Addictive behaviors最新文献

Background and aims: African American smokers are less likely to successfully quit and experience a greater burden of tobacco-related health outcomes than White individuals. There is a profound need to understand factors that impact tobacco cessation among African Americans who are undergoing a quit attempt. This study aimed to examine the within- and between-person associations of risk factors (motivation, self-efficacy, urge, positive affect, negative affect, smoking expectancies, and cigarette availability) with lapse.

Design and setting: Observational study in the Houston, TX area that used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to collect data for 10 days following a smoking quit attempt. Multilevel modeling was used to test associations between risk factors and lapse.

Participants: N = 211 African American adults, 51 % female, and ages 18-74.

Measurements: EMA was used to assess risk factors (motivation, self-efficacy, urge, positive affect, negative affect, smoking expectancies, and cigarette availability) and lapse.

Findings: At the within-person level, moments characterized by greater urge, smoking expectancies, and cigarette availability were associated with greater risk of lapse in daily life. At the between-person level, those who had lower motivation and self-efficacy and greater urge, smoking expectancies, and cigarette availability were more likely to lapse in daily life.

Conclusions: The current study addresses important theoretical underpinnings regarding the dynamic nature of predictors of lapse. Although some predictors (urge, smoking expectancies, cigarette availability) did have a significant effect with lapse in expected directions, between person effects may be increasingly important in this population, and additional momentary predictors should be explored in future research.

Background: Whether cannabis substitute or complement alcohol remains inconclusive. Little is known about the daily-level associations between cannabis and alcohol use by cannabis user type (medical vs. recreational use) in people who use alcohol and cannabis within a legalized environment.

Methods: Adult participants were from four waves of Washington Panel Survey during 2014-2016, who consumed both cannabis and alcohol in the past six months. Daily measurements of alcohol and cannabis use in the past week were collected at each wave. Our outcome variable was continuous alcoholic drinks, the exposure was any cannabis use. We applied three-level negative binomial models to account for within-person wave-to-wave and between-person variations, deriving pure within-person within-wave associations between cannabis and alcohol use at the daily level. A cross-level interaction between day-level cannabis use and wave-level medical cannabis recommendation investigated the potential differential substitution/complementarity patterns by medical recommendation status.

Results: 259 respondents with 440 person-waves and 3,051 daily observations were included. We found a statistically significant pure Level 1 (within-person daily-level) effect of cannabis use among recreational cannabis users (IRR = 1.37, 95 % CI: 1.05-1.79, p = 0.02), showing a complementary use pattern. We also found a statistically significant cross-level interaction between medical cannabis recommendation and cannabis use at Level 1 (IRR = 0.57, 95 % CI: 0.34-0.96, p = 0.03), indicating that, differently from recreational users, medical cannabis users may have a substitution use pattern.

Conclusions: Cannabis user type may inform co-use patterns. This study suggested recreational cannabis users tended to use alcohol and cannabis in a complementary manner in Washington State following the legalization of recreational use.

Bystanders can play an important role in preventing alcohol-related harm (e.g., unintentional injury) or sexual aggression. While the impact of one's own acute alcohol intoxication on sexual aggression bystander intervention has been explored, less is known about how alcohol impacts the ability to intervene in alcohol-related harm. Further, scant research has examined one's own cannabis or simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use (i.e., using alcohol and cannabis at the same time so that their effects overlap) on bystander intervention. The present study employed an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to test the acute effects of alcohol and cannabis on intentions to intervene in (1) alcohol-related harm and (2) sexual aggression. Participants were 81 U.S. college women aged 18 to 24 who engaged in heavy episodic drinking, cannabis, and simultaneous use in the past month. Participants completed an identical report delivered at random times on two evenings assessing acute alcohol and/or cannabis use and then responded to questions assessing bystander intentions to prevent alcohol-related harm and sexual aggression in a hypothetical party situation. Acute alcohol and simultaneous use, compared to no substance use, was associated with fewer intentions to intervene in alcohol-related harm and in sexual aggression. Results highlighted the nuanced impact of alcohol, cannabis, and simultaneous use on bystanders and can help inform bystander training programs for both alcohol-related harm and sexual aggression.

Background: Young adults who drink heavily, including those who simultaneously use cannabis, experience both positive and regretted romantic/sexual experiences. Both gender and past sexual assault severity may also play a role in the valence of romantic/sexual experiences. The current study focuses on day-level correlates of romantic/sexual experiences, assessing whether: (1) number of drinks or simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use (vs. alcohol only) are associated with likelihood of regretted or positive romantic/sexual experiences and (2) past sexual assault severity or gender moderate these associations.

