Pub Date : 2002-01-01DOI: 10.1080/17460260209443384
Harvey Taylor
Continuing critical investigation of some of the recreational and social realities of the defining period in English athletics which spanned the laternineteenth and early-twentieth centuries can sustain the fertile relationship that has developed in recent years between social theoretical and empirical approaches to previously largely uncritical narrative sports history. Histories of sport and recreation have clearly developed a more immediate pertinence to social theoretical debates that are consistent with Norbert Elias’s basic figurational sociological proposition that recreation is bounded by aworking out of human relations dependent upon the form and extent of power. It is from this initial theoretical standpoint that the dynamic figurations that constituteevolving society can be brought to life by way ofempirical studies examining human agency operating in such areas as class and class relations, social control, common culture and the ‘civilizing process’.’
{"title":"Play up, but don't play the game: English amateur athletic elitism, 1863-1910.","authors":"Harvey Taylor","doi":"10.1080/17460260209443384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17460260209443384","url":null,"abstract":"Continuing critical investigation of some of the recreational and social realities of the defining period in English athletics which spanned the laternineteenth and early-twentieth centuries can sustain the fertile relationship that has developed in recent years between social theoretical and empirical approaches to previously largely uncritical narrative sports history. Histories of sport and recreation have clearly developed a more immediate pertinence to social theoretical debates that are consistent with Norbert Elias’s basic figurational sociological proposition that recreation is bounded by aworking out of human relations dependent upon the form and extent of power. It is from this initial theoretical standpoint that the dynamic figurations that constituteevolving society can be brought to life by way ofempirical studies examining human agency operating in such areas as class and class relations, social control, common culture and the ‘civilizing process’.’","PeriodicalId":89043,"journal":{"name":"The sports historian","volume":"22 2","pages":"75-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17460260209443384","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29185543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/17460260109447879
T Hwang, G Jarvie
Sport development had been influenced by military, economic, political and social chaos. The period 1912 to 1927 was a tumultuous time for China, fragmented and ruled as it was by an assortment of regional military dictators or warlords. The first Chinese Republic was established in 1912 and soon collapsed, in 1916, when the first president Yuan Shih-kai died. National government ceased to exist. Throughout China, warlords carved out autonomous districts with their own armies and tax systems. These warlords were fighting each other in a continual battle for more land for several years. Dr. Sun Yet-sen reorganised the KMT (Kuomintang Nationalist Party) and established a power base in southern China with the support of several local warlords in Canton. Then Sun set up the Whampoa Military Academy near Canton and appointed Chiang Kai-shek as its superintendent. By 1925, the KMT began the Northern Expedition, a military campaign against warlords north of the capital Beijing, uniting the nation under Nationalist rule. Despite the serious internal problem of warlords, external problems centred on the extension of Japanese imperialism and the continuing influence of Western imperialism. Especially, the May Fourth Movement in 1919 and the May Thirtieth Incident in 1925 were the major historical events to enflame Chinese nationalism against Japanese and Western imperialism. These events not only strengthened Chinese nationalism, but also produced critical debates on sport. At least two important debates affected the development of sport during this period. One was that between physical education and military training in schools; the other was between Western sport and indigenous sport. In examining these two key debates here, it is necessary to explain how Chinese nationalism emerged at this time.
