Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.261
Sang-hyun KIM
The study of climate and its change had traditionally been descriptive and regionally oriented and regarded as a minor branch of meteorology. With advances in compu-ting technology, however, climate studies gradually moved towards highly mathe-matical endeavors. By the mid-1970s, climate research became dominated by dy-namical meteorologists, atmospheric physicists, and physical oceanographers armed with complex numerical modeling as a principal methodology. The observational studies of climate, as well as simple climate modeling studies focusing on climate sensitivity and feedback processes, continued to play an essential role in raising the issue of climate change - both natural and anthropogenic - in the 1960s and early 1970s. On the other hand, many meteorologists firmly believed that climate and its change could only be properly studied using numerical models of the large-scale atmospheric circulation - i.e., general circulation models (GCMs). This tendency was particularly strong in Britain. From early on, the British Meteorological Office devoted much of its climate research efforts to developing GCMs. This paper traces the history of GCM developments at the British Meteorological Office from the 1950s to the mid-1970s and also explores how particular styles of scientific practice, disciplinary traditions, institutional cultures, and broader political environments shaped these developments.
{"title":"Early History of Climate Modeling in the British Meteorological Office","authors":"Sang-hyun KIM","doi":"10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.261","url":null,"abstract":"The study of climate and its change had traditionally been descriptive and regionally oriented and regarded as a minor branch of meteorology. With advances in compu-ting technology, however, climate studies gradually moved towards highly mathe-matical endeavors. By the mid-1970s, climate research became dominated by dy-namical meteorologists, atmospheric physicists, and physical oceanographers armed with complex numerical modeling as a principal methodology. The observational studies of climate, as well as simple climate modeling studies focusing on climate sensitivity and feedback processes, continued to play an essential role in raising the issue of climate change - both natural and anthropogenic - in the 1960s and early 1970s. On the other hand, many meteorologists firmly believed that climate and its change could only be properly studied using numerical models of the large-scale atmospheric circulation - i.e., general circulation models (GCMs). This tendency was particularly strong in Britain. From early on, the British Meteorological Office devoted much of its climate research efforts to developing GCMs. This paper traces the history of GCM developments at the British Meteorological Office from the 1950s to the mid-1970s and also explores how particular styles of scientific practice, disciplinary traditions, institutional cultures, and broader political environments shaped these developments.","PeriodicalId":89558,"journal":{"name":"Han'guk Kwahaksa Hakhoeji","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136241222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.299
Youngkwan BAN
This article examines the exhumation and identification process conducted at Jeju International Airport to search for the Jeju 4.3 victims who have been missing for more than 70 years. The discovery of a thousand intricate bones beneath the airport's surface shattered the imagined anonymity and uniformity of the space, revealing a profound connection to memory and history. I argue that this project shed light on the relationships among human remains, memory, and history, uncovering critical evidence of extreme violence and providing a platform to address the unspoken wounds of the community. The article underscores the intricate relationship between science and politics when confronting the complexities of a difficult past. It acknowledges the supportive role of the government while also highlighting the limitations and selective application of science, as evidenced in cases such as the burial of government opposition militants. Through victim identification, the deceased have been granted a rightful resting place, allowing the public to witness and engage with the past. However, with identification now possible, bodies which, by legal determination, cannot be categorized as ‘victims’ are ineligible for exhumation. To highlight the intricate confluence of science, memory, and politics, this article contributes to the comprehension of collective memory, the contextualization of history, and the multifaceted dynamics inherent in addressing traumatic historical events.
{"title":"Silencing the Sound of Cracking Bones: Victim Identification as Memorial Practice in Jeju 4.3","authors":"Youngkwan BAN","doi":"10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.299","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the exhumation and identification process conducted at Jeju International Airport to search for the Jeju 4.3 victims who have been missing for more than 70 years. The discovery of a thousand intricate bones beneath the airport's surface shattered the imagined anonymity and uniformity of the space, revealing a profound connection to memory and history. I argue that this project shed light on the relationships among human remains, memory, and history, uncovering critical evidence of extreme violence and providing a platform to address the unspoken wounds of the community. The article underscores the intricate relationship between science and politics when confronting the complexities of a difficult past. It acknowledges the supportive role of the government while also highlighting the limitations and selective application of science, as evidenced in cases such as the burial of government opposition militants. Through victim identification, the deceased have been granted a rightful resting place, allowing the public to witness and engage with the past. However, with identification now possible, bodies which, by legal determination, cannot be categorized as ‘victims’ are ineligible for exhumation. To highlight the intricate confluence of science, memory, and politics, this article contributes to the comprehension of collective memory, the contextualization of history, and the multifaceted dynamics inherent in addressing traumatic historical events.","PeriodicalId":89558,"journal":{"name":"Han'guk Kwahaksa Hakhoeji","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136241223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.343
Taemin WOO
The collapse of the Sungsoo Bridge and Sampoong Department Store in the late 1990s led to the societal recognition that Korea had become a “risk society.” Ulrich Beck’s theory of the risk society was helpful for understanding post-disaster South Korean society. However, it has failed to reflect on the “risk” itself, which is inherent in science and technology and only revealed through the use of science and technology. This paper analyzes the early history of disaster prevention technology at the Failure Prevention Research Center (FPRC) within the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), a national metrology institution. This paper found that the roles and social meanings of measurement have been largely changed in Korea. The case of FPRC also demonstrates that post-disaster changes in science and technology can be a form of collective and materialized memory of disasters. Redefining science and technology as materialized memories of disasters - in other words, a social construct - would allow us to take science and technology not merely as a technical resource but as an object of reflection to live in a risk society.