Methods: Two hundred and one young adults (M_age = 22.06) reporting high intensity drinking (8+/10+ drinks for females/males) completed baseline and 28 daily assessments of alcohol use, simultaneous use, and romantic/sexual experiences.

Results: Consumption of more drinks increased likelihood of both positive and regretted romantic/sexual experiences. Simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use had no effect on positive romantic/sexual experiences. There was a significant interaction between simultaneous use and gender in the prediction of a regretted romantic/sexual experience when controlling for number of drinks. Among women, simultaneous use (vs. alcohol only) significantly decreased likelihood of regretted romantic/sexual experiences. Among men, simultaneous use was unrelated to likelihood of regretted romantic/sexual experiences. Past sexual assault was not a significant moderator of effects of either number of drinks or simultaneous use.

Conclusions: Among heavy-drinking young adults, a greater number of drinks is associated with both more regretted and positive romantic/sexual experiences. Findings highlight a unique protective effect of simultaneous use for women, even when controlling for how much alcohol is being consumed.

Introduction: Prior laboratory-based studies have identified significant analgesic effects of acute alcohol. Despite providing excellent experimental control, these studies are limited regarding the range of alcohol exposure that can be practically and ethically achieved. This study capitalized on the heterogeneity in breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) resulting from naturalistic alcohol use at a public event to improve understanding of alcohol analgesia. We hypothesized that BrAC would be significantly and positively associated with pain threshold.

Methods: Participants were attendees of the 2024 Minnesota State Fair reporting alcohol use within the last month (N = 149, 55 % women). Each completed a brief assessment of pressure pain threshold at the first dorsal interosseus muscle. BrAC was measured using a standard breathalyzer device. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis characterized BrAC as a predictor of pain threshold, controlling for covariates including clinical pain, age, sex, typical drinking, participant/experimenter gender matching, and expectancies of alcohol analgesia.

Results: 30.9 % of participants had non-zero BrACs, with an average of 0.038 g/dL. Average pain threshold was 3.58 kgf/cm². Higher BrAC predicted greater pain threshold in both the whole sample (b = 0.145, p = 0.001, η²_p = 0.07) and those participants with non-zero BrACs (b = 0.184, p = 0.009, η²_p = 0.18). Men had significant greater pain thresholds than women (p = 0.007, η²_p = 0.052), but no other covariates reached significance. Addition of quadratic and cubic BrAC terms did not improve model fit.

Discussion: Results suggest a significant, dose-dependent association of alcohol use with increased pain threshold, independent of age, sex, number of reported pain conditions, participant/experimenter gender matching, or beliefs regarding alcohol analgesia. The acute analgesic effects of alcohol may scale linearly with amount consumed, at least within the BrAC range observed in the study.

The exponential growth in worldwide smartphone adoption has led to mounting concerns about problematic smartphone use (PSU), with some studies of variably defined PSU yielding prevalence rates as high as 20 to 30%. The present study aims to (a) estimate the prevalence of PSU while emphasizing functional impairment, and (b) examine the degree to which a set of demographic, contextual, behavioral and mental health variables can predict PSU. A representative U.S. sample of 1,989 participants completed an online survey using a cross-sectional design aimed at examining PSU. Data were analyzed using two different but complementary machine learning algorithms. The results indicate a PSU prevalence of 0.75% to 1.2 % when a functional impairment criterion is required. The most important predictors of PSU are related to smartphone use behavior, followed by contextual factors (being a parent of under-age children, increase in use during the COVID-19 pandemic), age and some psychopathological factors. Overall, the study suggests that the prevalence of functionally impairing PSU may be much lower than what has been reported based on less stringent definitions. The results highlight the necessity to account for impact on key spheres of functioning in diagnosing PSU to avoid pathologizing a ubiquitous behavior that may be intensive but not necessarily pathological. They also open up relevant perspectives for the prevention of PSU.

Objective: Alcohol-induced blackouts (AIBs) have been associated with increased alcohol-related consequences. Serious harm reduction (SHR) protective behavioral strategies may reduce consequences when students are drinking heavily. We examined whether SHR weakened the relationship between AIBs and a) total consequences and b) serious consequences (e.g., sexual assault) only.

Methods: Students were eligible if they were aged 18-22  years, in their second or third year of college, reported drinking 4 + drinks on a typical Friday or Saturday, experienced ≥ 1 AIB in the past semester, owned an iPhone, and were willing to wear a sensor for 3  days each weekend. Students (N = 79, 55.7 % female, 86.1 % White, Mage = 20.1) wore sensors and completed daily diaries over four consecutive weekends (852 total surveys; 89.9 % completion rate). Linear multilevel models were conducted to test for moderating effects of SHR.