{"title":"Sport, nationalism and the early Chinese republic 1912-1927.","authors":"T Hwang, G Jarvie","doi":"10.1080/17460260109447879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17460260109447879","url":null,"abstract":"Sport development had been influenced by military, economic, political and social chaos. The period 1912 to 1927 was a tumultuous time for China, fragmented and ruled as it was by an assortment of regional military dictators or warlords. The first Chinese Republic was established in 1912 and soon collapsed, in 1916, when the first president Yuan Shih-kai died. National government ceased to exist. Throughout China, warlords carved out autonomous districts with their own armies and tax systems. These warlords were fighting each other in a continual battle for more land for several years. Dr. Sun Yet-sen reorganised the KMT (Kuomintang Nationalist Party) and established a power base in southern China with the support of several local warlords in Canton. Then Sun set up the Whampoa Military Academy near Canton and appointed Chiang Kai-shek as its superintendent. By 1925, the KMT began the Northern Expedition, a military campaign against warlords north of the capital Beijing, uniting the nation under Nationalist rule. Despite the serious internal problem of warlords, external problems centred on the extension of Japanese imperialism and the continuing influence of Western imperialism. Especially, the May Fourth Movement in 1919 and the May Thirtieth Incident in 1925 were the major historical events to enflame Chinese nationalism against Japanese and Western imperialism. These events not only strengthened Chinese nationalism, but also produced critical debates on sport. At least two important debates affected the development of sport during this period. One was that between physical education and military training in schools; the other was between Western sport and indigenous sport. In examining these two key debates here, it is necessary to explain how Chinese nationalism emerged at this time.","PeriodicalId":89043,"journal":{"name":"The sports historian","volume":"21 2","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17460260109447879","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29443219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2001-01-01DOI: 10.1080/17460260109447882
C Parker
The main focus of swimming in the first half of the nineteenth century was simply for enjoyment and pleasure, plus its endorsement by society as a wholesome rational recreation. It was pursued at popular river sites, at the seaside, at private baths clubs or at the newly emerging municipal baths. The formation of swimming clubs, during the middle years of the century, was the beginning of a change in emphasis for swimming, from a rational, enjoyable, sociable activity to the emergence of swimming as a ‘modern’ competitive sport. This paper will examine the factors that influenced this shift in swimming from a ‘rational’ to a ‘modern’ sport. It will begin by briefly identifying the characteristics of modern sport as classified in Adelman’s typology. The emergence of competitive swimming will then be discussed, by examining the activities and races of the early nineteenth century swimmers most of whom were professional. To demonstrate the continuing modernisation of the sport an overview of the first national swimming organisations will be undertaken, followed by an explanation for their ultimate decline. The changing attitude towards swimming by both government and social reformers, which resulted in the promotion of swimming as a sport, will be traced via the establishment of a specialised swimming press and ultimately through the passing of the 1878 Baths and Washhouses Act, which enabled Local Authorities to build covered swimming pools as opposed to public baths and washhouses. Finally, a brief review of some of the first swimming clubs to be established will explore the role of the professional in their formation. The paper will conclude with an assessment of whether swimming, by 1878 could claim to have become a ‘modern’ sport.
{"title":"The rise of competitive swimming 1840 to 1878.","authors":"C Parker","doi":"10.1080/17460260109447882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17460260109447882","url":null,"abstract":"The main focus of swimming in the first half of the nineteenth century was simply for enjoyment and pleasure, plus its endorsement by society as a wholesome rational recreation. It was pursued at popular river sites, at the seaside, at private baths clubs or at the newly emerging municipal baths. The formation of swimming clubs, during the middle years of the century, was the beginning of a change in emphasis for swimming, from a rational, enjoyable, sociable activity to the emergence of swimming as a ‘modern’ competitive sport. This paper will examine the factors that influenced this shift in swimming from a ‘rational’ to a ‘modern’ sport. It will begin by briefly identifying the characteristics of modern sport as classified in Adelman’s typology. The emergence of competitive swimming will then be discussed, by examining the activities and races of the