{"title":"Escaping from the Sandcastle: Risk Society, Engineers, and Social Meanings of Measurement in Korea","authors":"Taemin WOO","doi":"10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.343","url":null,"abstract":"The collapse of the Sungsoo Bridge and Sampoong Department Store in the late 1990s led to the societal recognition that Korea had become a “risk society.” Ulrich Beck’s theory of the risk society was helpful for understanding post-disaster South Korean society. However, it has failed to reflect on the “risk” itself, which is inherent in science and technology and only revealed through the use of science and technology. This paper analyzes the early history of disaster prevention technology at the Failure Prevention Research Center (FPRC) within the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), a national metrology institution. This paper found that the roles and social meanings of measurement have been largely changed in Korea. The case of FPRC also demonstrates that post-disaster changes in science and technology can be a form of collective and materialized memory of disasters. Redefining science and technology as materialized memories of disasters - in other words, a social construct - would allow us to take science and technology not merely as a technical resource but as an object of reflection to live in a risk society.","PeriodicalId":89558,"journal":{"name":"Han'guk Kwahaksa Hakhoeji","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136241224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.365
Seulgi LEE, Heewon KIM, Scott Gabriel KNOWLES
In the same manner that disasters are political, so too are disaster memorials. Following the 2014 Sewol Ferry Disaster, the bereaved families worked quickly to establish institutions for self-protection, protest, investigation, and memorialization. This article contends that Sewol Ferry “memorial work” is a multi-faceted endeavor, involving several discrete types of expertise and action, including community education and outreach, urban spatial site advocacy, and scientific/forensic analysis. To make sense of this memorial work, we recount foundational memorialization efforts following the Sampoong Department Store collapse (1995) and the Daegu Subway Fire (2003) in which survivors and bereaved families pioneered memorial work techniques. Secondly, we track the evolving struggles over 4.16 memorialization in An-san, the hometown of the 250 students of Danwon High School who died in the disaster, culminating in the site and design selection process of the 4.16 Life and Safety Park. Finally, memorialization efforts recounted in this article have unfolded against the backdrop of multiple scientific/forensic investigations into the causes of the ship’s sinking and the recovery of human remains and victims’ belongings. In the slow disaster of the Sewol Ferry, memorialization is not the final stage, indeed in some crucial ways it may just be the beginning.
{"title":"Beyond the Accident Republic: Making Life and Safety with Disaster Memorials in Korea","authors":"Seulgi LEE, Heewon KIM, Scott Gabriel KNOWLES","doi":"10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.365","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.365","url":null,"abstract":"In the same manner that disasters are political, so too are disaster memorials. Following the 2014 Sewol Ferry Disaster, the bereaved families worked quickly to establish institutions for self-protection, protest, investigation, and memorialization. This article contends that Sewol Ferry “memorial work” is a multi-faceted endeavor, involving several discrete types of expertise and action, including community education and outreach, urban spatial site advocacy, and scientific/forensic analysis. To make sense of this memorial work, we recount foundational memorialization efforts following the Sampoong Department Store collapse (1995) and the Daegu Subway Fire (2003) in which survivors and bereaved families pioneered memorial work techniques. Secondly, we track the evolving struggles over 4.16 memorialization in An-san, the hometown of the 250 students of Danwon High School who died in the disaster, culminating in the site and design selection process of the 4.16 Life and Safety Park. Finally, memorialization efforts recounted in this article have unfolded against the backdrop of multiple scientific/forensic investigations into the causes of the ship’s sinking and the recovery of human remains and victims’ belongings. In the slow disaster of the Sewol Ferry, memorialization is not the final stage, indeed in some crucial ways it may just be the beginning.","PeriodicalId":89558,"journal":{"name":"Han'guk Kwahaksa Hakhoeji","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136241225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.321
Jaehwan HYUN
This paper examines how genetic profiling came to interact with mass disaster management and memory politics in South Korea from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. It pays particular attention to the parallel emergence of Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) governance and the politicization of modern and contemporary Korean history, including not only Japanese colonialism and Korean War crimes but also the South Korean state-led massacres, the Jeju Uprising of 1947-1954 and the Gwangju Uprising of 1980. I argue that genetic profiling, which had only recently been integrated into DVI governance, entered the human rights field when the concept of victim identification in South Korea was reconfigured to include victims of war crimes and state violence in the late 1990s. Beginning in the late 1990s, forensic scientists who had introduced and used genetic profiling for DVI activities became involved in identifying these newly integrated types of victims and became part of local reconciliation projects in the early 2000s. In this way, genetic profiling became intertwined with human rights activities, contributing to transitional justice and reconciliation. However, it also resulted in the geneticization of both disaster victims and state violence identification processes.
