the Medicaid Act: enforcing Medicaid recipients' right to health care.","authors":"Frederick H Cohen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":87192,"journal":{"name":"Loyola consumer law review","volume":"17 4","pages":"375-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25976604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cloning human beings and the consumer of the future: a worthwhile endeavor or a nightmare come true?","authors":"A Frankel","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":87192,"journal":{"name":"Loyola consumer law review","volume":"13 2","pages":"149-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24864847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Federally funded stem cell research: a good deal for the taxpayer and consumer.","authors":"D A Resnikoff","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":87192,"journal":{"name":"Loyola consumer law review","volume":"14 1","pages":"36-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"24864845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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