early nineteenth century swimmers most of whom were professional. To demonstrate the continuing modernisation of the sport an overview of the first national swimming organisations will be undertaken, followed by an explanation for their ultimate decline. The changing attitude towards swimming by both government and social reformers, which resulted in the promotion of swimming as a sport, will be traced via the establishment of a specialised swimming press and ultimately through the passing of the 1878 Baths and Washhouses Act, which enabled Local Authorities to build covered swimming pools as opposed to public baths and washhouses. Finally, a brief review of some of the first swimming clubs to be established will explore the role of the professional in their formation. The paper will conclude with an assessment of whether swimming, by 1878 could claim to have become a ‘modern’ sport.","PeriodicalId":89043,"journal":{"name":"The sports historian","volume":"21 2","pages":"54-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17460260109447882","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29445658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-01-01DOI: 10.1080/17460269909445811
L Jackson
The growth in provision in sporting opportunities in nineteenth century Britain is a well documented topic, and there has been a parallel growth of interest in particular sports in a Scottish setting’. Such studies examine aspects of formal sports organisations in a variety of contexts and show the diversity of social arrangements which supported participation in sport. This paper examines the role of a national organisation, military rather than social in nature, to assess its contribution as a vehicle for the promotion of sport for rural working-class men in one specific Scottish setting. The nineteenth century Volunteer Force was set up with the aim of national defence, in the expectation that citizens would willingly do their patriotic duty: “I do make Oath that I will be faithful and do swear true Allegiance to Her Majesty, her heirs and Successors and that I will as in duty bound honestly and faithfully defend Her Majesty, her heirs and Successors in person, Crown and dignity against all enimies (sic) and will observe and obey all orders of Her Majesty, her heirs and Successors and of the Generals and Officers set over me. So help me God”2. Did membership serve a different purpose for the working-class men who unexpectedly became the mainstay of the force?
{"title":"Patriotism or pleasure? The nineteenth century volunteer force as a vehicle for rural working-class male sport.","authors":"L Jackson","doi":"10.1080/17460269909445811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17460269909445811","url":null,"abstract":"The growth in provision in sporting opportunities in nineteenth century Britain is a well documented topic, and there has been a parallel growth of interest in particular sports in a Scottish setting’. Such studies examine aspects of formal sports organisations in a variety of contexts and show the diversity of social arrangements which supported participation in sport. This paper examines the role of a national organisation, military rather than social in nature, to assess its contribution as a vehicle for the promotion of sport for rural working-class men in one specific Scottish setting. The nineteenth century Volunteer Force was set up with the aim of national defence, in the expectation that citizens would willingly do their patriotic duty: “I do make Oath that I will be faithful and do swear true Allegiance to Her Majesty, her heirs and Successors and that I will as in duty bound honestly and faithfully defend Her Majesty, her heirs and Successors in person, Crown and dignity against all enimies (sic) and will observe and obey all orders of Her Majesty, her heirs and Successors and of the Generals and Officers set over me. So help me God”2. Did membership serve a different purpose for the working-class men who unexpectedly became the mainstay of the force?","PeriodicalId":89043,"journal":{"name":"The sports historian","volume":"19 1","pages":"125-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17460269909445811","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30521428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-01-01DOI: 10.1080/17460269909445808
N K Nielsen
Politically, Nordic Nazism and Fascism never amounted to much. The Nazi parties in Scandinavia never played any important role in political life. Only elements without significant influence wanted parliamentary democracy to be replaced by totalitarianism. In Sweden there was many small Nazi-parties, but even the biggest one, Nationalsocialistiska arbetarpartiet (NSAP/SSS), led by Sven Olof Lindholm, never gained any political influence. Jointly it had under 1% of the vote and was never represented in parliament. At the last general election before the war (1939) the Nazis in Denmark gained only 1.8% of the vote. The percentage in Norway was the same (1936), while in Finland the fascist IKL party had about 4% of the votes in 1939. In Iceland the Nazis never climbed above the level of 0.2% of the vote.