{"title":"From Mass Disasters to State Violence: Genetic Identification of Victims and the Politics of Memory in South Korea, 1988–2002","authors":"Jaehwan HYUN","doi":"10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.321","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines how genetic profiling came to interact with mass disaster management and memory politics in South Korea from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. It pays particular attention to the parallel emergence of Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) governance and the politicization of modern and contemporary Korean history, including not only Japanese colonialism and Korean War crimes but also the South Korean state-led massacres, the Jeju Uprising of 1947-1954 and the Gwangju Uprising of 1980. I argue that genetic profiling, which had only recently been integrated into DVI governance, entered the human rights field when the concept of victim identification in South Korea was reconfigured to include victims of war crimes and state violence in the late 1990s. Beginning in the late 1990s, forensic scientists who had introduced and used genetic profiling for DVI activities became involved in identifying these newly integrated types of victims and became part of local reconciliation projects in the early 2000s. In this way, genetic profiling became intertwined with human rights activities, contributing to transitional justice and reconciliation. However, it also resulted in the geneticization of both disaster victims and state violence identification processes.","PeriodicalId":89558,"journal":{"name":"Han'guk Kwahaksa Hakhoeji","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136241077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.397
Ryuma SHINEHA
When we discuss the generation and sharing of narratives concerning disaster memories, it is essential to consider various issues such as the stereotyping of stories due to the media discourses and the focus thereof, the discarding of narratives for the authors’ framings, and the issues on overlooking of “what will not be spoken.” This paper examines the possibilities and perspectives of drawing out “what could be spoken” on disaster, which are often discarded in the formation of descriptions and discourses on disasters, considering discussions and practices related to the Great East Japan Earthquake, which occurred on the March 11, 2011 (3.11). This paper will discuss effects of changes of realities, media framings, power of authors, and structural inability to speak for the discourses on disaster. And then, I will consider the possibility of accumulating and describing of “what will not be spoken” on disaster and their public values for disaster memories and lessons through analysis of archive practices of discourses and experiences on 3.11.
{"title":"“What could be spoken?”: Lessons on disaster memories and narratives from the case of the Great East Japan Earthquake","authors":"Ryuma SHINEHA","doi":"10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.397","url":null,"abstract":"When we discuss the generation and sharing of narratives concerning disaster memories, it is essential to consider various issues such as the stereotyping of stories due to the media discourses and the focus thereof, the discarding of narratives for the authors’ framings, and the issues on overlooking of “what will not be spoken.” This paper examines the possibilities and perspectives of drawing out “what could be spoken” on disaster, which are often discarded in the formation of descriptions and discourses on disasters, considering discussions and practices related to the Great East Japan Earthquake, which occurred on the March 11, 2011 (3.11). This paper will discuss effects of changes of realities, media framings, power of authors, and structural inability to speak for the discourses on disaster. And then, I will consider the possibility of accumulating and describing of “what will not be spoken” on disaster and their public values for disaster memories and lessons through analysis of archive practices of discourses and experiences on 3.11.","PeriodicalId":89558,"journal":{"name":"Han'guk Kwahaksa Hakhoeji","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136241221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.295
Scott Gabriel KNOWLES
{"title":"Disaster, Memorials, and the History of Science","authors":"Scott Gabriel KNOWLES","doi":"10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36092/kjhs.2023.45.2.295","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89558,"journal":{"name":"Han'guk Kwahaksa Hakhoeji","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136241220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"[Ho Chun's research on scarlet fever: a report from early East Asia].","authors":"D W Shin","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89558,"journal":{"name":"Han'guk Kwahaksa Hakhoeji","volume":"21 2","pages":"143-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30459846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"[Between science and ideology: the rise and fall of Bong-han theory in 1960's North Korea].","authors":"G B Kim","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89558,"journal":{"name":"Han'guk Kwahaksa Hakhoeji","volume":"21 2","pages":"194-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30459847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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