Results: SHR weakened the association between AIBs and total consequences. At low (-1 SD) SHR, days with an AIB had an additional 1.46 consequences compared to days without an AIB, on average. At high (+1 SD) SHR, days with an AIB had an additional 0.94 consequences compared to days without an AIB, on average. SHR did not change the association between AIBs and serious consequences.

Conclusions: Students experienced approximately 50% more consequences on nights when they had an AIB and used below average numbers of SHR compared to nights when they had an AIB and used above average numbers of SHR. These findings suggest that student drinking interventions should include SHR to reduce harm associated with drinking and AIBs.

Background: Gambling-related harms can negatively impact the health and wellbeing of those around the person who gambles (affected others, AOs). The stress-strain-coping-support (SSCS) model proposes that the type of coping strategies AOs use, and the availability of social support, can effectively reduce some of these negative consequences. The current study aimed to explore the assumptions in the SSCS model by examining the role of coping styles and social support on the experience of harm and psychological distress in AOs.

Method: A community sample (N = 1,131) of AOs completed the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI), Gambling Harm Scale for Affected Others (GHS-AO-20; harm), Significant Other Closeness Scale, Kessler-6 (K6; psychological distress), Brief Coping Questionnaire (coping styles) and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (social support). Data were analysed using hierarchical multiple regression.

Results: The use of maladaptive coping styles was positively associated with harm and psychological distress. Social support was significantly negatively correlated with harm and distress. When all predictors were included in regression analyses, the only significant predictors of harm and distress were being exposed to a more severe gambling problem, being closer to the person with the gambling problem, greater use of maladaptive coping styles, and lower levels of social support. Some interaction effects were identified.

Conclusions: Some commonly used coping behaviours may inadvertently exacerbate harm and distress, while social support appears to be protective against negative health impacts. Education, treatment, and support to AOs could provide options that address these findings.

Background: Understanding factors influencing electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) trial in adolescents is crucial for shaping policies and interventions to reduce consumption and potentially prevent addictive tendencies, particularly in countries with weak regulations like Guatemala.

Objective: We aimed to longitudinally assess predictors of e-cigarette trial among Guatemalan adolescents surveyed in 2019, 2020, and 2021.

Methods: Students (13 to 18 years old) from nine private schools completed self-administered questionnaires about e-cigarette use and associated risk factors. Data from those who had at least one follow-up survey after reporting that they had never tried e-cigarettes at either the 2019 or 2020 survey (N = 838) was analyzed. We used a mixed-effects logistic regression clustered by student and school to assess predictors of ever e-cigarette use.

Results: Nearly one-quarter (21.0 %) of unique students tried e-cigarettes at follow-up. Risk factors for e-cigarette trial included cigarette or heated tobacco products use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.95, 95 %CI = 1.24-7.04), frequent exposure to online e-cigarette marketing (AOR = 2.46, 95 %CI = 1.39-4.35), alcohol or marihuana use (AOR = 1.74, 95 %CI = 1.17-2.58), and parental approval of e-cigarette use (AOR = 1.65, 95 %CI = 1.14-2.40). The perception that serious illness from life-long e-cigarette use is likely or certain (AOR = 0.57, 95 %CI = 0.36-0.91, and AOR = 0.37, 95 %CI = 0.19-0.72, respectively) appeared as a protective factor for e-cigarette trial.

Conclusion: Our findings align with international research, indicating shared risk factors across youth worldwide. The incorporation of these factors into policies and interventions targeting the reduction of e-cigarette trial is imperative for optimizing their efficacy.

Background: Alcohol use is a preventable risk factor for cancer, but public awareness remains low. A promising approach to raising awareness is to include pictorial warning labels (PWLs) on alcohol-containing products, but the typical graphic images used in such warnings can cause inattention. This study investigated whether narrative PWLs (depicting the lived experiences) could lead to greater attention and higher risk perceptions than graphic, non-narrative PWLs (showing graphic health effects).

Methods: Moderate and heavy drinkers participated in an online, webcam-based eye-tracking experiment (N = 649). They were randomized to view an order-randomized stimulus set containing either three narrative PWLs or three non-narrative PWLs. Visual attention was assessed by metrics of participant eye movements, including the visit count and dwell time to separate image and text area of interest (AOI) while viewing each PWL. Risk perceptions were assessed by participant responses to questions presented after viewing all PWLs.

Results: Participants paid more attention to the image than the text AOI on both metrics (p's < 0.05). They also spent more time viewing narrative versus non-narrative PWLs (p's < 0.05). However, PWL type had no significant effect on risk perceptions (p's > 0.1), and visual attention did not mediate this relationship.

Conclusions: Our findings highlight the potential of narrative PWLs to visually engage alcohol consumers' attention. Further research is needed to understand why narrative PWLs do not outperform non-narrative PWLs in shaping risk perceptions either directly or through attention, the proposed mediator.