{"title":"The cult of the Nordic superman: between the pre-modern and the modern.","authors":"N K Nielsen","doi":"10.1080/17460269909445808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17460269909445808","url":null,"abstract":"Politically, Nordic Nazism and Fascism never amounted to much. The Nazi parties in Scandinavia never played any important role in political life. Only elements without significant influence wanted parliamentary democracy to be replaced by totalitarianism. In Sweden there was many small Nazi-parties, but even the biggest one, Nationalsocialistiska arbetarpartiet (NSAP/SSS), led by Sven Olof Lindholm, never gained any political influence. Jointly it had under 1% of the vote and was never represented in parliament. At the last general election before the war (1939) the Nazis in Denmark gained only 1.8% of the vote. The percentage in Norway was the same (1936), while in Finland the fascist IKL party had about 4% of the votes in 1939. In Iceland the Nazis never climbed above the level of 0.2% of the vote.","PeriodicalId":89043,"journal":{"name":"The sports historian","volume":"19 1","pages":"61-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17460269909445808","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30521432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-01-01DOI: 10.1080/17460269909445810
G Jarvie, I A Reid
By the year 1999 Scotland will have a new Parliament, the first in Scotland since 1707. This Parliament will not make Scotland a homogenous entity. Within months of the country-wide endorsement in September 1997 of a devolved Parliament divisions were already apparent, as Scotland’s two major cities, Edinburgh and Glasgow, were involved in a public debate over which city should be the temporary home of the Parliament (The Scotsman, 17 March 1998; Daily Record, 20 March 1998;The Scotsman, 21 March 1998; The Scotsman, 22 March 1998; The Scotsman, 24 March 1997). In short, from the moment of its creation, Scotland has always been an uneasy partnership of very different communities. Sport, therefore, should not be used as a fallacious guide to undifferentiated Scottishness but rather as a subtle reflection of social, cultural and political diversity. The argument at the heart of this paper is that sport reflects some of the many indices or different images of nationhood and peoples represented at any given time.
{"title":"Sport, nationalism and culture in Scotland.","authors":"G Jarvie, I A Reid","doi":"10.1080/17460269909445810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17460269909445810","url":null,"abstract":"By the year 1999 Scotland will have a new Parliament, the first in Scotland since 1707. This Parliament will not make Scotland a homogenous entity. Within months of the country-wide endorsement in September 1997 of a devolved Parliament divisions were already apparent, as Scotland’s two major cities, Edinburgh and Glasgow, were involved in a public debate over which city should be the temporary home of the Parliament (The Scotsman, 17 March 1998; Daily Record, 20 March 1998;The Scotsman, 21 March 1998; The Scotsman, 22 March 1998; The Scotsman, 24 March 1997). In short, from the moment of its creation, Scotland has always been an uneasy partnership of very different communities. Sport, therefore, should not be used as a fallacious guide to undifferentiated Scottishness but rather as a subtle reflection of social, cultural and political diversity. The argument at the heart of this paper is that sport reflects some of the many indices or different images of nationhood and peoples represented at any given time.","PeriodicalId":89043,"journal":{"name":"The sports historian","volume":"19 1","pages":"97-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17460269909445810","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30521431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1999-01-01DOI: 10.1080/17460269909445807
M Atherton, D Russell, G Turner
deaf is used in two contexts: firstly, when referring to all deaf people in general (hence, deaf football); and secondly, when writing specifically about those deaf people for whom deafness means being unable to hear, rather than having any linguistic or cultural connotations. This group includes those people who refer to themselves as ‘deafened’, ‘hard of hearing’, ‘hearing impaired’ and other such labels.
{"title":"Playing to the flag: a history of deaf football and deaf footballers in Britain.","authors":"M Atherton, D Russell, G Turner","doi":"10.1080/17460269909445807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17460269909445807","url":null,"abstract":"deaf is used in two contexts: firstly, when referring to all deaf people in general (hence, deaf football); and secondly, when writing specifically about those deaf people for whom deafness means being unable to hear, rather than having any linguistic or cultural connotations. This group includes those people who refer to themselves as ‘deafened’, ‘hard of hearing’, ‘hearing impaired’ and other such labels.","PeriodicalId":89043,"journal":{"name":"The sports historian","volume":"19 1","pages":"38-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17460269909445807","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30521429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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